30 September 2021, Volume 52 Issue 9

    

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Focuses& Concerns(TheProjectofChongqingPressFundin2020)
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  Application of electrospun bio-based nanofibrous membranes in water treatment

  LI Kanghui, CAI Jiawei, ZHANG Zihang, TAO Jiangtao, WU Jialong, ZENG Shiyuyao, WU Shuping

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9001-9008. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.001

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  Membrane separation technology is one of the new high-efficiency separation technologies in the 21st century, which has great potential application in the field of water treatment due to its high-efficiency, energy saving, environmental protection, easy operation, and good water quality. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes have become an important development direction of membrane separation technology because of their distinctive characteristics such as high porosity, high flux, and large specific surface area. In this article, we focus on recent progress on the research development and application status of electrospinning nanofibers based on bio-based polymers such as cellulose, chitosan, lignin, starch and alginate, et al. Meanwhile, we prospect the development trends and research directions of electrospun bio-based nanofibrous membranes for water treatment.
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  Research progress of implantable abiotically catalyzed glucose fuel cells

  MA Ze, DONG Xufeng, HUANG Hao, QI Min

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9009-9016. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.002

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  Glucose fuel cell is an energy supply device, which can convert the stable chemical energy in glucose into electrical energy. When implanted in the body, this device can power implantable electronic medical equipment. Implantable glucose fuel cells require electrode materials with long-term stability, high efficiency and specificity. Glucose catalysis in the human body environment is the key to the implantability of glucose fuel cell. This article summarizes different electrode materials, focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of abiotically electrode materials as implantable glucose fuel cell electrodes, analyzes the existing problems and challenges, and prospects for their application prospects.
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  Research on biomimetic fabrication and performance of micro-nanoparticle/stearic acid superhydrophobic coating

  YU Demi, XU Yidong, HUANG Jiamin, CHEN Wei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9017-9023. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.003

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  Through the one-step spraying method, the micro-nano surface construction and the low surface energy material modification are combined to prepare a super-hydrophobic biomimetic coating. The effect of different preparation methods on the performance of the coating is analyzed and summarized. Influence of different powder types and powder concentrations on the hydrophobic performance of the coating is measured. The best coating material ratio is selected to hydrophobically modify the concrete test block, and its antifouling performance is tested. The surface energy is calculated by the LW-AB method, and the relationship between the roughness and the surface energy of the coating is discussed. The surface micro morphology is characterized by SEM. The results show that with the addition of micro-nano particles, the coating prepared by spraying exhibits better hydrophobic properties than the coating prepared by dipping. The hydrophobic properties of the coating are affected by the surface energy and roughness. With the increasing of stearic acid and powder concentration and the decreasing of the particle size of the powder, the hydrophobic properties of the coating show an increasing trend, the contact angle reaches 165.27° and the rolling angle is as low as 0.9°. After superhydrophobic treatment, the concrete test block shows obvious anti-fouling and self-cleaning performance. The surface energy calculation shows that with the addition of the same stearic acid content, as the roughness increases, the coating surface energy decreases to 4.89 mJ/m², which is only 26.84% of the pure stearic acid coating.
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  Structural and carrier transport properties of the blend films consisting of a novel naphthalenedicarboximide-based semiconducting polymer and an insulating polymer

  ZHANG Yue, ZHOU Han, ZHANG Fapei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9024-9031. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.004

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  In this work, organic field effect transistors (OFET) have been prepared via spin-coating process, based on the blend films consisting of a novel naphthalenedicarboximide-based semiconducting polymer FN2200 and insulating polymer polystyrene (PS). A remarkable enhancement of electron mobility is found by incorporating a small amount of PS into the blend, however further increase of the PS content results in drastic lowering of carrier mobility in the blend OFETs. The vertical phase separation in the FN2200/PS blends is observed, which features the FN2200 component enriched at film surface and the PS phase located near the substrate surface, via the UV-vis absorption spectra in combination with incremental oxygen plasma etching. The grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) patterns reveal that the edge-on packing is facilitated in the FN2200 domains for the blend films compared to neat FN2200 films. Based on the structural investigations, a systematic explanation is presented about the significant dependence of the OFET performance on the PS content in the blend films.
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  Preparation and properties of nano-cellulose paper-based barrier coating modified by isopropyl trioleate acyloxy titanate

  ZHU Xiaomin, GUO Yuting, HANG Jianzhong, ZHENG Shanshan, SUN Xiaoying, JIN Lujiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9032-9037. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.005

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  In this paper, isopropyl triolein titanate is used as the modifier to modify the cellulose nanofiber (CNF), then the modified cellulose nanofiber is coated on the surface of A4 paper, and cured to obtain isopropyl triolein titanate (KR-TTS) modified nanocellulose paper-based barrier coating. The hydrophobicity and mechanical property of blank paper, nanocellulose paper-based coating (CNF coating), isopropyl triolein titanate modified nanocellulose paper-based coating with different KR-TTS/CNF mass ratios (K-CNF coating) are characterized by video optical contact measuring instrument and electronic tensile machine. The results show that the K-CNF coating sample with a KR-TTS/CNF mass ratio of 1∶1 has the largest water contact angle, which is 113.4° and 98.4° higher than that of CNF coating and has better hydrophobicity. Compared with the CNF coating, the tensile strength, elastic modulus and toughness of the coating sample are increased by 156.73%, 101.69% and 430.41%, respectively. The sample exhibits better mechanical properties. The barrier performance test of the coating shows that the air permeability of the modified coating sample with a mass ratio of KR-TTS/CNF of 1∶1 is 25234 s/25 cm³, which is 46.65 times lower than that of the CNF coating. Water vapor transmission rate is 1203.67 g/m²·24 h, which is 73.47% lower than the CNF coating, and the barrier performance is well. In addition, the SEM images of the modified coating samples show that the tightly wound 3D network structure fills the paper pores that the CNF coating fails to fill, forming a denser coating and giving it better barrier properties and toughness.
Review & Advance
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  Research progress on the catalytic function of cellulose-based materials supported metal particles

  LI Yuhang, WANG Cong, CAO Hui, LUAN Yunhao, LIU Wanyi, LIU Pengtao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9038-9042. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.006

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  Metal nanoparticles are considered as excellent catalysts in chemical reactions because of their high catalytic activity, reaction selectivity and easy preparation, but they have some disadvantages such as high cost, difficult separation, easy agglomeration, non-recycling and so on. Cellulose is by far the most abundant renewable natural polymer, which widely exists in higher plants, animals and bacteria. Because of its high specific surface area, good stability and chemical modification, cellulose-based materials can be used as a superb carrier of metal nanoparticles. In this paper, the preparation and catalytic performance of cellulose-based metal nanoparticle catalysts in recent years are reviewed, in order to provide effective methods and approaches for researchers.
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  Research progress of electrode materials for supercapacitors based on MOFs

  GU Bo, QIN Zhihong, YANG Xiaoqin, CHEN Qiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9043-9050. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.007

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  As a novel component used for energy conversion and storage, supercapacitors have been in the spotlight nowadays owing to the urgent need for energy, and the research and development of electrode materials plays a crucial role in the final performance of supercapacitors. MOFs can be used as an excellent electrode material due to its remarkable advantages such as considerable specific surface area, abundant active sites, controllable pore size distribution, and easy synthesis. In this paper, the latest research progress of MOFs, MOFs derivatives and MOFs composites in the field of supercapacitors is elaborated respectively, and the future research direction of MOFs-based electrode materials is also prospected.
Research & Development
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  Study on the structure and mechanical properties of ultra-low density CHO foam

  LI Zheyuan, ZHANG Qingjun, CHEN Shufan, LI Bo, YANG Junxiao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9051-9054. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.008

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  Based on the sol-gel technology, three kinds of 10mg/cm3 CHO foam were prepared through different drying methods, and the microscopic morphology, pore structure distribution and mechanical properties of the foam were tested and analyzed. The results show that the cellulose triacetate(TAC)foam prepared by supercritical drying technology has the best mechanical properties, its elastic modulus is 3.50×104 Pa, and the elastic modulus of TAC foam prepared by freeze drying is 3.38×104 Pa. The TMPTA(polytrimethylolpropane triacrylate)foam obtained by freeze-drying has the worst mechanical properties, and its elastic modulus is only 0.36×104 Pa. The pore size in the supercritically dried TAC foam is small(a few nanometers to more than ten nanometers), and the pore size distribution is relatively uniform. The pore size of freeze-dried TAC foam is enlarged(on the order of tens of nanometers)and the pore size distribution is wider. The freeze-dried TMPTA foam has the largest pore size (a large increase in pores on the order of hundreds of nanometers)and the widest pore size distribution.
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  Fabricate and application of PLA nanofiber energy yarn by conjugate electrospinning

  ZHANG Dewei, YANG Weifeng, ZHANG Qinghong, LI Yaogang, HOU Chengyi, WANG Hongzhi

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9055-9061. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.009

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  With the rapid development of flexible electronic products, the demand for wearable energy technology has become increasingly urgent. The textile electronic devices combined with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) and textile materials have shown broad application prospects in biological motion energy harvesting and multifunctional self-powered sensors. Here, we prepare the flexible polylactic acid (PLA) nanofiber energy yarn by conjugated electrospinning. The effects of spinning parameters (eddy current field, electrostatic field and velocity field) on yarn formation and electrical properties are discussed. The experimental results show that the energy yarn has breaking strength of 2400 MPa and a hydrophobic contact angle of 135°, thereby protecting the core electrode to work stably. The tactile sensor mapping matrix is designed in combination with the spontaneous electric mode of the energy yarn, and real-time tactile mapping is realized by cross - location technology. In addition, the use of energy yarn woven flexible textile, under the low frequency motion of human body 1 Hz, 100 MΩ external load, maximum peak power density of power textile for 100 mW/m², driving LED beads to glow and display characters on the LCD screen. This yarn preparation method based on conjugate spinning provides a new idea for the design of next-generation electronic fabrics.
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  The influences of Zr⁴⁺-Ni²⁺ doping amount and sintering temperature on microwave absorption properties of M-type barium ferrite

  LIU Chuyang, CAO Yufan, JIANG Tao, FANG Gang, PENG Kangsen

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9062-9070. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.010

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  The Zr⁴⁺-Ni²⁺ co-doped barium ferrites (Ba(ZrNi)_xFe_12-2xO₁₉, x=0.6-0.9) were prepared by sol-gel method and sintered at 1200-1 400 ℃. The influences of doping ratio and sintering temperature on crystal structure, micro morphology, electromagnetic performance and microwave absorption property of M-type barium ferrite have been studied in detail. The results show that the crystal structure has no change with the increment of doping amount and sintering temperature. All the samples form single-phase flake Zr⁴⁺-Ni²⁺ co-doped barium ferrite. The grain size barely changes with the increasing Zr⁴⁺-Ni²⁺ content whereas increases from 100—300 nm to 1—2 mm by improving the sintering temperature. The natural resonance peak can be observed in all the samples, and the intensities of the peaks are seen to diminish gradually with the doping amount increasing. Meanwhile, the permittivity enhances obviously with the sintering temperature improving. Eventually, the sample with x=0.6 sintered at 1 400 ℃ achieves the best microwave absorption performance with broad bandwidth of 5.22 GHz (8.62—13.84 GHz) and reflection loss of -16.4 dB at matching thickness of 3.25 mm.
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  Preparation and research of nanoporous silver at different stages and HER electrocatalytic performance

  ZHAO Zijun, ZHANG Diyao, LIU Xinyi, WANG Xu, WU Ming

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9071-9077. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.011

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  Ag₁₅Cu₈₅ binary alloy ribbon as the precursor are executed high temperature oxidation at 650 ℃ and dealloyed with different durations to fabricate nanoporous silver at different stage. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are carried out to characterize the morphology evolution and phase change of the oxidized sample after high-temperature oxidation pretreated. After that, precursor alloy pretreated by high temperature oxidation is dealloyed for 15 min—60 min to prepare nanoporous silver at different stages. The HER electrocatalytic performance of nanoporous silver at different stages is tested using open circuit potential (OCP), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and potential polarization curve. The results show that the nanoporous silver electrode in the B15 stage exhibits the best anti-toxic performance with the E_corr of -0.088 V, and the i_corr of 1.2×10^-7 A/cm². The nanoporous silver electrode in the A30 stage shows the lowest Tafel slope (45.8 mV/dec) which means higher HER catalytic performance. And at a current density of 10 mA/cm², the hydrogen evolution overpotential of the nanoporous silver electrode in B60 stage is 37.6 mV lower than other electrode in this work. From all those results of electrochemical tests, the nanoporous silver electrode in the B15 stage exhibits the best comprehensive HER performance. In addition, the hydrogen evolution electrocatalytic performance of most nanoporous silver electrode researched in this work are better than the reported hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts at acidic condition, which provides a novel pathway for production of electrocatalysts with stronger anti-toxicity and higher hydrogen evolution catalytic efficiency.
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  Preparation and performance investigation of crosslinked polyether gel electrolyte modified by silane

  FENG Changhao, GAO Yunqi, ZHANG Xu, WANG Chengliang, WANG Qingfu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9078-9082. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.012

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  The siloxane-terminated polyethylene oxide is synthesized and formed a self-supporting membrane with flexibility and excellent tensile strength by cross-linking of silicon-oxygen bonds. The self-supporting membrane is combined with LiPF₆ electrolyte to prepare a gel polymer electrolyte which used to examine the electrochemical properties. This research finds that the conductivity of the gel polymer electrolyte can reach up to 1.36×10^-3 S/cm at room temperature which is better than that of the commercial separator (celgard 2500) and the electrochemical stability of the linear scan test reaches 4.2 V. Furthermore, the Li/LiFePO₄ battery based on the gel polymer electrolyte delivers first discharge capacity of 134.3 mAh/g at 0.5 C and no obvious capacity loss is found after 200 cycles at 25 ℃. More importantly, the discharge capacity of the gel polymer electrolyte still remains 118.5 mAh/g under the high rate of 2 C at 25 ℃. The results show that the crosslinked polyether gel electrolyte modified by silane has good research and application prospects.
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  Preparation and lithium storage performance of V₂C@MoS₂ composite

  LI Bo, HU Xianwei, LI Zhuo, WANG Xiaoli, SHI Zhongning, WANG Zhaowen

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9083-9088. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.013

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  MoS₂ is a potential lithium-ion battery anode material owing to its high theoretical capacity, but it also has some problems such as low electrical conductivity and poor structural stability. In the present study, V₂C@MoS₂ composite is prepared by one-step hydrothermal method, during which MoS₂ is in-situ grown onto the surface of V₂C-MXene. The structure of the V₂C@MoS₂ is characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM, and the electrochemical performance of V₂C@MoS₂ as anode material of lithium-ion battery is analyzed by CV curves, galvanostatic charge/discharge curves, and EIS plots. The results show that MoS₂ nanoparticles are prepared with high crystallinity and they are uniformly loaded on the surface of V₂C. V₂C greatly improves the electrical conductivity and structural stability of the composite material. V₂C@MoS₂ exhibits excellent electrochemical performance as anode material of lithium-ion battery. It retained a high reversible capacity of 524.4 mAh/g after 50 cycles at a current density of 50 mA/g, it can still deliver a capacity of 258.1 mAh/g and at a high current density of 1 A/g.
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  The design and performance characterization of A-D-A'-D-Asmallmoleculesolarcellsacceptormaterials basedonbenzo-[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione

  WANG Mei, LI Yuxiang, WANG Yingying, SUN Daotong, QIN Hongmei, YANG Jianye

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9089-9094. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.014

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  Recently, organic fused-ring compounds have made a breakthrough in the field of organic solar cells. In this paper, two A-D-A′-D-A conjugated small molecules fused-ring compounds BDD-IC and BDD-IC4F with Benzo-[1,2-c:4,5-c′] dithiophene-4,8-dione as the central core and dicyanindenone or difluorodicyanoindenonethe as terminal group are designed and synthesized by the strategy of noncovalent bond. The photophysical and electrochemical properties are studied by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. At the same time, the two small molecules are used as acceptors to fabricate all-small molecule solar cells, and their photovoltaic characteristics are studied. The results show that the fluorinated small molecule BDD-IC4F has wider optical absorption, deeper HOMO and LUMO levels and higher thermodynamic stability than BDD-IC, and the photovoltaic device based on BDD-IC4F also achieves 0.21% photoelectric conversion efficiency.
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  Application of nanodot PANI as a protective coating for LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Mn_0.05O₂ cathode materials

  LI Jianying, LI Shaomin, YANG Maoxia, ZHAO Baiqing, LIU Hao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9095-9101. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.015

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  Ni-rich cathode materials have drawn lots of attention owing to its energy density. Nevertheless, rapid capacity fading and poor thermal stability are critical problem that desiderate to be settled. In this article, the high conductive polymers of polyaniline (PANI) are designed for the surface modification of LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Mn_0.05O₂ cathode materials. The surface-modified samples exhibit superior capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.2 C and 1 C, 95.7% at 184.1 mA/g and 88.3% at 156.3 mA/g. This can be attributed to the conductive polymer nanodots forming a coating layer to protect the nickel-rich materials surface to suppress the side reactions and the phase transformations of H2-H3.
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  Rheological behavior of acylated collagen solutions

  LI Conghu, LONG Jinyan, WU Yan, HU Jiahui, LI Guoying, LI Wenjuan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9102-9108. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.016

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  The rheological behaviors of acylated collagen solutions are investigated by the method of rheology. The results demonstrate that acylated collagen is belong to pseudoplastic fluid and exhibits shear thinning behavior with the increase of shear rate. When the temperature increases from 25 to 30 ℃, acylated collagen molecules are more mobile and the disentanglement of acylated collagen molecules decreases, which results in the decrease of shear viscosity, storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″) and complex viscosity. However, loss factor and the values of compliance increase with the increase of temperature, suggesting that acylated collagen solutions are more resistant to the deformation force at lower temperature. The fitting results based on mathematical model show that Power-law, Carreau and Cross models could describe the steady shear curves of acylated collagen solution. Lenovo, Burger and Herschel-Bulkley could fit the dynamic frequency, creep-recovery and thixotropy effectively, respectively.
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  Study on the structure and CO₂ electrochemical reduction properties of novel nitrogen-doped diamond films

  CHENG Xiangyan, WANG bing, XIONG Ying

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9109-9113. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.017

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  Nitrogen doped diamond film is a very potential electrode material for CO₂ electrochemical reduction. It not only has excellent electrochemical performances like boron doped diamond film which has been widely studied, but also has more abundant structure and phase composition. In this paper, two novel nitrogen-doped diamond films are prepared by microwave plasma chemical deposition technology through changing deposition temperatures (750 ℃ and 850 ℃). SEM and XRD analysis show that the average grain size of the film grown at 750 ℃ is less than 30 nm which results in the proportion of grain boundary being very large, and as-film only contains diamond phase. Matched with the widen G peak and D peak in the Raman spectroscopy, it could be proved that this film is a typical N-doped ultra-nano diamond film (UNCD). For the film prepared at 850 ℃, the composed phases include diamond and graphite along with the extremely thin graphite sheets vertically cross arranging to forming a honeycomb shape structure, where distributed many extremely small diamond grains. All these composition and structure characteristics indicates this is a typical nitrogen doped ultra-nano diamond/multilayer graphene composite film (UNCD/MLG). Electrochemical test results predict that the two novel nitrogen-doped diamond films both have wide potential window (about 3 V), which can effectively inhibit the competitive reaction of hydrogen evolution during CO₂. At the same time, both electrodes could effectively electrocatalytically reduce CO₂ to generate formic acid and CO, which maximum Faraday efficiencies could achieve 38.37% and 15.32%, respectively. But comparatively, the UNCD/MLG film grown at 850 °C has better electrochemical activity, higher CO Faraday efficiency and can produce multi-electron transfer product methane, which could attribute to its own “honeycomb-like” structure that increases the surface area, and at the same time, the suitable sp³-C/sp²-C ratio can effectively combine with the intermediate of CO₂ reduction, and further increase the diversity of products. So for nitrogen-doped diamond film materials, this composite film with abundant pore structure is a more potential electrode material using in CO₂ electrochemical reduction.
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  One-step green synthesis of Ag/graphene oxide nanocomposite at room temperature and its catalytic performance

  HAN Xingwei, PAN Huiying, GUO Suai

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9114-9120. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.018

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  In this paper, silver/graphene oxide (Ag/GO) nanocomposite is obtained by a one-step green stirring method at room temperature with graphene oxide (GO) and AgNO₃ as raw materials, and the redox potential difference between GO and Ag⁺ as the driving force. The morphology and structure of the obtained Ag/GO nanocomposite are characterized by SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XRD, UV-vis, Raman and XPS. The average size of Ag nanoparticles in the product is determined to be 6 nm, and they are uniformly distributed on the surface of GO. The catalytic performance of the prepared Ag/GO is investigated using the catalytic reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol and the catalytic degradation process of methyl blue as models. The obtained Ag/GO nanocomposite has excellent performance in the above-mentioned catalytic process. Both catalytic models follow the first-order catalytic kinetic reaction law, and the corresponding first-order catalytic kinetic constants are 0.8678 and 0.4105 min^-1 respectively, which are higher than similar materials in reported literatures. The preparation method of Ag/GO reported in this article is green, simple and has popularization value. The obtained material has excellent catalytic performance and has broad application prospects in the fields of industrial catalysis and environmental protection.
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  Effect of Zn doping on phase structure and mechanical properties of magnesium-lithium alloy

  HUANG Jinsong, LIU Xin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9121-9125. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.019

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  Based on Mg-5Li-0.5Y, magnesium-lithium alloys with different Zn doping ratios (0, 0.3 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%) are prepared. The effect of Zn doping ratio on microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium-lithium alloy is studied. The phase structure, cross-section and tensile properties of magnesium-lithium alloy with different Zn doping ratio are characterized by XRD, SEM and mechanical properties. The results show that the alloy is mainly composed of α-Mg and β-Li phases, which is a typical α+β dual phase structure, and with the addition of Zn, the diffraction peak of Mg₁₂ZnY appears in the alloy. The grains of all the alloys are relatively uniform and fine, and the size is about 5 μm. The addition of Zn improves the microstructure of the alloy, makes the grain finer and the grain boundary smoother, and improves the distribution of α-Mg phase and β-Li phase. With the increasing of Zn content, the tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy increase first and then decrease, while the elongation at break increases gradually. When the content of Zn is 0.5 wt%, the tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy reach the maximum value of 136 and 125 MPa, respectively, and when the content of Zn is 1.0 wt%, the elongation at break of the alloy reaches the maximum value of 10.7%. The grain size of the alloy is obviously refined by the addition of Zn, and the fracture mode of the alloy is ductile fracture. When the content of Zn is 0.5 wt%, the mechanical properties of the alloy are improved best. However, with the increasing of Zn content, the particles at the fracture surface of the alloy increase, resulting in more defects and impurities in the crystal, which leads to the decline of the mechanical properties of the alloy.
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  Evaluation oflow-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixture by indirect tensile creep test

  YIN Hua, GAO Shiqiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9126-9130. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.020

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  In order to deeply evaluate the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixture, AC-20 asphalt mixtures which have three kinds of gradations (coarse, medium and fine) are carried out by the indirect tensile low-temperature creep test at three temperatures (0, -10 and -20 ℃). According to the power function model, the creep compliance of asphalt mixtures at low-temperature is calculated. Based on the time-temperature equivalence principle and the above creep compliance, the creep compliance master curve of the power function model is established with -10 ℃ as the reference temperature. And the master curve is used to analyze the low-temperature creep resistance and low-temperature cracking resistance. The results show that asphalt mixture of the middle gradation has the best low-temperature cracking resistance at 0 ℃. When the temperature drops to -20 ℃, the gradation of asphalt mixtures become coarser and the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures become the best. The power function model could well describe the master curve of low-temperature creep compliance of asphalt mixtures in broadening time domain. Its parameter power index(m) could well express the low-temperature relaxation resistance of asphalt mixtures. In a wide time domain, asphalt mixtures have finer gradation, greater relaxation performance and the best low-temperature cracking resistance.
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  Preparation and properties of glass fiber phosphate thermal insulation foaming material

  LI Xiaopeng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9131-9135. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.021

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  Glass fiber phosphate thermal insulation foaming material with different glass fiber (0wt%, 3wt%, 6wt%, 9wt%) are prepared by premixed method and the stress/strain, tensile strength, powdering rate, thermal conductivity and thermal stability of the foaming materials are analyzed. The results show that with the increasing of glass fiber content, the stress/strain, tensile strength, mass loss rate and thermal weight loss of the glass fiber phosphate thermal insulation foaming material increase gradually but the pulverization rate decreases gradually, while the thermal conductivity has no obvious change. When the content of glass fiber is 9wt%, the strain and stress of the foamed material reach 0.1 and 594 MPa, respectively, and the corresponding tensile strength reaches the maximum of 497 MPa, which is increased by 152.3% compared with that of the sample without glass fiber. When the glass fiber content increases from 3wt% to 6wt%, the powdering rate of the foamed material decreases by 33.0%. When the glass fiber content increases from 6wt% to 9wt%, the powdering rate of the foamed material decreases by 8.5%. After the incombustibility test, the morphology and volume of the four kinds of glass fiber phosphate thermal insulation foaming material have little change but the surface carbonization phenomenon and the thermal conductivity of the foaming materials have no obvious relationship with the amount of glass fiber.
Process& Technology
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  The effect of thermal processing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of in-situ TiB reinforced titanium matrix composites

  LIU Zhuang, MA Fengcang, LIU Ping, LIU Xinkuan, LI Wei, ZHANG Ke

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9136-9141. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.022

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  In this paper, 5% TiB reinforced titanium matrix composites (Ti-6Al-5Zr-0.8Si) are prepared by in-situ technique. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites with different deformation (n=1.71, 2.12, 2.53) are studied by optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and room temperature tensile test. The results show that with the increase of deformation, the density of small angle TiB whiskers along the rolling direction increases rapidly, and the aspect ratio of TiB fibers decreases gradually. Compared with the as cast composites, the fiber density (θ=0) of the composites after hot working (n=2.53) is increased by about 6.4 times, and the aspect ratio is decreased by about 59%. The size of β grain and α lath of the composites decreases with the increase of deformation, which is attributed to the dynamic recrystallization process of the composites. The grain size after hot working (n=2.53) is about 22% of the as cast grain size. The results of tensile test at room temperature show that the yield strength of the composites after hot working (n=2.53) is increased by about 16% compared with that of the as cast composites. Two kinds of silicide precipitates are precipitated in the composites after aging heat treatment, and the yield strength of the composites increases by 21% under the reinforcement of two kinds of reinforcements.
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  Controlled growth of spherical ZnO nanoparticles on cotton fabrics and the effect of Bi-Cu co-doped on their properties

  CAO Liuqi, WANG Li ming, XU Lihui, SHEN Yong, HAO Hui ming

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9142-9147. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.023

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  In this paper, spherical ZnO nanoparticles are grown on the surface of cotton fabric by gel-hydrothermal method, using zinc acetate and hmethylenetra mine as raw materials and citric acid as morphology control agent under low temperature hydrothermal condition, and then doped with bismuth (Bi) and copper (Cu): The samples are characterized by SEM, XRD and XPS, at the same time. The photocatalytic and UV resistance of the cotton fabric loaded with ZnO nanoparticles are tested. The results show that the degradation of methylene blue reaches 99.99% within 60 min. The UVA and UVB of 3%Bi-5%Cu co-doped nano-ZnO cotton fabric reach 2.56% and 0.09%, and the UPF value is exa mined to be 375.43.
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  Effect of substrate temperature on structural and physical properties of ZrN films by magnetron sputtering

  GAO Jie, YAO Weizhen, YANG Shaoyan, WEI Jie, LI Chengming, WEI Hongyuan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9148-9153. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.024

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  In this work, zirconium nitride (ZrN) thin films are deposited on Si (111) substrates by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering. The microstructure, surface morphology and electrical properties of ZrN thin films are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Hall measurement system. The results show that the ZrN films are cubic, NaCl-type crystal structure with a preferred (111) orientation. The best crystallinity of the films is obtained when Ts is between 550 ℃ and 650 ℃. The growth structure of the films is columnar, and the grain size increases first and the decreases with the increase with substrate temperature. Triangular pyramid-shaped grains are observed on the surface when Ts is between 550 ℃ and 750 ℃. The deposited film is relatively smooth and the RMS roughness is 3.9~6.67 nm. The film resistivity is 1.43~24.5 Ω·cm, which is related with the crystallinity and grain size of the films. The carrier concentration of the film is 0.869~4.38×10²⁰ /cm³, and the films with Ts of 550 ℃ to 650 ℃ have better electrical properties.
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  Preparation and antibacterial activity of bi-component essential oils/attapulgite hybrid material

  ZHONG Huoqing, YAN Penji, MU Bin, YANG Fangfang, HUI Aipin, WANG Aiqin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9154-9159. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.025

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  Considering the synergistic effect of different essential oils active ingredient, six bi-component essential oils/attapulgite hybrid materials on the basis of carvacrol/attapulgite are prepared by mechanical griding. The results indicate that the addition of thymol, carvone, menthol and cymene increases the stability of essential oils. The density functional theory calculation reveals that the better stability is resulted by the different interaction intensity between different active ingredient and different interaction site of attapulgite. According to the results of antibacterial test, the recombination of other active ingredient enhances the antibacterial activity of carvacrol/attapulgite hybrid material. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of bi-component essential oils/attapulgite hybrid against Escherichia coli and Staphylococci aureus are 1.0 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, except for the hybrid materials that added menthol and limonene.
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  Effect of cerium nitrate microcapsule oncorrosion protection of coating on the surface of aluminum alloy

  LI Ting, ZHANG Yingjun, DOU Baojie, WANG Zhaohua, CUI Xuejun, HE Gang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9160-9166. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.026

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  Microcapsules are synthesized by reverse emulsion polymerization with cerium nitrate which is corrosion inhibitor of aluminum alloy as the core and urea-formaldehyde resin as the wall. The prepared microcapsules are characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope (OM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and thermogravimetric analyzer (TG). The synthesized microcapsules are added into epoxy resin and then coated on the surface of aluminum alloy. The corrosion protection of coatings is studied by electrochemical impedance (EIS). The results show that the reverse emulsion polymerization method could successfully synthesize the microcapsules with cerium nitrate as the core. The impedance value of intact coating added cerium nitrate microcapsule is 1.5×10⁸ Ω·cm² after 1700 hours immersion, but impedance value of epoxy varnish coating and added cerium nitrate coating are less than 10⁸ Ω·cm². Defective coatings are also tested in 3.5 % NaCl solution. After 288 hours immersion, the impedance value of added cerium nitrate coating microcapsule is 1.9 × 10⁷ Ω·cm², and the epoxy varnish coating and adding cerium nitrate coating is 1.1 × 10⁷ Ω·cm² and 8.6 × 10⁶ Ω·cm², respectively. The added microcapsules coating has better anticorrosive performance than the directly added corrosion inhibitors coating and epoxy varnish coating.
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  Research on synthesis and scale corrosion inhibition performance of PTA-IA-AMPS ternary copolymer

  ZHAO Yi, LIN Bin, YUAN Xiao, LIU Cui, SHEN Chunyin, DAI Gance

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9167-9173. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.027

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  PTA-IA-AMPS copolymer is prepared from maleic anhydride (MA), ethanolamine (EA), itaconic acid (IA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) by free-radical polymerization in aqueous solution with ammonium persulfate and sodium hypophosphite as initiators. The structure of PTA-IA-AMPS copolymer is characterized by infrared spectrum. The optimal synthesis conditions are determined through orthogonal experiments and single factor experiments. The static scale inhibition method and rotating film method are used to test the scale and corrosion inhibition performance of the synthesized product. The results show that the scale inhibition efficiency of PTA-IA-AMPS terpolymer against calcium carbonate is 90.83% and the corrosion inhibition efficiency can reach 99.40%, when molar ratio n_IA∶n_PTA∶n_AMPS is 2.5∶1∶0.1, the amount of initiators ammonium persulfate and sodium hypophosphite are respectively 8% and 20% of the total monomer mass, reaction temperature is 90 ℃, the reaction time is 4h and the amount of synthetic PTA-IA-AMPS terpolymer is 30 mg/L.
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  Study on theproperties of solvent-free self-emulsifying waterborne polyurethane modified cement composites

  XU Yangnan, WANG Xi, WU Ruobing

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9174-9182. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.028

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  Ordinary cement concrete belongs to brittle material, which may have defects such as uneven internal structure and poor durability. As a new polymer material, waterborne polyurethane has good adaptability to cement and can effectively solve these problems. In this paper, the effects of waterborne polyurethane on the basic properties of cement concrete are studied by macro and micro means. The results show that the addition of waterborne polyurethane can reduce water absorption, improve the pore structure and compactness of concrete. To a certain extent, the flexural strength of cement paste can be increased, but the compressive strength can be inhibited. As a whole, solvent-free self-emulsifying waterborne polyurethane has the best performance when the R value (molar ratio of IPDI and PPG) is 1.8~2.3 and the content is 3%.
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  Effect of C/Ru co-doped rutile TiO₂ surface on optical gas sensitive properties of formaldehyde

  MOU Zhiyao, FENG Qing, FU Yue, GAO Xin,ZHU Hongqiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9183-9190. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.029

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  The optical gas-sensitive effect is the interaction between the material surface and the detection gas, causing a change in material optical properties and thus detecting the gas content. It is a gas content detection method with high sensitivity and reliability. Metal oxide semiconductors are often used as optical gas-sensitive materials due to their active electronic properties near the forbidden band. HCHO is a common indoor air pollutant and is the main source of indoor gas enviro nment pollution. In this paper, we analyze the reasons for the optical gas-sensitive properties change of adsorbed formaldehyde molecules on rutile TiO₂ (110) surface, which doped by C, Ru and C/Ru co-doped respectively. It is found that the 2p and 4d electrons of impurity elements act in concert to significantly improving the material gas-sensitive properties. The material surface structures, density of states, Mulliken populations, optical properties and selectivity are analyzed by using first principle plane wave super-soft pseudopotential method based on density generalized theory. The studies have shown that the impurity elements enhance rutile surface oxidation under formaldehyde gas enviro nment. And the surface optical gas-sensitive effect with C/Ru co-doping is the most significant. Therefore, the C/Ru co-doped surface has better optical gas-sensitive sensing properties, and the sensitive detection of low concentration of HCHO is an effective detection method.
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  Fabrication and oxygen evolution reaction property of the heterostructure Co₃O₄/MoS₂@TM in alkaline

  WEI Xueling,BAO Weiwei,JIANG Peng,AI Taotao,LI Wenhu,ZOU Xiangyu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9191-9195. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.030

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  It is a promising technology of large-scale production of green hydrogen energy to electrolyze water by renewable electric energy. However, the slow internal kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) hinders the application of this energy conversion technology, which requires high active and stable electrocatalysts. Herein, a facile two-step hydrothermal synthesis method is employed to fabricate self-supporting heterostructure Co₃O₄/MoS₂ on titanium mesh in this project. The as-prepared catalyst has excellent OER catalytic performance in 1M KOH solution, that is, the electrode delivers 10 mA /cm² at overpotential 306 mV and the corresponding Tafel slope is 51 mV/dec. The excellent OER activity of the catalyst is attributed to the heterostructure and the synergistic effect of Co₃O₄ and MoS₂. The project provides a novel and effective strategy for the rational design of high-efficiency and low-cost composite catalyst.
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  Preparation and properties of sulphoaluminate cement based high performance concrete

  MIN Hongxia

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9196-9201. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.031

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  According to the design ratio, the high performance concrete based on sulphoaluminate cement is prepared using sulphoaluminate cement. The influence of different content (0, 3 wt%, 6 wt% and 9 wt%) of sulphoaluminate cement on the mechanical properties (compressive strength) and durability (corrosiveness) of high performance concrete is studied. The sulphoaluminate cement-based high performance concrete is characterized by XRD, SEM, thermal analysis and mechanical properties analysis. The results show that with the increasing of sulphoaluminate cement content, the diffraction peak of ettringite (AFT) gradually increases, the hydration reaction accelerates, and the structure of HPC become more compact. The hexagonal plate like Ca(OH)₂ in all samples is relatively thick and presents lamellar structure, and the density of the whole structure is close to each other. With the increasing of sulphoaluminate cement content, the overall density tends to become fluffy. With the increasing of the content of sulphoaluminate cement, the content of CH increases, and the early hydration heat release ability is improved. The compressive strength of all samples at 3 and 28 d show a gradually increasing trend. When the content of sulphoaluminate cement is 9 wt%, the compressive strength of the sample reaches the maximum value of 41.1 MPa in 28 d, which is 19.83% higher than that in 3 d. With the increasing of sulphoaluminate cement content, the strength loss of HPC samples increases gradually, and the durability become worse. When the content of sulphoaluminate cement is 9 wt%, the strength loss rate of 90 d corrosion reaches the maximum of 10.3%.
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  Study on the preparation and performance of PVA/P(AA-AM)/NRS water-absorbing and water-retaining materials

  YU Han, MEI Junfei, ZHAO Yanfang, LIAO Jianhe

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9202-9207. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.032

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  A water-absorbing sponge (PVA/P(AA-AM)/NRS), taking natural rubber sponge (NRS) as the skeleton, is prepared with an interpenetrating network structure (IPN) using acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and other raw materials. The effects of AA, AM, ammonium persulfate (APS, initiator), N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA, cross-linking agent) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on the water-absorbing and water-retaining properties of the sponge are studied respectively. The research results show that the water absorption rate of PVA/P(AA-AM)/NRS prepared with the best formula could reach up to 128 g/g. And it has excellent water retention performance in the shady place at room temperature, simulated sunlight and extreme tropical environmental conditions. In addition, the sponge still has a high water retention capacity after 21 times of repeated use. It is expected to be used for soilless cultivation of crops and flowers or for thermal insulation on residential roofs.
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  Oxidative degradation of formaldehyde over g-C₃N₄@CeO₂ catalyst with ultralow Au content at room temperature

  LI Qin, YAN Zhaoxiong, HUANG Gang, SHI Ling, XU Zhihua

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9208-9214. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.033

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  In this paper, low content gold (0.003 wt% Au) catalyst (Au/C₃N₄@CeO₂) supported over C₃N₄@CeO₂ is prepared by a simple calcination impregnation method. The effect of the amounts of melamine used in the preparation process on the performance of the composite catalyst for catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde at room temperature is studied. The catalysts are characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission scanning electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, N₂ sorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The performance test results show that Au/C₃N₄@CeO₂ could completely convert the formaldehyde into carbon dioxide and water with the removal efficiency of up to 91.7%. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra show that formate and DOM are the main intermediate products in this catalytic reaction. The excellent performance of the catalyst is mainly attributed to the strong interaction between catalyst components, the specific surface area and pore volume of the catalyst can be increased by g-C₃N₄, which is more conducive to the dispersion of CeO₂ and Au nanoparticles, and the presence of CeO₂ promotes the occurrence of formaldehyde oxidation reaction.
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  Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/acrylamide photochromic hydrogel

  ZHANG Yikun, LI Xu, NIU Li, LIU Zhi ming

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(9): 9215-9220. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.09.034

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  Photochromic systems are widely used in visual information storage, ultraviolet and infrared light detection and other fields, but they need to be improved in terms of portability and response sensitivity. In this study, CS-Fe³⁺ composite hydrogel is synthesized using chitosan (CS), acrylamide (PAAm) as matrix, Fe³⁺ as cross-linking agent, and ammonium molybdate (Mo7) as photochromic medium. The experimental results show that ammonium molybdate and Fe³⁺ are introduced into the hydrogel network through coordination bonds. Fe³⁺ can enhance the photochromic performance of the composite hydrogel in a certain concentration range. The composite hydrogel is sensitive to ultraviolet light, and begins to change color after exposure to ultraviolet light for only 5 minutes. By controlling the ultraviolet light irradiation time and the environmental temperature of the hydrogel, the degree of photochromism and the fading rate of the hydrogel can be controlled. After 75 min at 60 ℃, CS-Fe³⁺_-1 hydrogel can be completely faded and reused. When illu minated, the surface of the hydrogel is covered with masks with different patterns, which can record different information on the hydrogel and endow the hydrogel with optical storage performance. The introduction of photochromic materials into hydrogels not only makes the photochromic materials portable, but also has excellent optical sensitivity and can be better used in ultraviolet light detection and visual information storage.