30 September 2024, Volume 55 Issue 9

    

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  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 0-0.

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Focuses & Concerns
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  Uniaxial tensile mechanical properties of weathering aging ETFE foils

  ZHANG Jian, HU Jianhui, LI Ruixong, CHEN Wujun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9001-9006. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.001

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  The mechanical properties of ETFE foils after aging in natural environment are the basis for long-term performance evaluation of ETFE structures. In this paper, the aging ETFE foils were selected to carry out the micro-morphology experiments and macro-mechanical tests. The standard values of mechanical parameters were analyzed based on statistical methods. The micro results show that the rough surface morphology and dense cross-section wrinkles existed and that the grain size increased by 7.8%. The breaking strength, yield stress and elastic modulus of aging ETFE foils decreased significantly. The standard values of the yield stress and elastic modulus were 11.73 MPa and 703.2 MPa, which reduced by 14.9% and 13.5%. In general, these results are critical for accurately evaluating long-term performance of ETFE structures.
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  Flame synthesis and electrochromic properties of WO₃/TiO₂ nanocrystals

  GU Li, HE Xiaole, MENG Yufeng, HU Yanjie

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9007-9013. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.002

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  Pure WO₃ and Ti doped WO₃/TiO₂ nanocrystals were synthesized by a self-designed flame spray combustion system, and the thin films were prepared by spin-coating method. The impact of Ti doping amount and annealing temperature on the electrochromic properties of the films were investigated by various characterization methods. The results show that Ti doping provides more active sites and increases the ion migration rate and conductivity. The maximum optical modulation of WTi-6 film at 633 nm is 67.11%, and the coloring efficiency is 1.7 times that of pure WO₃ film. Meanwhile, the annealing treatment at 400 ℃ enhances the adhesion between the WTi-6 films and the conductive substrate, and the electrochemical properties of the films and the reversibility of Li⁺ insertion/extraction on the films are improved. Correspondingly, the annealed WTi-6 films obtained a higher optical modulation range (76.05%), a faster response, and a shorter coloring time from the unannealed 5.7 s and 10.4 s to 5.5 s and 8.2 s, and the coloring efficiency is increased to 82.20 cm²/C. Therefore, Ti doping modification and annealing process refinement through flame spray combustion improves the electrochromic performance of WO₃ thin films and expands the preparation process of WO₃ nanocrystals, which has good application prospects. Therefore, Ti doping modification and annealing process refinement through flame spray combustion improves the electrochromic performance of WO₃ thin films and expands the preparation process of WO₃ nanocrystals, which has good application prospects.
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  Effect of Ni replacement of Fe on the amorphous formation ability and properties of FeNiSiB

  ZHU Yuankun, WANG Fang, ZHU Shengli, CUI Zhenduo

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9014-9021. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.003

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  (Fe_1-xNi_x)₈₃Si₁B₁₆ (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) amorphous alloy ribbons were prepared and annealed using single copper roll dump strip method. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), DC/AC magnetisation properties automatic test analyser (BH), Vickers hardness tester, and Instron Mechanical Tester were used to analyze and study the effects of different Fe/Ni ratios on the amorphous formation ability, soft magnetic properties and mechanical properties of FeNiSiB alloy ribbons. properties and mechanical properties of FeNiSiB alloy ribbons. The results show that the FeNiSiB alloy ribbons have a tendency to crystallise and precipitate α-Fe phases with the replacement of Fe by Ni. The first crystallisation temperature T_x1 decreases, and the mechanical properties are improved, with the Vickers hardness and tensile strength as high as 770.0 and 2452 MPa, respectively. It is found that the soft magnetic properties of the materials are improved by an appropriate Fe/Ni ratio, with samples being annealed at the same time as those with (Fe_0.8Ni_0.2)₈₃Si₁B₁₆ sample has a saturated magnetic induction B_s of 1.62 T after annealing treatment, a coercivity H_c of only 0.5 A/m, and an initial permeability μi of 33 000.
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  Effect of temperature on recovery stresses and properties of iron-based shape memory alloys

  ZHANG Yaowen, CHEN Shicai, KONG Xiao, RONG Shuwei, WANG Jingchen

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9022-9030. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.004

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  In order to study the effect of temperature on the recovery stress and mechanical properties of iron-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMA), experiments on the temperature-related mechanical properties of Fe-SMA and their influence laws were carried out. Firstly, the effects of different activation temperatures on the recovery stress of Fe-SMA rods were investigated by pre-stretching and activation experiments, and an empirical ontological model of recovery stress-temperature of Fe-SMA was established on the basis of experimental studies. Secondly, secondary heating experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of different activation temperatures, additional loads, and exposure temperatures on the recovery stress of Fe-SMA rods. Finally, the mechanical properties of Fe-SMA rods after high temperature were investigated by monotonic tensile experiments. The results show that the established model of Fe-SMA recovery stress-temperature can effectively simulate the relationship between recovery stress and temperature of Fe-SMA. During the secondary heating process, when the activation temperature is lower than 200 ℃, Fe-SMA has a high stress retention ratio, and the stress loss of Fe-SMA rods increases with the elevated of the additional load and the exposure temperature. After experiencing high temperature, the residual shape memory effect induces higher stresses in Fe-SMA rods compared to the initial stresses. The modulus of elasticity and ultimate strength exhibit relative stability, whereas the yield strength experiences a slight increase with rising exposure temperatures. This investigation serves as a reference for informing the fire-resistant design and utilization of Fe-SMA members in academic discourse.
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  Diketopyrrolopyrrole semiconductor/carbon quantum dots based planar heterojunctions for high-performance organic phototransistors

  AI Zhiqiang, ZHOU Han, QIAN Yong, CHENG Zaitian, WANG Hui, ZHANG Fapei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9031-9039. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.005

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  In this work, planar-heterojunction organic phototransistors (OPT) have been constructed from solution process, by combining a semiconducting diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer PDVT-10 and a novel carbon nanomaterial- carbon quantum dots (CQDs). The PDVT-10/CQDs planar heterojunction films, possessing the optical properties of both PDVT-10 and CQDs, reveal strong optical absorption in a wide spectral region from ultra-violet to near infra-red. Compared with pristine PDVT-10 phototransistors, such planar-heterojunction OPTs exhibit a remarkably higher performance on broad-spectrum photo-detection, with a photoresponsivity of 2.6×10⁴ A/W, a specific detectivity of 2.4×10¹³ Jones, and maximum light sensitivity higher than 10⁴ under the 450-nm laser irradiation, as well as with a responsivity of 4.4×10⁴ A/W and a specific detectivity of 1.2×10¹³ Jones under the 808-nm laser irradiation. Based on the study of the photo-response mechanism for these devices, the performance improvement of the PDVT-10/CQDs based OPTs should be attributed to the favorable energy level alignment at the PDVT-10/CQDs interfaces, which enhances interfacial exciton dissociation and charge separation, meanwhile effectively suppresses the hole-electron recombination in the light-absorption layer. Furthermore, the formation of efficient carrier conduction pathway is benefited from high hole-mobility of PDVT-10 for the OPT performance enhancement. Our work offers a valuable avenue for the development of high performance light detectors.
Review & Advance
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  Research progress of substrate materials for photoelectrodes in photocatalysis

  YANG Xiaona, WU Teng, AN Jiajun, WANG Lei, WANG Xudong, LI Jie

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9040-9052. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.006

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  In recent years, photocatalytic technology(PEC) has attracted much attention due to its integration of the advantages of electrochemistry and photocatalytic technology. This technology not only shows excellent catalytic performance, but also solves the problem that the traditional powder photocatalyst is difficult to separate and recycle. The substrate material of photoelectrode is the core of PEC technology, which significantly affects the efficiency of electron transfer, the recombination rate of photogenerated carrier and the stability of photoelectrode. Although PEC technology has made many achievements, the research progress of photoelectrode substrate materials has not been fully reported. In view of this, this paper aims to systematically classify the substrate materials of photoelectrode, including metals, conductive glass, carbon-based materials and other emerging materials, and review the recent research progress on these materials. The preparation method, performance and mechanism of photoelectrode are discussed in detail in order to provide readers with a comprehensive and in-depth understanding. At the same time, we also put forward some suggestions on the future research direction of optical electrode substrate materials, hoping to provide useful reference for the further development of this field.
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  Research progress of diatom-based phase change energy storage materials

  LIU Ping, TAN Haoruo, FENG Mingsheng, LEI Fan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9053-9063. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.007

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  Diatom-based material with excellent thermal stability, is an outstanding carrier for phase change materials (PCMs), and is widely used in fields such as solar energy, construction, and energy conservation. This article introduces diatomite-based and diatom frustules-based phase change energy storage materials. It reviews the research progress in modified diatomite phase change materials, thermally conductive diatomite composite phase change materials, photothermal conversion diatomite composite phase change materials, and diatom frustules-modified phase change materials. Diatom-based phase change energy storage technology holds promise as an efficient and environmentally friendly solution for energy storage, contributing to the development of renewable energy.
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  Research progress on modification of high nickel ternary cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

  ZHAO Liang, WANG Jiatai, ZHANG Yibo, TANG Hao, XU Yuan, HU Leilei, WU Xi, KANG Yulong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9064-9070. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.008

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  High-nickel ternary cathode materials have received extensive attention from researchers due to their advantages, including high energy density, high voltage plateau, and non-memory effect. However, limited by its deficiencies such as poor cycling stability, cations disordering, and poor thermal stability, there remains necessity for extensive and comprehensive research on high-nickel ternary cathodes. This paper focuses on the deficiencies of high nickel ternary cathode materials, and summarized recent advances in modification approaches, encompassing ions doping, surface coating, concentration gradient, co-modification, electrolyte modification and structure regulation in recent years, while also discussing and providing prospects for future research directions.
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  Application and research progress of hollow glass microspheres in coatings

  WANG Runting, GAO Mengyan, LI Haiyan, ZHANG Jianying, CAO Renwei, SONG Ci, SUN Kun, QIU Jiahao, QIN Ying, ZHU Mingxu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9071-9077. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.009

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  In this article, the surface modification methods of hollow glass microspheres and their applications in coatings were briefly introduced. The latest research progress in thermal insulation coatings, fireproof coatings, wave-absorbing coatings and anticorrosive coatings was summarized, and the future direction of the application of hollow glass microspheres in coatings was prospected.
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  Recent advances in Ruddlesden-Popper oxide for solid oxide fuel cells anodes

  QU Jifa, WANG Xu, ZHANG Jing, SHI Huangang, TAN Wenyi

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9078-9086. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.010

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  Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) perovskite oxide has a set of distinct physicochemical characteristics that make it a highly promising anode for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, it is hard to use most RP perovskites directly in anodes because they lack reduction resistance, catalytic activity or stability. This review summarizes the internal mechanism of structure adjustability and properties richness of RP oxide based on the brief introduction of its characteristics, and then systematically introduces recent advances in RP oxide as an anode for SOFCs based on the dimension of microstructure, ion substitution sites and preparation process characteristics. Then reviews and discusses the ingenious phase transformation method used in preparing materials and in situ precipitation to improve catalytic activity, and extensively analyzes the design concept of the RP materials and the existing problems. Finally, this review indicates that the substitution with heterovalent ion, the combination of theory and practice, the full use of oxygen non-stoichiometric ratio and hydroxylation ability of RP oxide are important strategies to develop new RP anodes with higher reduction resistance, catalytic activity and stability.
Research & Development
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  Study on the performance of CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol on La-Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts

  HUANG Hao, NA Wei, GAO Wengui, HUANG Zhenhui

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9087-9093. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.011

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  Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts doped with different contents of La were prepared by the co-precipitation method and experimentally investigated with respect to the synthesis of methanol by CO₂ hydrogenation. The advantages of La for Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts were investigated by XRD, N₂ physisorption, N₂O chemisorption, XPS, H₂-TPR, and CO₂-TPD, and the effects of different contents of La were investigated. The effects of the incorporation of different dopant amounts (0%-10%) of La on the average particle size, aggregation state, and the interaction of the elements of Cu were discussed in detail. The experiments showed that the specific surface area and dispersion of the Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts were significantly increased by the doped La, and the number of basic sites was significantly increased compared with that of the unmodified catalysts with an obvious advantage of methanol selectivity. The doping of La promoted the Cu-ZnO interactions and enhanced the catalytic performance. The appropriate La content is favorable to the catalytic performance of the Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts, and the highest spatial and temporal yield of CH₃OH reached 0.35(g_(MeOH)/g_(cat)·h) at 240 ℃ and 3 MPa with 5% La content.
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  Preparation of lignin-based nitrogen-sulfur co-doped activated carbon by one-pot method and study of its supercapacitor and CO₂ adsorption performance

  LUO Lin, ZHAO Zixiong, SHEN Yi, SHI Xiaokai, CUI Jinglei, ZHANG Huirong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9094-9101. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.012

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  With the increasing depletion of non-renewable resources such as coal, bio-based alternative materials have gained widespread attention. Lignin has a wide range of sources and huge reserves, but only about 5% of it has been resourcefully utilized globally. Therefore, in this study, a series of porous lignin-based nitrogen-sulfur doped activated carbon was prepared by a one-step method with sodium lignosulfonate as the raw material, FeCl₃ as the activator, and urea as the nitrogen source, and explored the potential for supercapacitor and CO₂ adsorption applications. It was found that in the three-electrode system with 6 mol/L KOH as the electrolyte, AC-1-NS has a high specific capacitance of up to 275 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g. The abundant pore structure and heteroatoms in AC determine its excellent electrochemical performance, and the nitrogen-doped introduction of N-5, N-6, and N-Q, and the sulfur-doped introduction of -SOx- lead to the gap in specific capacitance of different ACs the specific surface area of AC-2-NS was as high as 1 510 m²/g, the microporosity was 75.8%, and the CO₂ adsorption reached 2.86 mmol/g. The pore structure and heteroatom doping together determine its properties.
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  Oxidation stability and viscosity properties of environmentally friendly Al₂O₃ nanofluids

  GONG Qiu, WU Zhangyong, ZHU Qichen, JIANG Jiajun, XIE Zhiwei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9102-9110. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.013

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  Corn oil as a nanofluid base fluid has the problem of easy oxidation, and the addition of tertiary butylhydroquinone is expected to improve the antioxidant property of corn oil. In this paper, a new environmentally friendly nanofluid was prepared by using corn oil as a base fluid, Al₂O₃ as nanoparticles, and tertiary butylhydroquinone as an antioxidant to study its settlement stability and antioxidant properties. The content of oxidation products and viscosity of the nanofluids at different times were investigated from the perspectives of particle size, particle mass fraction, antioxidant type, and antioxidant addition. The results showed that the nanofluids produced without surfactant, 100 mL of corn oil, Al₂O₃ nanoparticles with a particle size of 20 nm and a particle mass fraction of 1.1083% had the best sedimentation stability. The nanofluid with 0.7% of tertiary butylhydroquinone added had the optimum antioxidant properties. There are two phenolic hydroxyl groups in the molecule of tertiary butylhydroquinone, and each of the two phenolic hydroxyl groups provides one hydrogen ion, which forms stable quinone compounds in corn oil, making the oxidation rate of the corn oil slower. When the content of tertiary butylhydroquinone was added at less than 0.4%, the content of tertiary butylhydroquinone was not enough to effectively retard the oxidation reaction of the oil. When the addition of tertiary butylhydroquinone exceeded 0.7%, the antioxidant property of the nanofluid could only be improved slightly, and the oxidation induction time increased slowly, but on the contrary, the viscosity of the nanofluid would be increased greatly. The nanofluid prepared in this paper has the characteristics of environmental friendly and good antioxidant performance, which can effectively slow down the generation of oxidised substances. This study contributes to the further development of antioxidant research of environmentally friendly nanofluids.
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  Study on the discharge performance of Mg-Sr alloy for magnesium-air battery anode

  YUAN Yukun, LI Donghu, HOU Lifeng, DU Huayun, WANG Qian, WEI Yinghui

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9111-9117. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.014

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  In this study, the corrosion resistance and discharge properties of five alloys of Mg-xSr (x=0.2wt%, 0.5wt%, 1wt%, 2wt% and 4wt%) as anode materials for magnesium-air batteries were systematically studied by electrochemical techniques and magnesium-air battery discharge test. The results show that the corrosion resistance and electrochemical activity of the alloy can be effectively enhanced when an appropriate amount of Sr is added to the magnesium alloy. Among the anodes studied, the Mg-2Sr anode had the highest and relatively stable discharge voltage and the best discharge performance at all current densities, and had the highest anode efficiency of 68% at 40 mA/cm. With the further increase of Sr content, the excess second phase accelerates self-corrosion, and the corrosion resistance and discharge performance of the alloy decrease.
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  Fabrication and microwave absorbing properties of FeCoNiAl@C/CCB/NR absorbing patches

  SHEN Yongqian, SONG Pengfei, WEI Lijun, ZHANG Guibin, GAO Feng, DU Xueyan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9118-9126. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.015

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  In recent years, rubber wave-absorbing patches have been widely used in various electronic devices due to their excellent mechanical and wave-absorbing properties, ensuring the normal operation of equipment without electromagnetic (EM) interference. This article employs mechanical stirring, carbothermal reduction, as well as mastication and vulcanization processes to prepare FeCoNiAl@C/conductive carbon black (CCB)/natural rubber (NR) wave-absorbing patches with superior mechanical and wave-absorbing properties, and adjusts the addition amount of FeCoNiAl@C to regulate the mechanical and wave-absorbing properties of the patches. The phase composition and microstructure of the FeCoNiAl@C composite material were characterized, and the microwave absorption performance and wave-absorbing mechanism of the patches were studied. The results show that when the addition amount of FeCoNiAl@C is 5.0 g, the FeCoNiAl@C/CCB/NR wave-absorbing patch exhibits a minimum reflection loss (RL) of -24.45 dB at 4.40 GHz and a thickness of 5.0 mm, with an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 1.60 GHz. When the thickness is 1.5 mm, the EAB can reach 3.04 GHz. The excellent wave-absorbing performance of the patch is attributed to the excellent impedance matching of the absorber and the synergistic effect of multiple loss mechanisms. This work provides new insights for the structural design and practical application of natural rubber-based wave-absorbing patches.
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  Study on the influence of internal curing mechanism on the macro and mesoscopic mechanical properties of recycled concrete materials

  QIN Yuan, YAN Pengfei, WEI Yimeng, DUAN Minghan, FANG Jianyin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9127-9138. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.016

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  As a green ecological concrete, recycled concrete is widely used in ecological water conservancy projects. In order to improve its mechanical properties and durability, this paper pretreated the recycled aggregate to dry, semi-saturated and saturated states by internal curing method, replaced ordinary concrete with 50% and 100% substitution rates, respectively, and set up ordinary concrete in dry state as a control group, analyzed the influence of water content on the macro and mesoscopic properties of recycled concrete under different substitution rates, and analyzed the correlation of various parameters, and interpreted the mechanism of internal curing from the mesoscale by establishing a water absorption and desorption model of recycled aggregate. The results show that under the same substitution rate, the recycled concrete group with 50% moisture content has the better compressive strength after curing for 90 days. The porosity of R50P and R100P decreased by 14.2% and 10.3% respectively after 90 days of curing compared with that at 7 days, indicating that the recycled aggregate with 50% moisture content could improve the porosity and interface transition zone structure to a certain extent. The internal curing mechanism of aggregate water absorption and desorption is the main reason for the continuous growth of the strength of recycled concrete in the later stage.
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  Nitrogen doped carbon nanowires loaded with MnO nanoparticles as cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

  HE Yingying, LU Weipeng, CHEN Lijun, DING Haodong, YU Tian

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9139-9148. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.017

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  Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) hold great promise for various applications due to the low redox potential of zinc and high energy density. The host cathode for storing Zn²⁺ determines the discharge performance and cycling stability of the battery. Herein, three one-dimensional nanowire structured polymers were prepared using nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as a ligand with three carboxyl groups, and three nitrogen-doped carbon nanowires loaded with different particle size MnO materials (MnO/NC-x) were obtained after calcination treatment. Among them, the MnO particles in MnO/NC-0.5 prepared with a Mn²⁺∶NTA ratio of 0.5 had the smallest size and were uniformly dispersed on the nanowire surface. This material exhibited excellent kinetic properties such as ion diffusion and conductivity as the cathode for AZIBs. It delivered a rate capability of 158 mAh/g at a high current density of 2 A/g and still maintained a capacity retention of 96% after 1000 cycles at 1 A/g, demonstrating excellent cycling stability.
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  Investigation on heat transfer property of aqueous suspension of paraffin microcapsules with different sizes

  DENG Zhuofu, JIA Lisi, CHEN Ying, MO Songping, WANG Zhibing, HUANG Zhihao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9149-9156. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.018

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  Aqueous suspension of phase change material (PCM) microcapsules is a new kind of function material that has a bright application prospect in many fields such as the heat dissipation of electronic and electrical equipments, and the utilization of new clean energies. It shows an improved heat transfer performance since the PCM microcapsules can absorb lots of latent heat during solid-liquid phase transition in comparison with the base fluid. In this study, a new method of particle size control was introduced for optimizing the overall performance of microcapsule suspension in heat transfer and energy consumption. The PCM microcapsules composed of octadecane and melamine formaldehyde resin was synthesized by in-situ polymerization, and showed a uniform size distribution. These microcapsules were dispersed in the deionized water by adding a surfactant, and the resultant microcapsule suspension had a good stability. Investigation on the heat transfer of the aqueous suspension of PCM microcapsules in a circular tube was conducted, focusing on the effect of microcapsule size. It was found that as the size of microcapsules decreased from 20.0 μm to 2.6 μm, a 20.3% increase in Nussell number of microcapsule suspension and a 33.0% reduction in temperature rise of circular tube could be achieved. This finding confirmed that reducing the size of PCM microcapsules is a feasible and efficient way to improve the comprehensive heat transfer performance of microcapsule suspensions.
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  Effects of Cu on the microstructure and properties of Mg-6Al-1Zn-1.0Sn dissolvable magnesium alloy

  MA Wei, CHEN Baihua, MA Zhengqing, WANG Hai

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9157-9163. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.019

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  Dissolvable magnesium alloys, employed as bridge plugs and fracturing balls in enhanced oil and gas field extraction, must exhibit excellent strength, plasticity, and rapid dissolution rates. However, the currently used dissolvable magnesium alloys are often limited by their inadequate mechanical and dissolution properties. In this study, Mg-6Al-1Zn-1.0Sn alloy was used as a base material, with varying Cu content (x=0.5, 1.5, and 2.5) added. The Mg-6Al-1Zn-1.0Sn-xCu (x=0.5, 1.5, and 2.5) alloys were prepared through casting and extrusion methods. Microstructure and morphology of the alloys were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical microscopy (OM). The effects of Cu addition on the dissolution rate and mechanical properties of Mg-6Al-1Zn-1.0Sn-xCu (x=0.5, 1.5, and 2.5) alloys were investigated using Tafel curves, weight loss measurements, and room temperature tensile tests. The results indicate that the addition of Cu forms AlCuMg phases, which enhance the nucleation rate during solidification, refine the grains, and improve the dissolution uniformity of Mg-6Al-1Zn-1.0Sn-xCu (x=0.5, 1.5, and 2.5) alloys. With increasing Cu content and solution treatment temperature, the dissolution rate of Mg-6Al-1Zn-1.0Sn-xCu (x=0.5, 1.5, and 2.5) alloys increases while the tensile strength decreases, and the elongation improves. The Mg-6Al-1Zn-1.0Sn-0.5Cu alloy, subjected to a solution treatment at 425 ℃ for 2 hours and aging at 180 ℃ for 24 hours, exhibited a tensile strength of 290 MPa, a yield strength of 194 MPa, and an elongation of 14.0%. The dissolution rates in 3.5 wt% KCl solution at 60 ℃ and 90 ℃ were 28.65 mg/(h·cm²) and 32.52 mg/(h·cm²), respectively. This study provides a theoretical reference for the development of dissolvable magnesium alloy materials for shale gas extraction.
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  Preparation and performance study of polystyrene particle composite insulation mortar

  FAN Ye

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9164-9171. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.020

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  Using polystyrene particles as the reinforcing phase of mortar, surface treatment of polystyrene particles was first carried out through triethanolamine, and then polystyrene particle composite insulation mortar was prepared. The effect of triethanolamine dosage on the water contact angle of polystyrene particles was studied, and its influence on the mechanical properties, microstructure, drying shrinkage performance and thermal conductivity of composite insulation mortar was explored. The results showed that the modification treatment with triethanolamine reduced the water contact angle of polystyrene particles, and the polystyrene particles changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. The increase in the amount of triethanolamine reduced the viscosity of the composite insulation mortar and increased the dry density. The lowest viscosity of the EPS-5% sample was 8.8 cm, and the highest dry density was 237 kg/m³. With the increased of triethanolamine dosage, the water absorption of composite insulation mortar first decreased and then gradually stabilized. The compressive strength, flexural strength, shear bonding strength, and softening coefficient all increased first and then decreased, while the drying shrinkage rate and thermal conductivity first decreased and then increased. The water absorption rate of the EPS-5% sample was the lowest at 0.62%, and the softening coefficient was the highest at 0.63. The compressive strength, flexural strength, and shear bond strength of the sample reached their maximum values at 28 d of age, which were 2.05, 0.64, and 0.26 MPa, respectively. At 7 d, the drying shrinkage rate of EPS-5% sample was the lowest at 0.0385%, and the thermal conductivity was the lowest at 0.045 W/(m·K), indicating the optimal insulation performance.
Process & Technology
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  Martensitic transformation behavior and superelasticity of Ni₅₀Ti₄₉Nb₁ alloy

  YANG Youyi, LI Qiuzhen, CUI Lishan, YU Kaiyuan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9172-9177. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.021

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  Ni₅₀Ti₄₉Nb₁ and Ni₅₀Ti₅₀ alloy wires with different grain sizes were prepared by wire drawing at room temperature and annealing process. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electrical resistivity (ER) measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to characterize the martensitic transformation behavior during cooling and heating and the microstructure. Superelastic properties were examined at different temperatures using a universal tensile machine. Results show that the phase transition of both types of alloys were increasingly suppressed with the reduction of grain size. When the grain size is nanocrystalline, the B19′ phase was completely suppressed. The suppression of R phase in nanocrystalline Ni₅₀Ti₄₉Nb₁ was particularly severe at low temperature. As tensile test results, nanocrystalline Ni₅₀Ti₄₉Nb₁ alloy exhibited tensile superelasticity over 218-398 K, being significantly superior to nanocrystalline Ni₅₀Ti₅₀. Moreover, the critical stresses and stress hysteresis of the former changed with temperature in a non-linear manner, in sharp contrast to that of the latter. The results of this study may shed light in the understanding of the role of Nb on the phase transformation behavior and superelasticity of NiTi based alloys, and in the development of new superelastic alloys.
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  Preparation of Cu/Zn catalyst from acetate in CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol

  ZHOU Jiabin, CHEN Zhiyuan, WANG Yuning, GONG Jiesong, NA Wei, GAO Wengui

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9178-9183. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.022

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  Using acetate as the precursor, different proportions of Cu/Zn catalysts were prepared by hydrothermal method, and the performance of CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol was evaluated without H₂ pretreatment. The effects of different Cu/Zn ratios on the crystalline phase structure, surface properties and valence state of the catalyst were investigated by XRD, TG-DSC, H₂-TPR, CO₂ temperature-programmed desorption and XPS, and its active sites were studied. The results show that the activity of the Cu/Zn catalyst prepared with acetate as the precursor is evaluated without pretreatment, and the H₂ in the reaction gas (H₂∶CO₂=3∶1) will reduce the Cu²⁺ of the Cu/Zn catalyst to Cu⁰ to form a new Cu⁰-ZnO interface, which makes the Cu/Zn45 achieve a spatiotemporal yield of 7.97 mmol/(g^·h) at 3 MPa and 240 ℃.
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  Preparation and properties of F-POSS transparent hydrophobic antimicrobial surfaces

  WANG Zhi, ZENG Xianghui, ZHANG Hong, YANG Zhen, FANG Wei, DU Xing, WANG Daheng, ZHAO Lei, CHEN Hui

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9184-9190. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.023

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  In this paper, fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (F-POSS) and the antimicrobial agent zinc pyrithione were deposited onto the surface of glasses by physical vapour deposition. FT-IR, SEM, and UV-Vis were used to analyze the composition, morphology, optical properties, and the antimicrobial capacity of the samples. And the antibacterial ability of the samples was evaluated through bacterial count analysis of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results show that the prepared coating has a homogeneous surface with 90% transparency and 118° water contact angle. It has excellent abrasion and impact resistance, some self-repairing ability, and shows excellent stability to acid, alkali, high temperature and other harsh conditions. Meanwhile, it can achieve more than 98% bactericidal ability against both common E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus within 24 hours.
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  Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from distiller's grain and their application in ionic dye adsorption

  TANG Lu, HAO Shaojie, GAO Qian, FENG Xiaobin, FAN Bei, ZHANG Liang, WANG Bo, WANG Fengzhong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9191-9198. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.024

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  To broaden the high-value utilization of distiller's grain, the application potential of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) prepared from distiller's grain in the field of wastewater treatment was explored. Firstly, cellulose from the distiller's grain was extracted by washing, bleaching, and alkali treatment, and then the extracted cellulose was hydrolyzed by 50%(v/v) sulfuric acid at 1∶20 solid-liquid ratio to prepare the distiller's grain CNCs. Their chemical composition was determined and their chemical structure was characterized. Finally, the adsorption capacity of distiller's grain CNCs to methylene blue and congo red solution was studied. Results found that the purity of cellulose in the prepared CNCs from the distiller's grain was more than 90%, and the particle size distribution was concentrated in 180-300 nm. The zeta-potential value of the prepared CNCs was measured as -30.1 mV. Furthermore, the equilibrium adsorption rates of the distiller's grain CNCs on the congo red and methylene blue dyes reached 75.5% and 90.57%, respectively, which exhibited different adsorption mechanisms, corresponding to the first-order and the second-order kinetic models, respectively, showing promising adsorption properties of distiller's grain CNCs on ionic dyes, and providing a low-cost and efficient way for the sustainable application of distiller's grain CNCs in the field of industrial wastewater treatment.
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  Research on the performance of polyethylene wax warm mix rejuvenated asphalt

  MA Feng, HUANG Ruizhe, WANG Haoyu, SHI Ke, FU Zhen, JIN Yanxin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9199-9204. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.025

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  Waste plastic polyethylene wax has been widely studied by researchers for its ability to improve the performance of asphalt pavement and its good economic benefits. This article selected new polyethylene wax (NPEW) and recycled polyethylene wax (RPEW) as warm mix agents (PEW) in an equal ratio, and added PEW and rejuvenator (LBS) to the virgin and aged blending asphalt to prepare polyethylene wax warm mix rejuvenated asphalt. The virgin and aged blended asphalt contained 20%, 30%, and 40% aged SBS-modified asphalt (AAM), respectively, to simulate the proportion of old asphalt in the actual road surface rejuvenation process. The temperature sensing performance, high and low temperature performance, and viscosity reduction effect of warm mix recycled asphalt with different PEW and AAM dosages were analyzed through the conventional test and Brookfield viscosity. The results show that the addition of AAM and PEW reduced the temperature sensitivity of warm mix rejuvenated asphalt. When the AAM content in warm mix rejuvenated asphalt was constant, with the increase of PEW content, the high-temperature deformation resistance and low-temperature crack resistance performance were significantly improved. When the content of AAM in warm mix rejuvenated asphalt was low, the addition of PEW effectively reduced viscosity. When the AAM content was 30% and the PEW content was 2%, warm mix rejuvenated asphalt had the best performance and economic benefits.
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  Preparation of diatomite-based self-adhesive super-hydrophobic anti-corrosion coating

  YANG Lei, CHEN Shibo, ZHANG Yanchi, LIU Shupei, ZHANG Xinfang, RAO Jinsong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9205-9213. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.026

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  Industrial production and daily life are inseparable from steel tools and equipment, but with the extension of the use of time, carbon steel equipment will inevitably occur corrosion, which will reduce the mechanical and physical properties of carbon steel, shorten the service life, waste economy at the same time may cause fire, explosion and other catastrophic accidents, so the corrosion of carbon steel is very important. So electrochemical method, organic coating method, corrosion inhibitor method and other common methods are designed to solve such problems. Among them, the organic coating method is the most convenient and the best effect, and among all kinds of coatings, the superhydrophobic coating has attracted the attention of researchers because of its unique surface structure and excellent anti-corrosion performance. However, the coating prepared by the existing method usually requires a large number of organic solvents, which is not only a complicated process, but also causes serious environmental pollution, and the later maintenance work is very complicated. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare a self-adhesive and self-cleaning coating which is not limited by time, space and thermal spraying equipment for the protection of carbon steel equipment. In this study, a preparation method was introduced. The anti-corrosion coating with self-adhesion, self-adsorption and long-term superhydrophobic properties was prepared by scraping coating through secondary hydrothermal method, and relevant tests were carried out on it. The results show that the modified composite coating has a maximum hydrophobic Angle of 151.52° and an impedance modulus of 10¹¹ Ω·cm², showing excellent self-cleaning and anti-corrosion properties.
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  Effect of polystyrene particle content on mechanical properties and thermal insulation properties of concrete

  YAN Xiangyang, XIA Huiyun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9214-9221. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.027

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  Polystyrene particles (EPS) were used as the doping material, which were hydrophilic modified by different surfactants. On this basis, polystyrene particles were added to foam concrete, and the effects of hydrophilic modified polystyrene particles on the mechanical properties and thermal insulation performance of concrete were studied. The results showed that unmodified polystyrene belongs to hydrophobic materials with a contact angle of 112°. After modification with triethanolamine, the contact angle decreased to 31°, indicating excellent hydrophilicity. Foam concrete had porous characteristics, and the pore size distribution was 20-230 μm. The setting time decreased with the increase of polystyrene particle doping, the fluidity first increased and then decreased, the solidification time of EPS-0.9% was 90 minutes, and the highest fluidity was 17.9 mm. With the increase of EPS particles, the compressive strength of foam concrete continued decreasing, the flexural strength first decreased and then slightly increased, the thermal conductivity and dry density first decreased and then increased, and the carbonation resistance continued decreasing. At 28 d of age, the compressive strength of the EPS-1.2% sample reached the minimum value of 5.2 MPa, and the carbonization depth reached the maximum value of 2.13 mm. The flexural strength of the EPS-0.6% sample reached a maximum value of 0.57 MPa. The dry density and thermal conductivity of the EPS-0.9% sample reached the lowest values, which were 357 kg/m³ and 0.069 W/(m·K), respectively, indicating the best insulation performance.
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  Researchon LiNbO₃ single crystal thin films prepared using chemical mechanical polishing and its polarization

  QIAO Xiaojun, XUE Gang, CHOU Xiujian

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9222-9228. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.028

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  Silicon based lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) single crystal heterogeneous integrated thin films were prepared using chemical mechanical polishing. The film states at different stages of the film preparation process were studied. The surface morphology and elemental content changes of single crystal LiNbO₃ were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Large area periodic polarization of LiNbO₃ thin films was achieved using high-pressure polarization device. The results indicate that combined with the grinding progresses, the surface roughness of the sample gradually decreases. After completing the final polishing process, the root mean square roughness of the sample surface basically reaches the initial sample level, and the polishing process may lead to the loss of Li, but it can be repaired through subsequent processes. The impurity elements introduced during the grinding process will gradually be removed as the process progresses, ultimately obtaining high-quality silicon based LiNbO₃ single crystal films, and using a high-pressure polarization device to polarize LiNbO₃ thin film, a period strip domain reversal was obtained. This study is of great significance for the manufacturing of high-performance sensor components based on LiNbO₃.
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  Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on mechanical and durability of fly ash concrete

  WU Yamin, DUAN Junfeng, ZHANG Li, HOU Feng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(9): 9229-9236. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.09.029

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  Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as a dispersant and combined with ultrasonic technology to disperse multi walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs). A water-based dispersion of MWCNTs was prepared, and it was used as a doping phase to prepare fly ash concrete. The influence of multi walled carbon nanotube content on the mechanical and durability properties of fly ash concrete was studied through TEM, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, mechanical performance testing and rapid freeze-thaw experiments. The results indicated that PVP combined with ultrasonic technology could effectively disperse MWCNTs, and the addition of MWCNTs to fly ash concrete could accelerate the cement hydration reaction and increase the generation of hydration products such as C-S-H and Ca(OH)₂. Moderate doping of MWCNTs could refine the internal pore structure of cement, reduce the number of cracks and large-sized pores, and transform the failure mode of fly ash concrete from brittle fracture to ductile fracture. The peak load and deformation of the MWCNTs-0.3% specimen reached their maximum values, which were 41.6 kN and 2.92 mm, respectively. The compressive strength and flexural strength reached their maximum values, which were 60.5 and 11.2 MPa, respectively. After 100 rapid freeze-thaw cycles, the mass loss rate of the MWCNTs-0.3% sample was the lowest value of 0.271%, and the maximum relative dynamic elastic modulus was 84.34%, indicating a significant improvement in frost resistance.