The key to carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes for hydrogen purification and carbon dioxide capture lies in the controllable construction of the post-carbonization pore architecture. Herein, we propose a molecular-level “soft-hard” synergistic precursor strategy. A polyimide precursor is synthesized by copolymerizing the flexible dianhydride 4,4′-(4,4′-isopropylidenediphenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride) (BPADA), the rigid dianhydride 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA), and the diamine 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl (BAPP), followed by carbonization to enable directional regulation of the pore structure. The results indicate that flexible segments increase the fraction of ultramicropores and strengthen the sieving/adsorption domains, whereas rigid units build a complementary microporous diffusion network, thereby realizing a synergistic enhancement in permeability and selectivity. The optimized CMS-BA-7 membrane delivers H₂ and CO₂ permeabilities of 1 150 and 135 Barrer, respectively, together with H₂/CH₄ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivities of 1 105 and 130, surpassing the Robeson upper bounds (permeability-selectivity trade-off). This strategy provides a transferable guideline for precursor engineering toward high-performance CMS membranes.

Reducing the iridium loading at the anode is crucial for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), and the configuration of the catalyst-ionomer interface directly determines the accessibility of active sites and mass transfer efficiency within the catalyst layer. This paper systematically investigates the regulation of the anode interface structure and performance in PEMWE by the equivalent weight (EW) and side-chain length of the ionomer. Four commercial perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers were selected: short-side-chain Aquivion^© (EW=720,980 g/mmol) and long-side-chain Nafion^© (EW=1 000, 1 100 g/mmol). The structure-activity relationship was revealed through physical characterization and electrochemical testing. High EW ionomers (≥980 g/mmol) form a thin, uniform coating on the IrO₂ surface, fully exposing the catalyst and achieving a high electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of 11.7 cm², significantly outperforming the thick, uneven coating of low EW ionomers (ECSA≤5.34 cm²). At similar EW values, the short-side-chain ionomer exhibits a 28% and 24% reduction in charge transfer resistance and activation overpotential, respectively, compared to its long-side-chain counterpart. In a 200-hour stability test, the combination of high EW and a short side chain (D98) showed the lowest voltage decay rate (0.50 mV/h). This study elucidates the structure-activity relationship at the catalyst-ionomer interface from the molecular origin of the ionomer and proposes a synergistic design principle of “high EW for a stable configuration and a short side chain for enhanced interfacial activity”, providing a theoretical basis and experimental support for the development of high-performance ionomers for low-iridium membrane electrodes.

To address the insufficient antibacterial and hemostatic efficacy of traditional wound dressings caused by a single antibacterial mechanism, this study developed an antibacterial film with synergistic antibacterial activity by incorporating both electrostatic and covalent mechanisms. Using sodium alginate (SA) as the matrix, chitosan (CS) and gallic acid (GA) were introduced, and the SA/CS/GA film was prepared via a solution blending and calcium ion cross-linking method. The effect of SA content on the mechanical and antibacterial properties of the film was investigated. The influence of GA content on the film’s morphology, structure, and various properties, including in vitro antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity, blood compatibility, coagulation performance, swelling behavior, and biodegradability, was analyzed. The synergistic antibacterial mechanism between CS and GA was elucidated. Results show that with sodium alginate at 20 g/L, chitosan at 10 g/L, and gallic acid at 4 g/L, the SA/CS/GA film achieved inhibition rates of (93.4±4.66)% against Escherichia coli and (94.2±3.73)% against Staphylococcus aureus. The DPPH radical scavenging rate reached (83.8±4.72)%, the hemolysis rate was as low as (1.7±0.56)%, and the coagulation index decreased to (33.8±0.92)%. Furthermore, the film exhibited good thermal stability, stretchability, hydrophilicity, appropriate swelling, and controllable degradation behavior, demonstrating broad application potential in the field of multifunctional medical dressings.

Facing the intensifying global energy crisis and the rigid demand for low-carbon emission reduction, zero-energy thermal management technology has become a research hotspot in the energy and materials fields. Traditional radiative cooling only has a single cooling mode and cannot adapt to dynamic temperature environments, and this study aims to solve this problem. Using PVDF-HFP as the matrix, doped with alumina and hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles, and spray-coated with MXene nanosheets, a flip-able dual-mode thermal management film was fabricated. The test results show that the cooling side has a solar reflectance of 0.975 and an infrared emissivity of 0.945, while the heating side has a solar absorptance of 0.842 and an infrared emissivity of 0.223. Bidirectional switching between cooling and heating modes can be realized through simple flipping of the film. This research provides a novel scheme for dynamic thermal management materials. The film features a simple structure and flexible switching, and has important application value in the fields of building energy conservation, low-carbon emission reduction and intelligent thermal management.

Space solar cells were recognized as core components of spacecraft power systems. Their long-term reliability determined the orbital operational period and mission success of space missions. This review systematically organized the research progress on magnetron sputtering fabrication techniques and optical performance regulation of protective films for space solar cells. Spacecraft operated in extreme space environments including vacuum, strong radiation, atomic oxygen erosion, and micrometeoroid impacts. Protective films were designed to possess dual key functions. First, the films resisted damage from harsh space environments. Second, the films improved incident light transmittance to enhance battery photoelectric conversion efficiency. The development history was systematically sorted from early quartz glass covers to modern multilayer composite functional coatings. Test techniques for key optical performance parameters of thin films were analyzed. The practical value of these test techniques was evaluated in engineering applications. Factors affecting the optical performance of thin films were investigated. Material intrinsic properties, micro-morphology, and structural design were identified as main influencing factors. Simulation design was demonstrated to provide support for this research field. Magnetron sputtering was focused as the mainstream fabrication technique. Process parameters including oxygen partial pressure, sputtering time, sputtering power, and substrate temperature were analyzed. The control mechanisms and physical essence of these parameters on core optical properties such as refractive index and transmittance were revealed. The review also examined experimental results obtained during the research process. Various protective films were prepared using different sputtering conditions. Optical measurements were conducted on the prepared films. The relationship between process parameters and optical performance was established. Current existing problems in this field were summarized. Long-term space environment adaptability validation and multi-process collaborative optimization were identified as challenging issues. Future development directions were outlined. Nanostructure design and smart self-healing coatings were proposed as promising areas for future research. This work provided a comprehensive reference for researchers engaged in space solar cell protective film technology. The findings were expected to support the development of more reliable and efficient space power systems for future missions.

The construction of high-porosity electrospun membranes with antibacterial function is crucial for tissue regeneration. The pore structure can effectively promote cell infiltration and the formation of vascular networks. The introduction of antibacterial function can significantly reduce the risk of infection after implantation. In this study, bicomponent electrospun membranes were prepared by blending polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). After selectively removing the water-soluble PVA component, high-porosity PCL fiber membranes were successfully constructed, and their antibacterial properties were endowed by modification with silver nitrate. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties of the electrospun materials were characterized. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that nanosilver was successfully loaded on the fiber surface. Compared with PCL electrospun membranes, PVA/PCL composite electrospun membranes, and PVA-sacrificed electrospun membranes, the nanosilver-modified electrospun membranes exhibited optimized porous structure, improved hydrophilicity, higher mechanical properties, and excellent antibacterial effect. This provides a new idea for the design of wound repair and vascular regeneration materials.

To achieve high-value and resource-efficient utilisation of coal gangue, ceramic membrane supports were prepared using coal gangue as the main raw material (mixed with fly ash at a mass ratio of 7∶3), with CuO, TiO₂, and MgO selected as sintering agents. The process involved dry mixing, water bath stirring, ageing, extrusion moulding, and high-temperature sintering. The study systematically investigated the effects of different sintering agents on the phase composition, microstructure, and performance of the support bodies. The results showed that the main phases of the support bodies under the three sintering agents were quartz, calcium feldspar, and hematite, each with characteristic secondary phases. In terms of microstructure, the CuO group had clear pores and tightly connected particles. The MgO group was overly densified, leading to pore blockage, while the TiO₂ group had a loose structure. In terms of performance, the CuO group exhibited the best overall performance. Under conditions of a sintering temperature of 1 000 ℃, a holding time of 2 h, and a CuO addition of 6 wt%, the pure water flux was 8 651.40 L/(m²·h·MPa), the flexural strength was 21.31 MPa, and the linear shrinkage rate was 3.76%.

Alkaline water electrolysis represents an effective method for green hydrogen production. However, the performance limitations of conventional membranes remain a significant barrier to the advancement of alkaline water electrolysis technology. In this study, a three-dimensional structured zirconia-polysulfone-polyphenylene (ZrO₂-PSF-PPS) composite membrane was developed. By incorporating hydroxylated PPS fibers into the membrane, a three-dimensional network structure was constructed to optimize pore distribution. This structural design facilitated the transformation of finger-like pores into sponge-like pores, thereby significantly enhancing the membrane’s bubble point pressure while maintaining excellent electrolytic performance. The maximum bubble point pressure achieved was 0.536 MPa, with a sheet resistance of 0.2 Ω·cm². Under conditions of 30% KOH, 80 ℃, and 2.0 V, the current density reached 900 mA/cm², demonstrating the significantly improved performance of the separator.

To address the issue of irreversible aggregation and stacking of Ti₃C₂-MXene, which leads to a decline in its light absorption performance and evaporation efficiency, this paper deposited Cu₉S₅ onto the interlayer and surface of Ti₃C₂-MXene through a wet etching-solvothermal method, preparing a Ti₃C₂-MXene/Cu₉S₅ composite photothermal conversion material with a sandwich structure. The Ti₃C₂-MXene/Cu₉S₅ composite photothermal membrane was then obtained by loading it onto hydrophilic PVDF through vacuum filtration. The structure, composition and morphology of the prepared samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and XPS. The light absorption and interfacial evaporation performance of Ti₃C₂-MXene/Cu₉S₅ composite photothermal materials with theoretical molar ratios of Cu₉S₅: Ti₃C₂-MXene of 0.5∶1, 1∶1 and 2∶1 were evaluated. It was found that the interfacial evaporation performance of the sample with a molar ratio of 1∶1 was the best, with a solar light absorption rate of 90.9%, an interfacial evaporation rate and evaporation efficiency of 1.795 kg/(m²·h) and 94.3% respectively, and it also had good cycling stability, with the evaporation rate remaining stable at 1.62 kg/(m²·h) after 7 cycles.

Anti-reflective moth-eye structures exhibit excellent optical performance with broad-angle and broadband antireflective properties, offering promising applications in photovoltaics and electronic display fields. However, their mechanical durability is limited due to the several hundred nanometers feature, hindering large-scale practical implementation. This study proposes a two-step etching approach combining plasma etching and anodic oxidation to fabricate a micro-nano moth-eye structured mold. Based on ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography, a one-step forming process was developed to produce a micro-nano moth-eye structured film integrating micrometer-scale grids and nanostructures. Optical reflectivity tests demonstrated that the as-prepared micro-nano moth-eye structured film achieved an average reflection rate of 1.1%. After 500 cycles of steel wool rubbing at a pressure of 0.2 kgf, the average reflectivity remained at 2.0%, representing only 36% of the average reflectivity of conventional moth-eye structure films. This research provides a feasible technical approach and methodological support for improving the wear resistance of moth-eye structure anti-reflective films.

Hydrothermal temperature is a crucial parameter for the preparation of NiO thin films. NiCl₂·6H₂O and CO(NH₂)₂ were used as precursor solution, and hydrothermal reactions were conducted at 140, 150, 160 and 170 ℃ for 50 min. The effect of hydrothermal temperatures on the morphologies and electrochromic performance of NiO thin films were investigated. The morphologies and performances of the thin films were characterized and tested using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), an electrochemical workstation and a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The thickness of NiO thin films increased and then decreased with the hydrothermal temperatures. Thin films exhibit nanoflake-structure. When the temperature rose to 170 ℃, the thin film presents an irregular aggregated nanoflower structure. As the hydrothermal temperature is 160 ℃, the NiO film is the thickest about 370 nm with a large specific surface area, which can offer more active sites, store more charge and accelerate ion implantation and extraction. Therefor this NiO film has a higher charge capacity (24.91 mC/cm²) and a faster response time (coloring time 6.2 s and bleaching time 2.9 s). The optical modulation amplitude is 50.56 % at the wavelength of 600 nm. The optical density change and coloration efficiency are 0.42 and 17 cm²/C, respectively.

Transparent conductive films of Zr doped indium oxide (IZrO) were prepared on glass substrates by direct current magnetron sputtering technology. The effects of power density and annealing on the microstructure and photoelectrical properties of the IZrO films were investigated. The results showed that IZrO films prepared at different power densities and room temperature had amorphous nanostructures, which transformed into a crystalline state after annealing. The average transmittance of the as-deposited films in the visible light range initially increased, and then decreased, with increasing power density. However, the average transmittance was significantly enhanced after annealing. At a power density of 2.50 W/cm², the average transmittance of the annealed IZrO films in the visible light range increased from 87.72% to 91.09%. As the power density increased, carrier mobility and concentration in the annealed films increased simultaneously, resulting in a decrease in resistivity. Mobility increased from 21.01 cm²/(V·s) to 46.55 cm²/(V·s), more than doubling.

Polyvinylidene fluoride ultrafiltration membranes (PVDF UFMs) possess strong hydrophobic properties and low surface free energy, which are inadequate to meet the stringent demands of the modern water treatment industry. This study employed remote nitrogen plasma to act on the C-H and C-F bonds on the surface of PVDF membranes. Polyacrylic acid (PAA) was used as a bridging agent to firmly anchor the TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ composite catalyst onto the PVDF UFMs. Through the treatment of N₂ plasma, the hydrophilicity of the membrane surface gradually increased. Under optimal conditions (150 s, 20 Pa and 80 W), the water contact angle (WCA) decreased from 86.5° to 68.2°, and the subsequent grafting of PAA resulted in a final WCA of 56.3°. The prepared TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/PVDF ultrafiltration membrane exhibited excellent performance, characterized by a low water contact angle of 30.19° and a high pure water flux of 159.3 L/(m²·h), which is 1.7 times that of the original membrane (93.7 L/(m²·h)). When the content of TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ is 7 wt%, the composite membrane achieves a degradation efficiency of 86.3% for methylene blue (MB). After 5 cycles of degradation experiments, the degradation rate remained at 80.3%. In the filtration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions, the TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/PVDF UFM achieved a high flux of 86.62 L/(m²·h), while the solute retention rate reached 89%. In contrast, the flux of the original PVDF membrane was relatively low, at 39.54 L/(m²·h), with a retention rate of only 20%. In summary, this study successfully developed a photocatalytic separation membrane with visible light responsiveness.

Traditional polymer electrolytes often encounter problems such as limited ion transport rate and insufficient interface stability with lithium metal electrodes in practical applications, especially under higher current density conditions, which limits their further application in solid-state lithium batteries. In this work, a polymer solid-state electrolyte film of L-UB was prepared with the synergistic effect of UiO-66-Br and Li_6.4La₃Zr_1.4Ta_0.6O₁₂ (LLZTO) ceramic fillers. The synergistic effect between LLZTO and the UiO-66-Br matrix led to the formation of a continuous nanoscale contact interface,which was conducive to shortening the migration path of lithium ions, reducing the charge transmission resistance at the interface, and promoting the rapid migration of lithium ions. The electrochemical test results showed that the L-UB electrolyte exhibited a wide electrochemical stability window (4.97 V), a high lithium-ion migration number (0.74), and excellent ionic conductivity (1.44×10^-4 S/cm). In addition, the Li||L-UB||Li battery achieved stable cycling for over 300 h at 0.1 mA/cm², and in the all-cell system, the specific capacities at 0.5 and 1 C were 150 and 130 mAh/g, respectively.

Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) serve as fundamental materials for optoelectronic devices, however, the development of widely applicable, low-cost, and high-performance products remains a challenge. To address the limitations of conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) and ensure compatibility with industrial substrates, La-doped BaSnO₃ (BLSO) thin films were fabricated on low-cost Al₂O₃ substrates using a sol-gel method. A systematic investigation of the sintering and annealing processes revealed that rapid annealing at 800 ℃ in an N₂/H₂ atmosphere, following sintering at 1 000 ℃, is a critical step. This optimized post-treatment synergistically improves the crystallinity and electrical properties of the films. By effectively regulating oxygen vacancies and repairing lattice defects, the films achieve breakthrough optoelectronic performance: a resistivity as low as 1.54 × 10^-3 Ω·cm, a high mobility of 14.14 cm²/V·s, and a high visible-range transmittance of approximately 80%. This work provides a straightforward and effective strategy for producing high-performance BLSO films on low-cost substrates, demonstrating significant potential for industrial application.

To enhance the stain resistance of food packaging materials, a fluorine-free superhydrophobic coating was prepared on the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) surface. SiO₂ nanoparticles with varying particle sizes were first modified with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS). Superhydrophobic surface with a stable micro-nano composite structure on EVA was prepared by mixing hydrogenated rosin glycerides (HRE), D-limonene and HDTMS modified SiO₂ via spray coating process. Results indicated that the film kept superhydrophobicity (contact angle >150°) towards hot water at temperatures ranging from 30 to 80 ℃, when the ratio of modified SiO₂ particles with large-to-small (400 nm : 50 nm) was 1∶3 and the solid content was 3%. The superhydrophobic surface exhibited good resistance to acid and alkali corrosion, strong adhesion, and biocompatibility, and this research provides an effective strategy for developing safe, eco-friend, high-performance food packaging materials.

In this study, a series of composite films were fabricated by incorporating varying mass fractions (0%,4%,6%,8%,and 10%) of birch wood vinegar into chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrices. The resulting films were systematically characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR),mechanical testing, contact angle analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate their microstructural features, mechanical properties, and adsorption performance toward methyl orange (MO).The incorporation of birch wood vinegar was found to alter the surface morphology of the films and enhance their mechanical properties.An optimal addition of 4% significantly improved both tensile strength and elongation at break. CS-WV4% exhibited a tensile strength of (22.85 ± 3.87) MPa and an elongation at break of (59.70±0.79)%,while PVA-WV4% achieved values of (31.25±6.71) MPa and (485.79±63.39)%,respectively. With respect to adsorption performance,CS-WV6% and PVA-WV4% demonstrated the highest removal efficiency(94.99% and 38.88%)and maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity(4.99 and 3.13 mg/g)at initial MO concentrations of 50 mg/L and 75 mg/L,respectively.The adsorption capacity followed the trend CS-WV6%>CS-WV4%>CS-WV8%>CS-WV10%>CS-WV0% for CS-based films, whereas for PVA-based films,the order was PVA-WV4%>PVA-WV8%>PVA-WV10%> PVA-WV6%>PVA-WV0%.Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that chemical adsorption is the rate-limiting step. This work provides valuable theoretical insights for the development of high-performance,bio-based materials for the effective removal of methyl orange from aqueous solutions.

The magnetic damping constant is a key parameter determining the suitability of ferromagnetic materials for microwave applications. In this work, we comprehensively studied the magnetic anisotropy and damping of single-crystalline La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ (LSMO) films with varying thicknesses. The films were epitaxially grown on SrTiO₃ (001) substrates via pulsed laser deposition technology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) 2θ and φ scans confirmed the epitaxial growth of LSMO films along the [001] orientation of the SrTiO₃ substrates. Magnetic hysteresis loop measurements revealed an enhancement of magnetic anisotropy with increasing film thickness. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements demonstrated that the 25 nm-thick LSMO film exhibited the narrowest linewidth and the lowest Gilbert damping coefficient (α=1.1×10^-3), which may be attributed to a reduction in inhomogeneity during its deposition.

To address the issues of poor hydrophilicity, low flux, and insufficient selectivity of traditional polysulfone (PSf) nanofiltration membranes, this study proposes a molecular design strategy, which is to graft terminal hydroxyl hyperbranched polyester (H103) onto the PSf chain to synthesize PSf-hyperbranched polyester block copolymers (PH103) and fabricate nanofiltration membranes using the nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) process. This is aimed to break through the limitations of linear polymers on the regulation of membrane porosity and water flux by introducing the hyperbranched structure. The results show that the introduction of H103 accelerates the phase separation rates, thereby changing the microstructure of the membranes. Compared to the PSf, the PH103 membrane shows significantly enhanced hydrophilicity, improved porosity, increased negative Zeta potential on the surface, and the water permeance of the PH103 membrane reaches 25.98 L/(m²·h·bar) with a high rejection rate of Na₂SO₄ up to 89.9%. Moreover, the modified membrane exhibits excellent long-term stability and potential for application in harsh environments. This study provides an effective molecular design approach for the development of high-performance nanofiltration membranes for high-salt wastewater treatment.

In this paper, ruthenium Prussian blue (RuHCF) electrochromic films were in-situ prepared on FTO conductive glass using a one-step hydrothermal method. The phase structure, microstructure, and elemental chemical states of the films were systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Their electrochemical properties were tested using an electrochemical workstation, and their electrochromic behavior was investigated through UV-visible spectroscopy. The experiment focused on examining the influence of hydrothermal temperature on the morphology and properties of the films. The results showed that the prepared RuHCF films exhibited reversible color change between colorless and purple under voltage regulation. Among them, the film prepared at 140 ℃ (RuHCF-140 ℃) demonstrated the best electrochromic performance: an optical contrast of 24.1% at a wavelength of 580 nm, with coloring and fading times of 2.6 s and 4.0 s, respectively. Furthermore, it maintained 98.4% of its initial optical modulation capability after 2 000 s of cyclic testing.

Laser-cladding CoCrFeNiMo coatings exhibit significant application potential in fields such as energy chemical engineering and marine engineering. However, issues like coarse grain and the precipitation of brittle phases hinder the synergistic improvement of wear and corrosion resistance. In this study, the effects of Y₂O₃ on the microstructure, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the coating, as well as its strengthening mechanisms, were investigated using XRD, SEM, tribometer, and electrochemical workstation. Results indicated that the coating matrix primarily consisted of a Ni-Cr-Co-Mo-based solid solution phase with minor σ phase. Y₂O₃ particles were uniformly dispersed within the matrix, effectively refining grains, strengthening grain boundaries, and enhancing the matrix density. However, excessive addition induced particle agglomeration, thereby deteriorating the microstructure. The coating with 3.0 wt% Y₂O₃ exhibited the best comprehensive performance, with a 35.4% increase in microhardness, a 40.2% reduction in wear rate, and an 87.9% decrease in self-corrosion current density in 3.5% NaCl solution compared to the Y₂O₃-free counterpart. Through a multi-scale synergistic strengthening mechanism of "integrating dispersion strengthening-grain refinement-passivation film enhancement", Y₂O₃ established a unified structural foundation for "wear resistance-corrosion resistance" at the micro scale, achieving simultaneous optimization of wear and corrosion resistance. This work provides a novel paradigm for the rational design of high-performance protective coatings tailored for harsh-service environments.

To enhance the β-phase content and optimize the crystalline structure of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofiber films, PVDF nanofiber films were prepared by electrospinning, and the effects of solution concentration, spinning voltage, and collector drum speed on the morphology and crystalline structure of the films were systematically investigated. The morphology, crystalline structure, and β-phase content of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). In addition, corona poling treatment was introduced to further evaluate its effect on the polar structure of the films. The results show that, within the investigated single-factor ranges, the samples obtained at a solution concentration of 17 wt%, a spinning voltage of 16 kV, and a collector drum speed of 300 r/min exhibited relatively uniform and continuous fiber morphology, with fiber diameters mainly distributed in the range of 0.1-0.7 μm. XRD and FT-IR results indicate that the electrospun PVDF nanofiber films are dominated by the β phase, and the maximum β-phase content reached about 69.8%. After corona poling treatment, the characteristic absorption peaks associated with the β phase near 840 and 1 275 cm^-1 were enhanced, and the β-phase content calculated from FT-IR increased from 66.2% to 72.4%. These results demonstrate that the combination of electrospinning parameter optimization and corona poling treatment can effectively promote β-phase formation and enhance dipole orientation in PVDF nanofiber films, providing experimental support for the structural regulation and performance optimization of piezoelectric functional films.

Phototransistors based on the donor-acceptor bulk heterojunction (BHJ) exhibit excellent exciton dissociation capability, facilitating the generation of high photocurrent gain. However, the electron acceptors such as PC₆₁BM, dispersed within the donor matrix, tend to form electron transport pathways, which results in a high off-current in dark as well as larger electron-hole recombination probability for lowered device performance. We addressed the issue by incorporating a cross-linker (C6Si) into the semiconducting polymer DPPTT-T to protect the film, which remarkably improves the resistance to solvents. The hybrid layered phototransistors have been fabricated by spin-coating of the DPPTT-T:PC₆₁BM BHJ on the cross-linked hole-transport layer of DPPTT-T. The devices exhibit a high photoresponsivity (R) of 5.0×10⁵ A/W, photosensitivity(P) of 4.4×10⁴, and a specific detectivity(D^*) of 1.4×10¹⁴ Jones. A twofold enhancement of R, and an 10-fold enhancement of P is achieved compared to single-layer devices of the DPPTT-T:PC₆₁BM BHJ. Furthermore, clear photonic synaptic response is observed on the hybrid-layered devices, which can emulate the behaviors of biological synapse. The photonic synaptic behavior is attributed the interface-state effects and the elongated pathway for electron-hole recombination on the hybrid-layered devices.

In this study, a radical ferromagnetic semiconductor of perylene iimide (PDI) has been prepared via a reduction-oxidation strategy. Precursor solutions containing PDI dianion radicals (PDI^2-) were synthesized via ultrasonic reduction and solvothermal reduction methods, respectively, and the effects of these two preparation routes on film structure and magnetic properties of the resultant PDI anion radicals (PDI^-) were studied comparatively. It is shown that the PDI^- films with a higher degree of structural order are prepared from the PDI^2- solution via ultrasonic reduction route, which exhibit a saturation magnetization of 0.05 A·m²/kg at RT, significantly higher compared to the samples via the solvothermal route. Notably, an enhanced ferromagnetism is observed on the PDI^- radical films via solution drop-casting under high magnetic field (5 T), saturation magnetization as high as 0.1 A·m²/kg is resultantly achieved. Our work demonstrates the important role of high magnetic fields on engineering the microstructure and magnetic properties of radical films, and provides an effective strategy for the development of high-performance organic radical ferromagnets.

The optimization of the visible-light transmittance of indium tin oxide (ITO) films has become a major topic in the development of next-generation optoelectronic devices. By precisely regulating the microstructure of the films and constructing an ordered porous structure, the average transmittance of ITO films in the 380-800 nm wavelength band can be significantly enhanced, while maintaining excellent electrical conductivity. In this study, a bilayer porous composite structure was proposed to regulate the optical and electrical properties of ITO films at the same time. An ordered porous architecture was introduced into the film system, and the influence of this structure on the photoelectric performance of the films was systematically investigated. The experimental results showed that the optimum processing condition was obtained at a sputtering time of 15 min. Under this condition, the bilayer composite film exhibited the best figure of merit. The average transmittance in the visible region reached 83.23%. This value was 1.34% higher than that of the dense ITO film prepared under the same processing conditions. At the same time, the sheet resistance was 59 Ω/sq. These results indicate that the introduction of an ordered porous layer is effective in increasing visible-light transmission without causing a serious deterioration in electrical performance. The improved properties were attributed to the synergistic effect of the bilayer composite design. The porous layer reduced optical loss and promoted light transmission in the visible region. Meanwhile, the composite configuration helped preserve conductive pathways in the film. As a result, a better balance between transparency and conductivity was achieved. This result shows that microstructure regulation is an effective strategy for the performance optimization of ITO films. Composite ITO films with high transparency and low resistance have important application potential in optoelectronic devices that require high light transmission and fast response.

After activation and modification with N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), nano-cellulose derived from lignin can promote the efficient dissolution of corn stover in an N, N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) composite solvent system at a specific temperature, thereby preparing high-concentration dispersions. The lignocellulose of corn stover subjected to intra-crystalline swelling pretreatment followed by DMAc activation exhibits significantly improved dissolution efficiency and solubility, ultimately yielding stable corn stover-based nano lignocellulose dispersions. Nano lignocellulose with different particle sizes can be obtained by adjusting the ball-milling rotation speed and duration. When ball milling is performed at 300 r/min for 6 h, the resulting product can be fabricated into thin films with excellent mechanical properties, which also possess favorable electromagnetic interference shielding performance.

Pure polyaniline (PANI) and SnO₂/PANI composites with varying SnO₂ contents were synthesized via a chemical oxidative polymerization method. The corresponding films were fabricated using a dip-coating technique. The effects of SnO₂ content on the structural characteristics, morphology, and electrochromic properties of PANI were systematically investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The results indicate that an electron donor-acceptor structure is formed between SnO₂ and PANI in the composite films, which significantly facilitates charge transport and shortens the ion diffusion pathways, thereby effectively enhancing the overall electrochemical activity of the material. When the mass fraction of SnO₂ reaches 10%, the SnO₂/PANI composite films exhibit the optimal electrochromic performance, with a coloration efficiency (CE) of 64.15 cm²/C and coloration/bleaching response times (t_c/t_b) of 1.8 s and 1.5 s, respectively. While approximately 80% of the initial electrochemical activity is retained after 500 coloration-bleaching cycles. The SnO₂/PANI composite films prepared in this work expand the range of PANI-based electrochromic materials and demonstrate promising application prospects.

A series of high-performance PLA-based composite films were prepared by melt blending with polylactic acid (PLA) as matrix, layered filler zirconium phosphate (ZrP) and reactive compatilizer PLA-g-GMA. The thermal decomposition behavior, crystallinity, optical properties, mechanical properties, barrier properties, surface wettability and crystal structure were systematically studied. The results show that the pure PLA shows a single-step thermal decomposition with low carbon residue rate, while the introduction of ZrP and PLA-g-GMA makes the system show multi-step pyrolysis characteristics and significantly improves the carbon residue rate, thus effectively improving the thermal stability. In the aspect of crystallization behavior, ZrP, as a heterogeneous nucleating agent, interacts with PLA-g-GMA to produce a synergistic effect, which significantly promotes the crystallization of PLA, and the crystallinity can reach 38.48% under the optimum ratio (PLA 91%, ZrP 4% and PLA-g-GMA 5%). The study of optical properties shows that the addition of ZrP can increase the light scattering, while PLA-g-GMA can reduce the difference of interfacial refractive index by improving its dispersibility. When the content of ZRP is 5%, the transmittance of the composite film increases to 91.3% and the haze decreases to 1.01%, showing excellent optical uniformity. In terms of mechanical properties, proper ZrP and PLA-g-GMA synergistically enhance the interfacial bonding and stress transfer, which significantly improves the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite membrane, but excessive addition will lead to the decline of properties due to agglomeration or plasticizing effect. The results of barrier properties show that the "maze effect" of ZrP layered structure significantly reduces the permeability of water vapor and oxygen, and the interfacial compactness is further improved with PLA-g-GMA, so that the composite membrane can obtain the best barrier properties. In addition, the synergistic effect of ZrP and PLA-g-GMA improves the surface energy of the composite membrane and reduces the contact angle from 75° to 68°-70°, showing better surface wettability. XRD analysis showed that ZrP changes from layered stacking to exfoliation/intercalation structure under the action of PLA-g-GMA, and a high degree of exfoliation and dispersion is achieved when the content of compatibilizer is 5%, corresponding to the best interface compatibility and comprehensive properties. It can be seen that ZrP and PLA-g-GMA show remarkable synergistic reinforcement and structural regulation in PLA system, which provides an effective way to prepare degradable packaging materials with high crystallinity, excellent mechanical and barrier properties.

In this study, biomacromolecule-based moisture-enabled electric generator with low-cost and high-stability was developed. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared from pulp via TEMPO-mediated oxidation combined with ultrasonic disintegration. CNFs were crosslinked using epichlorohydrin and a silane coupling agent, followed by drying to form a film. Subsequently, one side of the film was subjected to hydrophobic modification using materials such as superhydrophobic silica, hexamethyldisiloxane, and trimethylsiloxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, while the opposite side was modified for hydrophilicity using lithium chloride. This process yielded a moisture-electric film featuring a humidity gradient driven by hydrophilic-hydrophobic asymmetry. The chemical structure and morphology were characterized by FT-IR and SEM, and contact angle measurements confirmed the significant enhancement of both hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity. The results demonstrate that the film modified with superhydrophobic silica and lithium chloride achieved an open-circuit voltage of 0.68 V and a short-circuit current of 9.5 μA under humid conditions, representing performance improvements of approximately 26% and 375% respectively, compared to the untreated sample. Furthermore, higher ambient humidity was found to enhance both the moisture-electric response and operational stability. The nanocellulose-based moisture-electric film developed in this study exhibits excellent responsiveness and sustainability, demonstrating practical value for the construction of novel moisture-enabled power generation systems utilizing natural polymeric materials.

Currently, high-performance n-i-p structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs) widely utilize spiro-OMeTAD as the hole transport material (HTM). However, the significant polarity mismatch between its commonly used additive, Li-TFSI, and spiro-OMeTAD leads to inhomogeneous charge transport, ionic aggregation, and degraded device stability. In this study, lead(II) tetrakis(4-cumylphenoxy)phthalocyanine (PbPc(CP)₄) was introduced as a co-dopant and directly incorporated into the HTM film. Experimental results and theoretical calculations jointly demonstrate that the conjugated phthalocyanine core in PbPc(CP)₄ provides low-energy-barrier transport channels for holes, effectively enhancing carrier mobility. Meanwhile, its unique molecular structure acts as a "polarity bridge," significantly improving the dispersibility of Li-TFSI in the low-polarity HTM matrix, thereby suppressing its aggregation. Consequently, after doping optimization, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices increases from 21.4% to 23.2%, accompanied by a significant enhancement in long-term stability. This work proposes an effective strategy to regulate the polarity compatibility of HTM components, providing new insights into constructing highly efficient and stable perovskite photovoltaic devices.