30 October 2021, Volume 52 Issue 10
    

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    Focuses & Concerns (The Project of Chongqing Press Fund in 2020)
  • Preparation of MOF-derivedporous carbon materials and their applications in anode materials for LIBs
    GU Tao, REN Jing, ZHENG Jianyong, REN Ruipeng, LYU Yongkang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10001-10007. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), possessing the superiorities with high surface area, tunable structure, highly ordered pores, and excellent thermal/chemical stability, have been widely used as precursors and templates for deriving various nanoporous carbon materials and exhibit excellent electrochemical properties in the application of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, we first summarize some hypotheses about the mechanism of lithium storage in porous carbon materials to provide guidance for the rational design of derived carbon materials. Then, the synthesis pathway of nanoporous carbon materials (NPC) prepared by MOF as precursor and template and the strategy of structure inheritance are introduced. Then we summarized the application of MOF-derived porous carbon materials in the anode materials of lithium ion batteries. Finally, the scientific challenges in this field are discussed, and the future development of MOF-derived porous carbon materials is proposed.
  • MNbO4/BC composite catalyst as counter electrode for Cu-mediated dye-sensitized solar cell
    WANG Xi, ZHANG Yongwei, SI Yiming, WANG Yinhao, YUN Sining
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10008-10015. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.002
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    The development of counter electrode (CE) catalysts with high catalytic activity for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) of non-iodine system is of great significance to the exploration and utilization of solar energy. In this work, niobium-based bimetallic oxide catalysts (MNbO4, M=Al, Fe) and their composite catalysts of biomass-derived carbon (BC) (MNbO4/BC, M=Al, Fe) are synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy are used to characterize the structure and morphology of these as-prepared catalysts. The results show that AlNbO4 and FeNbO4 have monoclinic phases with high crystallinity, while AlNbO4/BC and FeNbO4/BC are composite materials of three-dimensional porous BC framework and AlNbO4 or FeNbO4. According to the electrocatalytic and photovoltaic performance, the charge transfer resistance of AlNbO4/BC (4.27 Ω·cm2) and FeNbO4/BC (11.21 Ω·cm2) catalysts in Cu2+/Cu+ electrolyte is lower than that of AlNbO4 and FeNbO4. In addition, the DSSC assembled with AlNbO4/BC achieves a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 3.94%, which is better than that of the Pt-based DSSC (3.29%). The MNbO4/BC composite catalyst is explored for the first time in the DSSC of the non-iodine system.
  • Research on preparation and performance of GNPs/EUG wave-absorbing materials
    WANG Zhenyu, LI Donghan, KANG Hailan, FANG Qinghong
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10016-10022. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.003
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    GNPs/EUG composites are prepared by liquid method and mechanical blending method, and the influence of composite thickness and GNPs content on the absorbing properties of composites is studied. The research results show that the eucommia gur composite material has excellent absorbing properties. As the thickness of the composite material increases, the reflectance absorption peak shifts to the low-frequency direction. With the increase of the GNPs content in the composite material, the absorbing performance of the material increases. Among them, when the GNPs content is 15 phr and the thickness is 4.5 mm, the minimum reflectivity of the material at the frequency of 14.91 GHz is -43.97 dB, and the effective absorption (RL<-10 dB) bandwidth is 1.41 GHz (14.34-15.75 GHz) ). At the same time, as the GNPs content in the composite material increases, the composite material's tensile strength increases, and the elongation at break decreases.
  • Study on the microstructure and magnetic properties of Fe-6.5wt% Si/nano-Fe3O4 soft magnetic composites
    YANG Tiansheng, LU Kechao, WANG Jian, ZHENG Zhigang, LIU Xin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10023-10028. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.004
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    The Fe-6.5wt% Si/nano-Fe3O4 soft magnetic composites (SMCs) are prepared by doping magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The influence of nano-Fe3O4 addition on microstructure, density, resistivity, permeability, and core loss of the SMCs are studied. The results show that the addition of appropriate amount of nano-Fe3O4 can fill the pores between Fe-6.5wt% Si powders to increase the content of magnetic materials in unit volume and weaken the magnetic dilution effect caused by non-magnetic resin. The interaction of nano-Fe3O4 and Fe-6.5wt% Si particles maintains the magnetic flux continuity of SMCs and greatly improves the permeability. Particularly when the addition of nano-Fe3O4 is 3wt%, the overall performance of SMCs is optimal, in which the density is increased from 6.48 g/cm3 to 6.66 g/cm3, the effective permeability is increased from 72.8 to 81.7, and it has a good frequency stability.
  • Research and development in the wettability properties of functionalized graphene surface
    BAI Qingshun, DOU Yuhao, SHEN Rongqi, GUO Wanmin, GUO Yongbo
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10029-10038. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.005
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    The wettability of graphene that makes graphene as a functionalized material has attracted widespread attention in the domain of surface engineering. This article starts from the fundamental simulation method for the wettability of graphene, and summarizes the effects on the wettability of graphene which contains defect structures, surface topography, aerial contaminations and so on. Based on the research about the analysis of graphene transparent wettability, the paper expounds the reason why the tendency of transparent wettability in graphene could be generated, and generalizes the research about the graphene transparent wettability. With the two different coating materials which is graphene and graphene oxide, this paper discusses the method to form the superhydrophobic graphene surface. In term of research and development status of functional surface wettability of graphene, some key scientific issues that are needed to be solved are proposed in this paper. The future study of wettability of graphene is also prospected in the end.
    • Review & Advance
  • Preparation of magnetic biochar and its application in environmental remediation
    WEI Taiqing, WANG Bo, AI Dan, MENG Yang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10039-10047. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.006
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    As an environmental remediation material, biochar has a small particle size and is difficult to separate from the environment, which may cause secondary pollution problems and limit its application in environmental remediation. An effective means to solve this problem is to introduce magnetic precursors into biochar to prepare magnetic biochar that is easy to separate from solid and liquid. At the same time, magnetic biochar also exhibits a significant removal effect on pollutants in the environment. This article reviews the preparation materials and methods of magnetic biochar and its physical and chemical properties, and summarizes and analyzes the restoration effects and removal mechanism of magnetic biochar on heavy metals, organic pollutants and eutrophication substances in the environment. At the same time, from the perspective of environmental and resource sustainable development, the regeneration and reuse of magnetic biochar are discussed. On this basis, the future research directions are proposed from the aspects of expanding the scope of material application, clarifying potential ecological environmental risks, and probing the economic and technical feasibility of practical applications, aiming to provide a basis for the development of basic scientific research and application technology of magnetic biochar and reference.
  • Progress of cathode materials for intermediate and low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells
    WU Tianqiong, NAN Bo, GUO Xin, ZANG Jiadong, LU Wenlong, YANG Tingwang, ZHANG Shengwei, LU Ya, ZHANG Haibo, ZHANG Yangjun
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10048-10060. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.007
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    Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are solid-state power generation devices that convert the chemical energy of fuel directly into electrical energy. It attracts a lot of attention due to its high energy conversion rate, various choices of fuels and environmentally friendly features. The operating temperatures of traditional SOFCs are as high as 800-1 000 ℃, which causes problems such as the attenuation of the cell's performance after long-term work, limited available materials of interconnectors and sealants and high cost, etc. hindering its further applications. However, decreasing the operation temperature of SOFCs to an intermediate range is a key to its wide applications. With the decrease of the operating temperature, the ohmic loss of the electrolyte and the polarization loss of the electrode increase sharply. The former problem can be solved by decreasing the electrolyte thickness, thus the loss mainly comes from the polarization loss of the cathode. Therefore, it is urgent to develop cathode materials with high performance suitable for an intermediate range of temperatures. This paper reviews the recent progress of cathode materials in SOFCs and summarizes the existing problems when using these materials and their future developments.
  • Preparation of magnetic fluids and introduction of several special magnetic liquids
    HAN Shida, CUI Hongchao, ZHANG Zhili, LI Decai
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10061-10068. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.008
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    With the emergence of more and more emerging functional materials, magnetic nanoparticles become an ideal option. In recent years, the magnetic fluids synthesized by nano-Fe3O4 particles have become a research hotspot due to unique physical and chemical properties as well as the wide range of applications. The development and the preparation methods of different magnetic fluids are introduced in this study and several types of special magnetic fluids are discussed. Finally, the existing problems of preparation and application of magnetic fluids are proposed and the development prospects are predicted.
  • Recent progress in 4D printing of stimulus-responsive shape memory materials
    WANG Ruichen, LIU Xiujun, ZHANG Jing, WANG Shuaida
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10069-10074. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.009
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    4D printing is an additive manufacturing technology based on stimuli-responsive materials. Although 4D printing is mainly on the basis of 3D printing, the manufactured objects are no longer static in 4D printing. Under external stimuli containing heat, light, magnetism, electricity, pH and so on, the shape, properties or functions of the objects designed by 3D printing can change with time. Stimuli-responsive shape memory materials (SMMs) can be fabricated with 4D printing, which demonstrates the various merits such simple process to manufacture, powerful ability to transform, diverse stimuli-modalities, and so on. In this work, we focus on introducing the research progress of 4D printed shape memory alloys (SMAs), shape memory polymers (SMPs) and shape memory hydrogels (SMHs). At the end of this review, the problems and application prospect of 4D printing technology are discussed.
  • Research progress of high thermal conductivity diamond copper composites
    PENG Zhuohao, WANG Zongyuan, WANG Jie, QIN Yun, JI Siyuan, WAN Weicai
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10075-10082. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.010
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    In the era of rapid development of the electronic information industry, the power used in electronic devices has continued increasing, creating the challenge of encapsulating and dissipating heat from core devices of electronic. Diamond has superior thermophysical properties, while copper also has excellent thermal conductivity and well processing plasticity, therefore, the above two materials can be compounded to produce diamond/copper composites with excellent thermal properties. This manuscript reviews the research status on diamond/copper composites at home and abroad, the preparation methods and factors influencing the material properties, summarizes the thermal conductivity mechanism of diamond/copper, furthermore, analyses the influence of the interfacial bonding of diamond/copper on the thermal conductivity properties, and outlines the research focus and development direction of diamond/copper composites.
  • Research progress of CoAl-LDHs supercapacitor electrode materials
    ZHANG Yong, XUE Shunchang, YANG Ying, GAO Haili, YAN Xinhua, JIA Xiaodong, CAO Yang, WANG Shiwen, LUO Hewei, YAN Ji
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10083-10091. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.011
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    Supercapacitors have many advantages, such as high power density, fast charge discharge ability and good cycle stability. Cobalt aluminum double hydroxides (CoAl-LDHs) as electrode materials of supercapacitors have good electrochemical stability, such as good charge and mass transport properties, high specific capacitance and good cycle stability. In this paper, different preparation methods and properties of CoAl-LDHs electrode materials for supercapacitors are reviewed, including hydrothermal method, coprecipitation method, homogeneous precipitation method, sol-gel method and ion exchange method. At the same time, different modification methods of CoAl-LDHs are summarized, including carbon material modification, metal doping modification, Ni(OH)2 modification and MoS2 modification. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods and the differences in the structure and electrochemical performance of the prepared materials, the related research of CoAl-LDHs electrode materials is systematically summarized, and the future development direction of CoAl-LDHs electrode materials for supercapacitors is prospected.
    • Research & Development
  • Research on mesoscopic creep mechanism of polyethylene based on non-Newtonian fluid
    LIU Ming, XU Xianzhong, LIU Mengyun, LI Chenyang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10092-10097. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.012
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    A method is proposed to analyze the creep characteristics of polyethylene based on non-Newtonian fluids with Ostwald-de Waele equation and mesoscopic system. The creep mechanism of polymer materials is discussed, and the micro morphology, mechanical properties and hydrophilicity of the materials are characterized to verify the feasibility of the research method. Meanwhile, the mechanical analysis of viscoelastic material is carried out and the consistency between the steady-state creep constitutive equation and the non-Newtonian fluid is shown that the model parameters have similar physical meanings to the coefficients of non-Newtonian fluids. The creep mechanism of polyethylene belongs to the viscous deformation con-trolled by the interface slip, while the stress relaxation is controlled by the combination of viscous force, interface slip-ping and element elasticity. The stress relaxation behavior of polyethylene is analyzed by using the stress relaxation model and combining the creep mechanisms of the materials. The polyethylene mesoscopic creep and relaxation mechanism is proposed.
  • Study on preparation and friction properties of carbon fiber reinforced high-Al-Zn alloy
    ZHONG Bin, HU Shuaibang, YU Zhengyang, ZHANG Lin, ZHOU Longlong, LIANG Jingsong
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10098-10102. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.013
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    Aiming at the problems of carbon fiber and metal matrix interface bonding during the preparation of carbon fiber reinforced high-aluminum-zinc composites and improving the friction performance of the composites, the surface metallization process of carbon fiber is studied, and the high-aluminum-zinc alloy ZA27 is used as the research object. 3 vol% surface metallized chopped carbon fiber is used as a reinforcing material, and a new type of high-aluminum-zinc alloy composite material is prepared through cold pressing sintering technology. The microscopic morphology and phase composition of the surface metallized carbon fiber and composite materials are characterized by scanning electron microscope, and the tribological properties of the composite materials are tested by a linear reciprocating friction and wear tester. The results show that the electroplated copper layer grows radially on the surface of the carbon fiber, completely covering the carbon fiber, and does not fall off significantly. The copper-plated carbon fiber is tightly combined with the matrix material and dispersed into the matrix material as a whole. Carbon fiber reinforced high aluminum zinc alloy optimizes the friction performance of traditional materials and has a lower friction coefficient than ZA27.
  • Adsorptive separation performance of CH4/N2 on corn starch doped asphalt based activated carbon
    LIU Huiwen, HU Xiaobin, HAO Wenming, CUI Xingyu, CHENG Wenping
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10103-10109. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.014
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    A series of activated carbons are prepared by physical activation method using asphalt as carbon source and corn starch as doping material. And the surface properties and pore structure of activated carbons are analyzed by SEM, EDS, FT-IR, 77 K-N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and 273 K-CO2 adsorption isotherms. The experiments are conducted to explain the influence of the corn starch content on surface properties, pore structure and CH4/N2 adsorption and separation properties of asphalt based activated carbons. The adsorption isotherms of CH4 and N2 are measured at 298 K and 100 kPa, which are fitted by Toth model. The results show that with the increase of corn starch, the micropore volume of activated carbon increases from 0.142 cm3/g to 0.406 cm3/g, the specific surface area of the micropore increases from 352 cm2/g to 1015 cm2/g, and the micropore content of 0.4-0.6 nm increases, indicating that the addition of corn starch improves the porosity of asphalt activated carbon. By analyzing the relationship between micropore volume and surface functional groups and adsorption capacity and selectivity, the adsorption capacity of CH4 on activated carbon at 298 K and 100 kPa is mainly ascribed to the micropore volume in the range of 0.4-1.0 nm, and the selectivity of CH4/N2 is mainly related to the micropore content of 0.4-0.6 nm and the total amount of oxygen and sulfur on the surface. Corn starch doped asphalt based activated carbon not only has a higher CH4 adsorption capacity of pure corn starch activated carbon, but also has a good separation ratio of CH4/N2 on pure asphalt activated carbon. The adsorption capacity of CH4 on the Y1(pitch∶corn starch=2∶1) is to 21.7 cm3/g and the segregation ratio of CH4/N2 is to 3.8.
  • Study on synthesis and photocatalytic performance of Ag-doped graphene material
    LIU Yu, ZHANG Hui, LI Yapeng, FENG Junjun, DUAN Jinyu, PU Zhuolin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10110-10115. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.015
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    Using graphene oxide (GO) and AgNO3 as precursors and N2H4·H2O as reducing agent, the graphene-supported silver powder material (Ag/rGO) is successfully synthesized by chemical reduction. Through X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectrometer (Raman), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and other technical equipment, the structure of Ag/rGO powder material and performance characterization are studied, and photocatalysis of the composite powder is explored as well. The results show that GO and Ag+ are simultaneously reduced by N2H4·H2O during the reaction, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are uniformly distributed between graphene sheets. The particle size distribution of AgNPs supported on graphene (rGO) sheets is concentrated around 30-50 nm, showing a good load effect. Through the photocatalytic reaction, it is found that Ag/rGO can efficiently catalyze the photodegradation of methylene blue solution (MB). The degradation rate of 30 min of catalytic degradation is twice that of unused catalyst, and the degradation rate of MB of catalytic degradation of 90 min is up to 99.5%.
  • Effect of Si content on microstructure and properties of Al-Cu-Si composites
    MENG Qiuyan, LIANG Yuxia, JIA Ruihong, ZHAO Lijun, BAI Shuo
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10116-10120. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.016
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    A series of Al-Cu-Si composites with different Si contents (0, 0.3 wt%, 0.6 wt% and 0.9 wt%) are prepared by adjusting the Si content. The effects of Si content on the hardness, fracture morphology and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Si composites are studied. The results show that after the introduction of Si, the Brinell hardness of all composites has been significantly improved, and the hardness increases with the increase of Si content. When the Si content is 0.9 wt%, the maximum hardness is 60.2 HB. With the introduction of Si element, the tensile strength and compressive strength of Al-Cu-Si composites are improved, and with the increase of Si content, the tensile strength first increases and then decreases. When the Si content is 0.6 wt%, the tensile strength and compressive strength of the sample reach the maximum, which are 143.5 and 327.1 MPa, respectively. With the increase of Si content, the elongation of the composites decreases continuously, but when the Si content is more than 0.6 wt%, the decrease of the elongation begins to decrease. The impact toughness of Al-Cu-Si composites is obviously improved after the introduction of Si, and with the increase of Si content, the impact toughness first increases and then slightly decreases. When Si content is 0.6 wt%, the maximum impact toughness is 30.4 J/cm2. SEM analysis shows that the grain size of Al-Cu matrix composites without Si doping is about 40 μm. After the introduction of Si element, the grain size of the sample is obviously refined and gradually transformed from block to strip, and the microstructure of the alloy is more uniform. The overall analysis shows that when the content of Si is 0.6 wt%, the comprehensive performance of Al-Cu-Si composite is the best.
  • Preparation and photocatalytic properties of ZnO/HNTs nanocomposite material
    XU Wei, XU Lihui, LIU Yangchun, PAN Hong, SHEN Yong, LI Kai
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10121-10127. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.017
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    ZnO/HNTs nanocomposites are prepared by in-situ growth of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) using zinc nitrate as zinc source. The ZnO/HNTs are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, X-ray energy spectrometer, specific surface area and porosity analyzer, UV visible near infrared diffuse reflectance, and ZetaSizer Nano 90 dynamic light scattering (DLS) particle size analyzer tester. The adsorption and photocatalytic degradation performance of HNTs, nano-ZnO and ZnO/HNTs composite materials for methylene blue (MB) under UV illumination are investigated. The results show that the nano-ZnO is evenly distributed on the surface of HNTs. Compared with nano-ZnO, the specific surface area of ZnO/HNTs is as high as 44.305 m2/g, which is 1.2 times higher. For ZnO/HNTs, the degradation rate of 15 mg/L methylene blue with degradation time of 1.5 h is close to 100%, which is much higher than that of nano-ZnO (80.2%), and its repetitive catalytic efficiency maintains remains 80.4% after 10 cycles. It is shown that the introduction of HNTs greatly improved the catalytic activity of ZnO/HNTs.
  • The effect of ATBC plasticizer on asphalt and asphalt mixture performance
    MA Feng, HOU Yingjie, FU Zhen, LIU Songran, YANG Xiwang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10128-10133. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.018
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    In order to study the effect of ATBC plasticizer on the performance of asphalt and asphalt mixtures, four different dopings are selected to change the three asphalt of SK70, SK90, and CNOOC 90. Through three major index test and brittle point test, its effect on the high and low temperature performance and temperature-sensing performance of asphalt is explored, and then the asphalt mixture test is studied by low temperature bending test, rutting test, immersion Marshall and freeze-melt cracking test. The results show that ATBC plasticizer could significantly improve the low temperature performance of asphalt and the low temperature cracking performance of asphalt mixture. The 3.5% doping make the 5 degrees C delay and the equivalent brittle point of CNOOC 90 degrees C increase by 1371.69% and decrease by 132%, respectively, so that the maximum bending strain of asphalt mixture is increased by 13.74%, while also improving the temperature performance of asphalt sense and the water stability of asphalt mixture (3.5% doping increases SK70-PI value by 86.4%, and increases the freezing and melting cracking strength of CNOOC 90-asphalt mixture by 8.58%). However, the addition of ATBC plasticizer adversely affects the high temperature performance of asphalt and the high temperature stability of asphalt mixture, and this adverse change is positively related to the increase of ATBC plasticizer doping.
  • Effects of growth rate on microstructure and magnetic transformation of CuFeO2 crystal
    CHEN Long, XIONG Dingkang, LU Yuchen, HOU Jingwen, XU Shoulei, DENG Wen
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10134-10138. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.019
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    The crystal CuFeO2 is successfully grown by the optical floating-zone method and the effect of growth rates on crystal quality are studied. The low growth rate of 0.5 mm/h is necessary because of the incongruent melting behavior of CuFeO2. A stable melt zone requires adjustment of lamp power during growth. The properties of CuFeO2 are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and physical property measurement system (PPMS). XRD pattern states that the crystal is delafossite structure which does not contain other phases. SEM images show that the microstructure of crystal is denser. M-T curves show that compare with the ceramic sample, the stability of antiferromagnetic phase of crystal CuFeO2 and the magnetic coupling interaction are decreased.
  • Study of the shear property of magnetorheological elastomers under different axialloading
    LI Chenghong, YANG Fan, QIAN Wenbo
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10139-10144. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.020
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    Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs), which is made of magnetic particles dispersed in various rubber substrates cured under an applied magnetic field, is a new type of intelligent material. Its properties such as stiffness and damping can be controlled by applied magnetic field, so it has a wide application prospect in vibration isolation or vibration absorption systems. The shear property is one of the most important property of MREs materials, and it mainly be evaluated under constant axial loading conditions. However, in practical condition, MREs usually works under different axial loading condition. Considering the above, this paper mainly focuses on investigating the relationship between the shear property of MREs and the applied axial loading subjected to different axial loading condition experimentally. The results show that under the same magnetic field strength, the storage modulus and loss modulus of MREs tend to increase with the increase of axial loading, and this trend is more obvious under the high magnetic field strength. However, when the magnetic field strength reaches a certain value, it gradually tends to saturation state. The area and long-axis slope of stress-strain hysteresis loop both increase with the increase of axial loading. However, the increase of axial pressure will lead to the decrease of magnetostatic efficiency of MREs. However, the increase of axial loading leads to the decrease of magnetostatic efficiency of MREs.
  • Research on preparation and flame retardancy of carbon fiber modified phenolic foam material
    CHENG Siyuan, DU Huihui, YAO Yanna, MA Ruiyan
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10145-10149. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.021
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    A series of modified phenolic foam materials with different carbon fiber content (0, 3 wt%, 6 wt% and 9 wt%) are prepared by introducing carbon fiber into phenolic foam. Research on appearance and flame retardancy has found that the density of phenolic foam material decreases with the increase of carbon fiber content, reaching the lowest value of 21.9 g/cm3 when the fiber content is 9 wt%. As the fiber content increases, the dimensional stability of carbon fiber-modified phenolic foam material first increases and then decreases. When the fiber content reaches 6 wt%, the dimensional stability is the best. The compressive strength of the phenolic foam material first increases and then decreases the fiber content increases. When the fiber content is 6 wt%, the compressive strength reaches the maximum value of 0.48 MPa. Compared with the foam matrix without carbon fiber, the strength is increased by 77.78%. With the introduction of carbon fiber, the pulverization rate of all phenolic foam materials has been reduced. SEM analysis finds that the pore diameter of the phenolic foam is about 0.5 mm. After the introduction of carbon fiber, the pore distribution becomes more uniform, the breakage and gaps are significantly reduced, and the overall size of the pores is reduced. Flame retardancy analysis finds that with the introduction of carbon fiber, the oxygen index of phenolic foam material has been improved, and the fire resistance performance has been improved. With the increase of fiber content, the oxygen index shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the fiber content is 6 wt%, the oxygen index reaches a maximum of 21.1, which is an increase of 3.94% compared to the sample without fiber.
  • Microwave absorption properties of ZnFe2O4 hollow structure prepared by thermal precipitation method
    HAO Huimin, WANG Liming, SHEN Yong, XU Lihui, CHEN Kouqin, CAO Liuqi, LAI Xing, LI Kai
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10150-10156. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.022
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    In this paper, FeCl3·6H2O and ZnCl2 are respectively used as zinc and iron sources to prepare ZnFe2O4 with hollow structure and good wave absorption performance by thermal precipitation method. By means of SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, BET, VSM, VNA and other techniques, the microstructure, phase composition, specific surface area and pore size distribution, static magnetic properties, electromagnetic properties and other properties are tested and characterized. The results show that when the coating thickness is 5.0 mm, the prepared hollow ZnFe2O4 structure has the minimum reflection loss of -37.5 dB at 4.9 GHz, and the effective band width of less than -10 dB is 3.9 GHz (3.5—6.9 GHz, 17.1—17.6 GHz). Its excellent microwave absorption performance is attributed to its unique hollow structure. The method presented in this paper can provide an effective idea for light absorbing materials with excellent absorbing properties.
  • Research on evaluation of asphalt low temperature performance based on rheological test of curved beam and viscoelastic theory
    YIN Hua, LI Kai
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10157-10165. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.023
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    Through the long-term aging state of 90# matrix asphalt,SBS modified asphalt,extreme cold asphalt, rubber asphalt, low temperature bending beam flow under different low temperature (-12, -18, -24 and -30 ℃) conditions (BBR) test,analyzes the creep stiffness modulus and creep rate of 4 kinds of asphalts at 60 s with temperature; based on the fractional differential theory, it proves the fractional calculus of viscoelastic behavior of viscoelastic materials, and the fractional derivative viscoelastic model is used to fit the asphalt BBR creep stiffness curve, and the relevant model parameters and physical meaning are determined.At the same time,a physical equation between the low-temperature creep stiffness modulus S and creep ratemof the asphalt is constructed based on the fractional derivative viscoelastic model.The results show that the BBR tests the relationship between the creep stiffness modulus S and the creep rate m of the four asphalts at 60 s.As the asphalt undergoes glass transition,when the temperature is lower than -18 ℃, the four asphalts the creep stiffness modulus S and creep rate m often change abruptly and do not show a significant linear change;the fractional derivative viscoelastic model can more accurately describe the low-temperature performance of asphalt in BBR tests. Model parameters A and α fractional derivative order has physical meaning. A is the low-temperature deformation factor of asphalt.The larger the parameter A,the better the low-temperature crack resistance of the four asphalts.The larger the value of the parameter fractional derivative orderα,the stronger the low-temperature relaxation ability of the 4 types of asphalt, the fractional derivative order.The second α is the low-temperature relaxation factor of the asphalt,and the fractional derivative order can well estimate the low-temperature creep rate of the asphalt; based on the fractional derivative viscoelastic model, the asphalt low-temperature creep stiffness modulus S and creep rate m the physical equations between them can be characterized by creep compliance rate J′(t),and by increasing the fractional derivative order α of the model parameter,a larger creep compliance rate J′(t) can be obtained to improve the low temperature crack resistance of the asphalt.The variable compliance rate J′(t) is a good indicator of the low-temperature performance of asphalt.
  • Preparation and properties of fiber reinforced building composite thermal insulation foaming material
    BAI Xiangyu, CAI Hanying, ZHANG Liwei
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10166-10170. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.024
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    The thermal conductivity of thermal insulation materials is generally not greater than 0.2 W/(m·K).Because of its good thermal insulation performance,it is widely used in the field of building internal and external walls,roofs and thermal insulation mortar.Fiber reinforced composite thermal insulation foams with different fiber contents (0,3wt%,6wt% and 9wt%) were prepared with phenolic resin as matrix and chopped glass fiber as modified material.The mechanical properties,micro morphology and thermal conductivity of composite thermal insulation foaming materials were analyzed by electronic universal testing machine,SEM and thermal conductivity tester.The results showed that with the increased of fiber content,the compressive strength and tensile strength of fiber-reinforced composite thermal insulation foaming materials increased first and then decreased.When the content of fiber was 6wt%,the compressive strength and tensile strength of composite thermal insulation foaming material reached the maximum,which were 0.241 and 0.115 MPa respectively.With the increased of fiber content,the water absorption of composite thermal insulation foaming materials decreased first and then increased,when the content of fiber was 6wt%,the water absorption reached the minimum value of 27.9%.With the increased of fiber content,the brittleness of composite thermal insulation foaming material gradually decreased and the toughness gradually increased,when the content of fiber was 9wt%,the embrittlement rate of composite thermal insulation foaming material was the lowest,which was 10.2%.When the content of fiber was 6wt%,the minimum pore size of composite thermal insulation foaming material was about 300 μm,when the fiber content increased to 9wt%,the number of pores tended to increased,and the size distribution was uneven,with large pores.With the increased of fiber content,the thermal conductivity of composite thermal insulation foams decreased first and then increased,when the content of fiber was 6wt%,the thermal conductivity of composite thermal insulation foaming material reached the lowest value of 0.033 W / (m·K).The overall analysis showed that when the content of fiber was 6wt%,the comprehensive performance of fiber-reinforced composite thermal insulation foaming material was the best.
    • Process & Technology
  • Preparation of polyimide aerogels by freeze-drying and characterization of flame retardant and heat insulation properties
    LIU Tuo, GUO Wenwen, XU Yang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10171-10176. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.025
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    Polyamide (PAAs) solution is synthesized from 3,3,4,4-biphenytetraformic dianhydride (BPDA) and 4, 4-diaminodiphenyl (ODA). Polyimide (PI) aerogels are successfully prepared based on freeze-drying technology and hot imide reaction. The structure-activity relationship of polyimide aerogels is studied by exploring the influence of different PAAs solution concentrations on the prepared polyimide aerogels, including density, shrinkage, pore structure, compression performance, heat insulation and flame retardant performance. It is found that the pore diameter of PI aerogel decreases with the increase of the concentration of PAAs solution, and the shrinkage rate also decreases. The compressive strength of polyimide aerogel prepared by 4% PAAs solution is up to 50 kPa and 0.0309 W/(m·K) thermal conductivity. Vertical combustion test does not melt dripping with damage length of 1.5 cm. Polyimide aerogel prepared by 4% PAAs solution has the best comprehensive performance.
  • Effect of mixed salts on combustion synthesis of nano-ZrC powder
    XU Ke, ZHAN Faqi, ZHANG Hua, AN Ning, WU Haokai, ZHU Min, ZHENG Yuehong, LA Peiqing
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10177-10186. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.026
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    Using a new salt-assisted combustion synthesis technology with adding NaCl-KCl mixed salt as diluent in the ZrO2-Mg-C system, the pure phase nano ZrC powder with median diameter (D50) of 46 nm is prepared on a large scale. By calculating the free energy and adiabatic temperature of the system, combined with thermodynamic and kinetic analysis, the influence of the amount of NaCl-KCl on the purity and particle size of ZrC powder and its formation mechanism were investigated. The results show that when the content of diluent w is in the range of 0-30 wt%, the addition of diluent NaCl-KCl is beneficial to obtain pure phase ZrC, but a small amount of free carbon will be adsorbed on the particle surface, and the purity of ZrC is over 90 wt%. When the addition of NaCl-KCl is 30 wt%, the purity of ZrC is 97.26 wt%. In addition, with the increase of NaCl-KCl content, the average particle size of ZrC particles decreases from 476 nm to 46 nm. The smaller particle size is more easily oxidized, forming 2.9 nm Zr(CxOy) shell layer on the particle surface.The mechanism of action of NaCl-KCl is mainly phase change endothermic and accelerated nucleation. The adiabatic temperature and cooling rate of the system are reduced through phase change endothermic, and the degree of supercooling is increased, thus increasing the nucleation rate of the crystal. In addition, the liquid phase is provided to accelerate the material transfer, which is conducive to the formation of pure phase ZrC.
  • Preparation and oxygen reduction reaction electroactivity of hollow carbon sphere/tubular carbon composite catalysts with low platinum loading
    SHENG Kuang, CHEN A'Ling, YAN Yuhui, YI Qingfeng, WANG Yuebing, OUYANG Tian
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10187-10193. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.027
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    Pt and Pt-based materials are the most efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, Pt-Co-Ni co-doped hollow carbon sphere/tubular carbon composite catalyst (Pt-Co-Ni/NHCS-TUC-600) with Pt content of less than 4 wt% is prepared. By constructing a reasonable spatial structure of the catalyst and introducing transition metal co-doping, the Pt mass activity of Pt-Co-Ni/NHCS-TUC-600 for ORR is greatly improved. ORR electrochemical activity tests show that the Pt-Co-Ni/NHCS-TUC-600 reveals excellent catalytic performance comparable to commercial Pt/C, which is specifically expressed as the ORR onset potential of 0.927 V (vs RHE), half-wave potential of 0.867 V (vs RHE), limiting diffusion current density of 6.97 mA/cm2. The prepared Pt-Co-Ni/NHCS-TUC-600 displays broad application prospects and provides new possibilities for the research of the catalysts with low Pt loading.
  • Synthesis and structure regulation of PSf-b-PEG block copolymer
    XU Xingmin, LIU Tao, LIU Yapin, LI Jibing, HU Yunxia
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10194-10199. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.028
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    A series of PSf-b-PEG block copolymers with different PEG contents are synthesized through the one-pot step-growth polymerization. Firstly, the polymerization kinetics of PSf is investigated by changing the feed ratio of bisphenol A and 4, 4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone, and the polymerization time. Subsequently, PSf-b-PEG block copolymers are synthesized using different length of PEGs as capping reagents. The molecular structure and thermal stability of PSf-b-PEGs are analyzed by 1H NMR, GPC, TGA and DSC. Results show that the number average molecular weights of PSf-b-PEG are 3.9×104, 3.9×104, 4.4×104 Da, upon the addition of end-capping reagent (PEG) having the molecular weight of 400, 2000, and 6000 Da, respectively. As the molecular weight of PEG increases, the PEG content of PSf-b-PEG increases from 1.3 wt% to 12.8 wt%, and the glass transition temperature of PSf-b-PEG decreases from 170.7 ℃ to 117.1 ℃.
  • Preparation and properties of polyvinyl alcohol/polymalic acid composite hydrogels
    MA Zhengfa, TAN Weiqun, YU Tiantian, CUI Shiyu, LIAO Qiuxiang, ZHANG Lijie
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10200-10206. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.029
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    The composite hydrogels are prepared by freeze-thaw method using PVA and PMLA as raw materials. The gel fraction, swelling, moisture retention and mechanical properties of the composite hydrogels are investigated, and the antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity of the composite hydrogels are verified. The intermolecular bonding of PVA and PMLA within the composite hydrogels by infrared absorption spectroscopy confirm that the composite hydrogels have a three-dimensional structure with larger pore size as observed by electron microscopy scanning. With the increase of PMLA, the gel fraction and tensile strength of the composite hydrogels slightly decrease, but the moisturizing property and elongation at break increase. When the polyvinyl alcohol content is 5 wt% and the polymalic acid content is 0.25 wt%, the swelling rate of the composite hydrogel for 24 h reaches about 10 times. The PVA/PMLA composite hydrogel has good inhibition effect on both E. coli and S. aureus, and the inhibition increases with the increase of PMLA. It is non-cytotoxic and has good biocompatibility.
  • Preparation of TiO2/graphene nanocomposites and their catalytic degradation of VOCs
    LIU Ke
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10207-10211. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.030
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    TiO2/graphene nanocomposites with different contents of graphene (1% wt, 2 wt%, 3 wt% and 4 wt%) are prepared by hydrothermal method. The phase structure, micro morphology, optical activity, molecular structure and catalytic degradation performance of the composites are characterized by XRD, SEM, UV-Vis, Raman spectroscopy and degradation efficiency test. The results show that the diffraction peaks of the four kinds of TiO2/graphene nanocomposites are standard anatase TiO2 diffraction peaks, and the overall peak value is sharp and the crystallinity is high. With the increase of graphene content, the intensity and area of diffraction peak decreases, and the crystal phase content of TiO2 decreases. With the increase of graphene content, the number of graphene layers in the composites increases significantly, and the TiO2 particles attached to the graphene surface are dispersed, and continuing to increase the content of graphene, the particles of TiO2 are less. The absorption intensity of all the composites in the visible region is obviously enhanced after doping grapheme. From the regional area, the more graphene content, the more the absorption intensity of the composite increases, and the absorption above 320 nm has a red shift. With the increase of graphene content, the characteristic peaks of anatase TiO2 in the composites show a decreasing trend. The addition of graphene could significantly improve the catalytic degradation efficiency of the composites, when the content of graphene is 3 wt%, the catalytic degradation of the composite reaches equilibrium state in 100 min, and the highest degradation efficiency reaches 91%. However, when the content of graphene increases, the catalytic degradation efficiency of VOCs decreases.
  • One-step low-temperature pyrolysis for the preparation of biochar and its application in dye wastewater treatment
    LIANG Lichun, LI Zhaoxia, PANG Shaofeng, KANG Lihui, CAO Shijun, WANG Dian, WANG Yanbin, SU Qiong
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(10): 10212-10220. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.10.031
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    Low-cost, high-performance biochar for adsorbent (WPBC) is prepared by activation with phosphoric acid and one-step low-temperature pyrolysis using agricultural waste walnut peel (WP) as raw material. The biochar is porous with an average pore diameters of 4.1 nm and a specific surface area of 808.21 m2/g. The adsorption performance of the biochar is further explored by a model adsorbent-methylene blue (MB). The results indicates that when the dye concentration is 200 mg/L, the adsorption temperature is 35 ℃ and the WPBC dosage is 0.06 g, the adsorption rate of methylene blue removal could reach 99.88% at 60 min. The adsorption process is in accordance with the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model and the pseudo-secondary kinetic model, and the maximum adsorption amount obtained by Langmuir is 228.75 mg/g. The intraparticle diffusion results show that the adsorption process is divided into two stages: membrane diffusion and intraparticle diffusion. The thermodynamic results indicate that the adsorption process is exothermic, disordered and spontaneous. Carbon-based adsorbents derived from low-cost agricultural waste are expected to be a promising alternative method for improving dye conta mination in wastewater.
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