30 March 2021, Volume 52 Issue 3

    

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Focuses & Concerns(The Project of Chongqing Press Fundin 2020)
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  Research progress of neutron and gamma-ray composite shielding materials

  ZHAO Sheng, HUO Zhipeng, ZHONG Guoqiang, ZHANG Hong, HU Liqun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3001-3015. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.001

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  The increasing development of the atomic energy industry has brought about potential safety hazards such as nuclear leakage and nuclear pollution. People must take strict protective measures to protect the health of nuclear facilities staffs and environmental safety. Among the various types of nuclear radiation, neutrons and gamma rays have the strongest penetrability, which are the most difficult to be shielded. However, traditional neutron shielding materials such as boron, water, polyethylene, and gamma-ray shielding materials such as lead, iron, and tungsten have single shielding functions, limited shielding performance, or poor thermodynamic properties, making it difficult to meet modern radiological protection requirements. In this regard, composite materials can combine the advantages of various raw materials which can realize the complementary performance and expand application area of the radiation shielding materials. At present, a large number of composite shielding materials have been developed and applied. According to different substrates, it can be divided into five categories as follow: (1) polymer-based composite shielding materials; (2) metal-based composite shielding materials; (3) shielding concrete; (4) glass-based composite shielding materials; (5) ceramic-based composite shielding materials. In this paper, the mechanism of the interaction between neutrons and gamma rays and atoms is briefly summarized. The research progress of composite shielding materials, and the research content and characteristics of each type of composite shielding materials are detailed reviewed. In addition, the problems to be solved in the current research about composite shielding materials are pointed out and future research trends are predicted.
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  Preparation of a Novel ligand (MRBHP) and optical property and application of MRBHP-Al³⁺

  ZHU Yan, GU Zhengye, XU Hongyao, GUANG Shanyi

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3016-3020. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.002

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  A Kind of functional luminescent small molecular ligand (MRBHP) is designed and prepared from rhodamine b-hydrazine and maleic anhydride and 4-aminobenzaldehyde. When the ligand (MRBHP) combines with Al³⁺ in solve system of acetonitrile and water (v/v=95∶5) to form a complex, the color of solution changes from colorless to red. The ligand structures, coordination modes and properties of MRBHP and Al³⁺ are characterized by NMR, IR and UV-Vis spectra. The results show that Al³⁺ combines with N of imino, O of carbonyl and O of maleic anhydride of MRBHP to form the complex with the stoichiometry between MRBHP and Al³⁺ of 1∶1, which presents specific strong optical absorption with the absorption peak wavelength of 558 nm. At the same time, the application study finds that the ligand shows strong selectivity to Al³⁺, absorption at the peak position of 558 nm and strong anti-interference ability. Furthermore, when the linear detection range of Al³⁺ ligand is 0.2—1 μM, the minimum detection limit is 0.14 μM, and the coordination constant is 1.16×10⁶ /M.
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  Fabrication and property investigation of high-content silver-based conductive adhesives

  WANG Chuanbo, CHEN Ya, MEN Chuanling, DI Jiangtao, BAO Jian, AO Yiwei, LIU Haidong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3021-3025. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.003

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  In this work, we prepare the conductive silver adhesive by using 90 wt.% silver powder with 10 wt.% epoxy matrix in order to produce a high-silver-content and high-performance conductive adhesive. We find silver nanoparticles would be produced by 0. 025 mol/L KI solution surface treatment of the silver powder under an in situ chemical reaction between the surface lubricant and the oxidized silver triggered by sunlight. These nano-sized silver particles are then sintered together on the surfaces of the silver micro-flakes and nano-particle balls in the silver powder during curing, which effectively increases the contact area between the adja-cent silver micro-flakes and nanoparticle balls, leading to decreasing electrical bulk resistivity and line resistance of the as-produced silver/epoxy conductive adhesive. Compared with the adhesive without KI surface treatment, our treated ones show 26% and 8% decrease in the electrical bulk resistivity and line resistance, respectively. It is applied to the photovoltaic panel to greatly improve its electrical conductivity.
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  Preparation and characterization of self-healing concrete based on biomineralization mechanism

  FENG Jun, CHEN Bingcheng, LU Siyi,HU Wei , XU Xin,ZHANG Yao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3026-3033. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.004

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  The purpose of this study is to develop a new type of self-healing concrete by using the mechanism of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation. A group of Bacillus subtilis are screened and cultured in high pH solution. The selected alkali resistant Bacillus subtilis M9 is subjected to biomineralization precipitation test. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test show that the precipitated mineral is calcium carbonate in calcite phase. Using Bacillus subtilis M9 as repair agent, self-healing concrete beam specimens are prepared by adding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber. The micro pores are produced in the cement paste mixture by air-entraining agent, providing ecological niche for microbe. Three point bending tests are carried out on the specimens of concrete beams cured for 14 days to obtain cracks with a width of about 0.3 mm. After 28 days, the calcium carbonate filler formed by bacterial metabolism automatically fills the microcracks. The follow-up SEM tests show that calcite is the main form of crack filling minerals, and some bacterial imprints remains on the crystal surface. At the same time, the flexural strength of the healed concrete beam is increased by about 14% under the second bending test, which is achieved by repairing the matrix cracks and the bond strength of the fiber matrix interface.
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  Progress in preparation and application ofnoble metal nanoparticles/metal-organic framework composites

  BAO Lingxiang, SUN Chenghui,PANG Siping

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3034-3042. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.005

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  Extensive attention has been given to noble metal nanoparticles/metal-organic framework composites due to their application prospects in various fields such as catalysis, sensing, gas adsorption and storage. In this paper, the research progress on noble metal nanoparticles/metal-organic framework composites is reviewed, including the preparation methods and application. The preparation methods of these composites are summarized and their characteristics are analyzed as well. The applications in the fields of hydrogen storage and heterogeneous catalysis are concluded for better understanding their future development.
Review & Advance
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  Preparation and application prospect ofInP quantum dots

  YUAN Binxia, FANG Xinyi, CAI Xiaodong, WANG Daolei, ZHU Rui, CAO Sheng, LIU Jianfeng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3043-3049. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.006

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  Semiconductor nanocrystals have quantum size effect and unique optical properties, which can be widely used in optoelectronic devices, biomarkers, solar cells, photocatalysis and so on. Therefore, semiconductor nanocrystals have become a research hotspot of more and more researchers. However, among many application limitations, high-performance QDs materials (II-VI or IV-VI) usually contain highly toxic elements such as Cd or Pb. Large amount of preparation and use of such materials will not only do great harm to human body, but also cause environmental and ecological problems. So the design and development of QDs materials with low toxicity is one of the research frontiers at present. By controlling the reaction conditions, surface coating and doping, researchers can control the properties of InP materials, letting it be better used in various fields.
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  Research progress of the adsorption properties of cellulose modified materials for heavy metals

  CUI Jinglei, GUI Xiaoguang, WANG Qian, ZHOU Xiang, GUO Yanxia

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3050-3059. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.007

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  In recent years, heavy metal pollutants in water bodies have caused serious environmental problems. The concentration of heavy metal ions is low, and the adsorption method can deal with heavy metal pollution. The key to the adsorption method lies in the design and preparation of the adsorption material. Cellulose is a renewable high molecular polymer, which has the advantages of abundant reserves and wide sources. It has gradually become a research hotspot in adsorbent materials. After modification, cellulose materials have good adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions. This paper introduces the simple physical modification of cellulose, direct chemical modification of cellulose, graft modification of cellulose and the effect of functional groups on the adsorption of heavy metal ions, and analyzes the adsorption effect of modified cellulose on heavy metal ions. In addition, the development of cellulose adsorbent materials is prospected.
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  Progress in preparation of carbon fiber reinforced copper matrix composites

  ZHU Zhixiang, DING Yi, XU Ruoyu, PANG Zhen, ZHOU Mingyu, CHEN Baoan, ZHANG Qiang, HAO Wenkui, CHEN Guowei, ZHANG Chengwei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3060-3066. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.008

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  In this paper, the preparation methods and development status of carbon fiber reinforced copper matrix composites are reviewed. The main methods of carbon fiber reinforced copper matrix composites, such as powder metallurgy, hot pressing diffusion sintering, infiltration, PVD, CVD and electroplating, are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods are discussed, and the problems existing in the existing methods are pointed out. Finally, the development prospect of carbon fiber reinforced copper matrix composites is prospected.
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  Research progress of graphene and MXene with similar structures in the field of electromagnetic absorption

  ZHANG Hengyu, CHEN Jianying, XIAO Hong, WANG Ni

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3067-3074. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.009

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  Graphene and MXene, as two new two-dimensional materials, have unique structures and properties, such as high conductivity, large specific surface area, light weight, etc., which have been widely concerned and studied in recent years. In particular, the research on MXene with graphene like structure is very popular. In this paper, the structure, absorbing performance and research status of the two materials are compared, and the single material, carbon nanotubes, magnetic particles, conductive polymers and carbon fiber composite materials in the field of electromagnetic absorbing are summarized. In addition, the absorbing mechanism and design principles of the two materials are extracted. It is expected to provide ideas for the research of “thin, light, soft, wide” new electromagnetic absorption materials based on two-dimensional materials.
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  Research progress ofpolylactic acid modified by natural substances

  HUANG Jingjing, ZHAO Yinghu, GAO Li, XIE Jun, GUO Lixiao, SHI Nan, LIU Panpan, WANG Fang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3075-3080. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.010

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  polylactic acid (PLA) is a kind of polyesters synthesized from plant resources. It has the characteristics of biodegradability, good biocompatibility and easy processing. In this paper, the research status and existing problems of PLA performance improvement by natural substances, such as essential oils, natural pigments, vegetable oils, and different natural fibers are reviewed, aiming to promote the preservation of the biodegradable advantages of PLA and provide some valuable references for broadening the application field of PLA.
Research & Development
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  Effect of defects on the structural and optical properties of β-Ga₂O₃ thin films

  FU Sijie, XIANG Qin, LAI Li, MO Huilan, FAN Shiqiang, LI Wanjun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3081-3085. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.011

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  β-Ga₂O₃ thin films are successfully prepared on sapphire substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering technology and post-annealing. The effects of defects on the structural and optical properties of β-Ga₂O₃ thin films are investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering spectroscopy (Raman), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The results show that the unannealed Ga₂O₃ film exhibits an amorphous state. With the gradual increase of high-temperature annealing time, the amorphous Ga₂O₃ film gradually transforms into a β-Ga₂O₃ film grown preferentially along the (-201) direction. The average transmittance of all Ga₂O₃ films in the near ultraviolet to visible region is as high as 95%. The optical band gap of the β-phase Ga₂O₃ film increases by ~0.3 eV compared with the amorphous film, and as the annealing time increases, the optical band gap of β-Ga₂O₃ film also becomes wider. In addition, it is found that the amorphous Ga₂O₃ film is rich in oxygen vacancy defects. After high temperature annealing, the oxygen vacancy concentration in the β-Ga₂O₃ film is significantly reduced, but Al impurities in the sapphire substrate is easily diffused into the Ga₂O₃ film layer, and the Al concentration increases significantly with the increase of annealing time. The decrease of oxygen vacancies and the increase of Al impurities are the main reasons leading to the widening of the optical band gap of β-Ga₂O₃ film.
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  Preparation, characterization and shape memory properties of cellulose/agarose composite film

  LI Yanan, WU Jianmei, SONG Dengpeng, XU Weilin, ZHU Kunkun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3086-3091. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.012

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  In order to solve the problems of non-renewable and non-degradable of the traditional shape memory polymer (SMP) based on synthetic polymer, more attention is payed to the development and application of natural polymer based SMP. In this study, natural polymers of cellulose and agarose are used as raw materials, alkali/urea aqueous solution serves as co solvent and epichlorohydrin is used as crosslinking agent. After blending, crosslinking, washing and drying, cellulose/agarose composite films with different ratios are successfully prepared. The shape memory performance of the composite films is characterized. The wet composite films and the hot water soaked composite films are fixed at a set angle through different angles of mold, respectively. The wet film is dried at room temperature, and the composite film soaked in hot water is solidified at low temperature, and then the composite films fixed at a certain angle are obtained. After, the composite films with the certain angle are put into water and hot water, and the composite films returns to the initial shape. The shape fixation rate and recovery rate of the composite film are calculated by the certain angle and recovery angle. The results show that the films have good shape memory properties for water stimulation through the formation and breaking of hydrogen bonds, and the destruction and formation of agarose crystals also show good shape memory behavior to thermal stimulation. The shape fixation rate and shape recovery rate are above 95% and 84% in water induction, and 58% and 85% in hot water induction. Besides, it is found that with the increase of the agarose, the mechanical properties change. The tensile strength of the dry film and wet film decrease from 132 MPa and 5.4 MPa to 101 MPa and 1.9 MPa, and the elongation at break increase from 14.2% and 133.8% to 20.3% and 195.2%, respectively. At the same time, the structure of the composite film is uniform, and the transmittance is more than 90%. This work can provide a new idea for the development of natural polymer based SMP.
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  Preparation of patterned In₂O₃: Sn films and the effect of developer on the patterns

  REN Yang, HE Haiyan, ZHAO Gaoyang, WANG Yunwei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3092-3097. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.013

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  The patterning of functional films is an indispensable process in microelectronics processing, and has become a key factor restricting the development of miniaturized integrated circuits in our country. The purpose of this work is to prepare patterned In₂O₃:Sn thin films using a chemically modified sol-gel technique which is low-cost and high-quality, instead of the conventional (but complicated) methods, like dry etching or wet etching. Due to the ultraviolet sensitivity of the chemically modified particles, and the solubility changes of the particles in the organic solvent before and after exposure, the patterned films can be fabricated by photosensitive sol-gel process, that is dip-coating, exposure, development, heat treatment and other steps. The influence of developer on the patterned films has been investigated. This method is simple because a series of complex processes have been removed, including photoresist preparation, stripping and etching. The patterned films have a high quality. This technique is new and worthy of further exploration and wide spread promotion.
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  Research on relationship between morphologiesphase transition and surface reconstructions of GaAs(001) films

  LIU Xuefei, LV Bing, LUO Zijiang, WANG Jihong, GUO Xiang, YANG Xiuzhang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3098-3103. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.014

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  Starting with reconstructed atomic-level flat GaAs(001)-β2(2×4) surface, by combining reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) diffraction and different scales of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) real space scanning images, this paper has firstly obtained critical information about the morphology transformation and reconstruction of GaAs (001) surface. Besides, the relationship between surface morphologies phase transition and surface reconstructions of GaAs (001) is further investigated. The results show that the phase transition of surface morphologies are mainly drove by the variation of surface reconstruction. The surface morphologies of GaAs(001) composed of a single surface reconstruction is more easily in an ordered flat phase. The GaAs(001) surface pre-rough phase is formed by mixing two identically or two approximately reconstructed unit cells. In contrast, surface morphologies of GaAs(001) would be in a rough phase when the surface is formed by two different types of surface reconstructions. Thus, it can be concluded that the surface reconstructions are the microscopically underlying mechanism of the surface morphologies phase transition, and the surface morphologies phase transitions are the macroscopically external manifestation of surface reconstructions.
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  Researchon preparation and properties of alginate-based nanocomposite aerogels

  SUN Weirui, HU Yinchun, CHENG Yizhu, KANG Zhiqin, DUAN Menglan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3104-3109. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.015

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  Alginate-based aerogels are synthesized by solution blending and vacuum freeze-drying method with ammonium alginate (ALG), nanoscale aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and sodium montmorillonite (MMT) as raw materials. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, electronic universal testing machine, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis are used to characterize the morphology, structure, mechanical and thermal properties. Results suggest that the microstructure of alginate-based aerogels with ALG and MMT shows three-dimensional networks. Cross-linking does not influence morphology of aerogels. Alginate-based aerogels have low density and good mechanical properties with density of only 0.12 g/cm³ and the compression modulus up to 9.48 MPa. Meanwhile, the aerogels with Ca²⁺ and MMT show high thermal stabilities. Thermal decomposition temperature of A5MMT5Ca is 205 ℃.
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  Preparation and properties of low shrinkage heat and oil resistant PVC/BN composites

  CAI Mengying, SHI Wen, ZHANG Zinan, ZHU Wenen, WANG Chuang, GENG fei, YOU Feng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3110-3114. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.016

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  First, the hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is annealed with hydroxyl group and mixed with silane coupling agent to obtain a surface-treated boron nitride (BN). Different concentrations of polyvinyl chloride/modified boron nitride(PVC/BN) and polyvinyl chloride/modified boron nitride/polyamide (PVC/BN/PA) composites are prepared by melt blending. The structure and properties of the composites are tested and characterized by Vicat softening point temperature tester, dynamic mechanical analyzer and vernier caliper. It shows that the addition of modified BN particles can make PVC and BN bond closer, and improve the thermal and oil resistance of the composite system. When the modified BN content is 10 wt%and the PA content is 25 wt%, the thermal properties and oil resistance of the composites are optimal, which is much better than the PVC.
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  Research on covalent functionalized POSS/PDMS anticorrosive composite coating

  DUAN Jun, OU Baoli, GUO Yan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3115-3121. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.017

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  Firstly, a silane coupling agent is used to synthesize amino functional silsesquioxane (POSS-NH₂) through a hydrolysis condensation reaction method, and the surface amino group is used to graft sulfonated polyaniline on the surface of silsesquioxane by surface graft polymerization method. To achieve its covalent functionalization, the sulfonated polyaniline functionalized silsesquioxane and polydimethylsiloxane are mixed by solution, and a hydrophobic anticorrosive coating is prepared on the surface of Q235 steel by the method of drop coating. The structures of amino-functional silsesquioxane and sulfonated polyaniline-functional silsesquioxane are characterized and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The chemical composition and element content ratio of sulfonated polyaniline functionalized silsesquioxane are analyzed by photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The microscopic morphology of sulfonated polyaniline functionalized silsesquioxane is characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Through the observation of the surface shape, the sulfonated polyaniline functionalized silsesquioxane composite has a regular appearance, granular and coarse fibers. The static contact angle test is used to analyze the hydrophobicity of the four coatings. The prepared covalently functionalized POSS/PDMS anticorrosive composite coating has the best hydrophobicity and the contact angle reaches 115°. The corrosion resistance of the four coatings is characterized by EIS electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel polarization curve test. The results show that the corrosion potential of the covalently functionalized POSS/PDMS anticorrosive composite coating is large, and the corrosion current density is small, indicating excellent corrosion resistance of the prepared material. And it is found that the larger the contact angle of the coating, the better the anti-corrosion performance.
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  Preparation and photocatalytic properties of TiO₂/Bi₂WO₆ composite photocatalyst

  AN Tao, FANG Guoli

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3122-3129. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.018

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  TiO₂/Bi₂WO₆ heterojunction is one of the most potential visible light responsive semiconductor photocatalysts. In this paper, TiO₂/Bi₂WO₆ composites with heterogeneous structure are synthesized by hydrothermal method with TiO₂ nanobelts rich in defects as the matrix. The effects of matrix surface defects and Bi₂WO₆ loading on the microstructure and properties of TiO₂/Bi₂WO₆ composites are analyzed by XRD, SEM and UV-Vis techniques. The results show that the degradation rate of organic pollutant Rh B in TiO₂/Bi₂WO₆ composites can be increased about 50% by introducing defects on the surface of the matrix. When the loading of Bi₂WO₆ is 0.12, the degradation rates of Rh B, MB and TC-HCl are 99.3%, 99.7% and 87.7% respectively after irradiation for 6 min, 30 min and 15 min.
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  Study on carbon coating modification of nano-silicon/graphite anode materials

  YANG Shangze, LIANG Jiang, FENG Bin, LIU Peng, YANG Xianfeng, LIU Qicheng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3130-3134. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.019

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  Low loading amount of silicon particles and their weak interaction with the graphite matrix seriously restrict the commercial application of silicon/graphite anode materials. In this study, specific surface area of the graphite matrix is increased via the oxidation treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate is used as the surfactant to improve the wet mixing uniformity of the nano-Si particles and graphite oxides (GOs). Citric acid is employed to catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose which serves as carbon source, in order to generate integrated carbon coatings on the silicon/graphite composite materials after the pyrolysis step. Herein, the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements demonstrate that the improved carbon coating process can promote the reduction of GOs, obtain high graphitic Si/C composites, and realize the uniform dispersion of silicon particles in the graphite matrix. Owing to the synergistic effects, the resultant carbon-coated nano-silicon/graphite anode could retain a high specific capacity around 400 mAh/g after 100 cycles at the current density of 100 mA/g. The modification not only increases the specific capacity of the anode, but also effectively inhibits the volume expansion of silicon particles during the cycling process.
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  Preparation of Ag/TiO₂ nanoparticles and study on photocatalytic degradation of phenol

  WEI Yongchun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3135-3139. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.020

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  TiO₂ and Ag/TiO₂ nanoparticles are prepared by sol-gel method and the TiO₂ and Ag/TiO₂ nanoparticle photocatalyst substrate samples are prepared by coating method. The lattice structure and surface morphology of TiO₂ and Ag/TiO₂ nanoparticles are studied by XRD,SEM and Raman spectroscopy, and the photocatalytic degradation of phenol by TiO₂ and Ag/TiO₂ nano particle photocatalyst substrate samples in photocatalytic reactor is studied by UV-Vis. The results show that the prepared TiO₂ and Ag/TiO₂ nanoparticles are pure rutile phase and there is no obvious difference in surface morphology between the two. Ag particles are successfully supported on TiO₂ nanomaterials. The absorption of visible light by TiO₂ nanoparticles is significantly enhanced by Ag support and the photocatalytic performance of Ag/TiO₂ nanoparticle film on phenol is significantly better than that of TiO₂ nanoparticle film. When photocatalytic degradation is conducted for 1 h, TiO₂ nanoparticle film only catalyzes degradation of 30 wt% phenol in the solution, and the photocatalytic degradation shows a saturation trend, while Ag/TiO₂ nanoparticle film could catalyze the degradation of 50 wt% phenol in the solution. Furthermore, there is still no saturation trend when the photocatalytic degradation is conducted for 3 h.
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  Preparation and properties of UV aging resistant modified asphalt

  WANG Yibo, JIAO Binru

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3140-3144. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.021

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  Epoxy resin modified asphalt and epoxy resin modified asphalt doped with nano-SiO₂ are prepared. The properties of UV aging resistant of matrix asphalt, epoxy resin modified asphalt and epoxy resin modified asphalt doped with nano-SiO₂ are studied. The effects of 1 wt%, 2 wt% and 5 wt% nano-SiO₂ on UV aging resistant of epoxy resin modified asphalt are studied by means of physicochemical index test, FT-IR and SEM. The results show that the softening point and viscosity of modified asphalt increase with the addition of nano-SiO₂. The FT-IR spectra of matrix asphalt, PA-5%EP, PA-EP-1%SiO₂, PA-EP-3%SiO₂ and PA-EP-5%SiO₂ are almost the same in all peaks compared with matrix asphalt. The structure of modified asphalt has no obvious change. When the content of nano-SiO₂ is 5 wt%, the adhesion of modified asphalt is significantly improved. At this time, nano-SiO₂ particles are more evenly dispersed in the macro molecular network of the matrix asphalt, forming a stable structure. The addition of nano-SiO₂ could improve the UV aging resistant of asphalt, and PA-EP-5%SiO₂ has the best UV aging resistant.
Process & Technology
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  Preparation of ZnFe₂O₄ nanospheres and gas sensing performance to acetone

  HUANG Lingli, ZHAO Bangyu, LI Xiaodan, ZHANG Guizhi, GUO Weiwei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3145-3152. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.022

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  Acetone is widely used in industry and laboratories, and the detection of acetone is very important. ZnFe₂O₄ is a spinel-type ternary metal oxide with excellent gas response and can be widely used in gas sensors. In this paper, a simple one-step hydrothermal method was used to prepare spherical ZnFe₂O₄ gas-sensing materials. The morphology, chemical composition, specific surface area, etc. of the material were analyzed by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, N₂ adsorption-analyzer, and the gas-sensing performance was studied with acetone as the target gas. The results show that the ZnFe₂O₄ nanospheres are self-assembled from nanoparticles and have a large specific surface area. The ZnFe₂O₄ based gas sensor has a response of 65.74 to acetone at the optimal working temperature of 150 ℃, excellent selectivity, stability and repeatability, but the gas response gradually decreases with the increase of humidity.
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  Response surface methodology optimization of ZnCl₂/AlCl₃ modified biochar for adsorption of methyl violet

  WU Danping, LI Haihong, ZHANG Tiantian

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3153-3159. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.023

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  The modified biochar prepared by high temperature pyrolysis is modified by ZnCl₂/AlCl₃, which is used to adsorb methyl violet. The impact of methyl violet adsorption rate with the five factors of biochar dosage, pH, methyl violet concentration, reaction time and adsorption temperature is explored. They are analyzed by Plackett-Burman design combined with response surface methodology to screen and optimize the factors that have significant influence on the methyl violet adsorption rate and to explore the interaction between the factors. In addition, the best process conditions for activated carbon adsorption of methyl violet are determined. The results show that the factors influencing the response value are: the amount of biochar > the concentration of methyl violet solution > the adsorption environment temperature, among which, biochar dosage and adsorption temperature have the most obvious effect on the adsorption rate of methyl violet, and the concentration of methyl violet and adsorption temperature have the least significant effect. And the optimum adsorption conditions are: the amount of biochar of 47.00 mg, the concentration of methyl violet solution of 82.00 mg/L, the adsorption environment temperature of 22.90 ℃, the pH of 7 and the reaction time of 120 min. The optimum adsorption rate of methyl violet could reach 93.04% and the error with the model predicted value is only 3.51%.
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  Preparation and photoluminescent property of Lu_2.94Al₅O₁₂:0.06Ce³⁺ green phosphors

  WANG Yanan, LIU Xin, LI Zhao, CAO Jing, WANG Yongfeng, WU Kunyao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3160-3163. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.024

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  Lu_2.94Al₅O₁₂:0.06Ce³⁺ green phosphors are prepared by high temperature solid phase method. The phase, morphology and luminescence properties of the samples are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The results show that the synthesized Lu_2.94Al₅O₁₂:0.06Ce³⁺ green phosphor is cubic and the surface is spherical. The excitation peak and emission peaks are attributed to the green light with wavelength of 450 nm and 525 nm, respectively, which corresponds to 5d → 4f transition emission characteristics of Ce³⁺. When Ce³⁺ has a doping ratio of 6% and is calcined at 1500 ℃ for 5 h, Lu_2.94Al₅O₁₂:0.06Ce³⁺ green phosphor has a CIE color coordinate of (0.3683, 0.5959) which is a kind of high-efficiency green phosphor expected to be used in white LED.
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  Effect of high pressure on electronic structure and magnetic properties of Gd doped ZnO

  SONG Yong, ZHAO Xiaoyu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3164-3169. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.025

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  Pressure can act on the inside of the crystal structure of matter and affect and change the overall properties of matter. In order to further explore the effect of high pressure on the electronic structure and magnetic properties of Gd doped ZnO samples, diamond anvil press and CASTEP program in Materials Studio 4.4 software package are used to complete the high-pressure experimental preparation work. The first principles based on density functional theory (DFT) is used to calculate the changes of internal molecules in Gd doped ZnO samples under high pressure and the XRD diffraction analysis of Gd doped ZnO samples is carried out. The results show that in the first principle calculation, the intrinsic energy obtained by pseudo potential operation is equal to the valence electron wave function and the actual value. After Gd doped into ZnO samples, with the increasing of pressure, the diffraction peak of ZnO shifts to high diffraction angle, and each peak value of the sample shows a downward trend. The electronic structure of the sample would produce grain fragmentation reaction, which makes the diffraction peak of the spectrum transfer to the high diffraction angle. The ferromagnetism of Gd doped ZnO samples is affected by different high pressures. Proper high pressure treatment could enhance the ferromagnetism of the materials, but when the pressure exceeds a certain value, the magnetic properties of the materials decrease.
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  Synthesis of ZnO and Fe/ZnO photocatalyst with homogeneous precipitation method

  FU Xiaonan, GUO Yefei, CHEN Jintao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3170-3176. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.026

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  Pure nanometer ZnO and nanometer Fe/ZnO photocatalysts are synthesized by homogeneous method and changing experimental conditions with Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O and CO(NH₂)₂ by as raw materials. All samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and some samples are characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that all samples are wurtzite structure. Furthermore, all the samples are agglomerated by small particles and formed film or aggregates of different shapes and sizes. In addition, the grain size and surface morphology of Fe/ZnO samples also change with the change of calcination temperature and Fe doping concentration. The photodegradation of methyl orange solution by high-pressure mercury lamp indicates that the photocatalytic performance of Fe doped Fe/ZnO samples is improved compared with that of pure nanometer ZnO sample, and the catalytic performance is the best when Fe is doped by 1.5%. Additionally, the photocatalytic activity of Fe/ZnO samples is also improved by appropriately increasing the calcination temperature, which the optimum temperature for calcination is 500 ℃. Whether it is the doping concentration of Fe or the calcination temperature of prepared Fe/ZnO samples, a proper concentration of Fe or the calcination temperature is beneficial to improve the performance of photocatalyst of Fe/ZnO samples.
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  Controllable preparation of catalyst free β-Ga₂O₃ nanorods

  YOU Hongyu, ZHANG Rulin, LI Rongbin, ZHANG Jing, JIN Min, WANG Xianghu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3177-3181. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.027

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  Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃) nanorods have a wide range of applications in optoelectronic devices and other fields. Therefore, the controllable preparation of Ga₂O₃ nanorods is of great significance in science and technology. In this paper, we have successfully grown β-Ga₂O₃ nanorods on Si substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) without catalyst. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that the reaction temperature and oxygen concentration have important effects on the growth of gallium oxide nanostructures. With the reaction temperature changes from 850 ℃ to 950 ℃, the density, diameter and length of β-Ga₂O₃ nanorods increase and their morphology changes from disordered random growth to vertical growth with different angles. The reaction temperature and oxygen concentration determine the morphology and size of β-Ga₂O₃ nanorods, indicating that the morphology and optical properties of β-Ga₂O₃ nanorods can be effectively controlled by changing the reaction temperature and oxygen concentration, which provides a way to realize the controlled growth of β-Ga₂O₃ nanorods.
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  Surface modification and electrochemical properties of Ni-rich LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ by Li⁺- conductor Li₃PO₄ coating

  WANG Juan, LIU Zhanrong, LIANG Fanghui, JIA Pengfei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3182-3187. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.028

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  Ni-rich LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ cathode materials are coated by the different contents of Li₃PO₄ Li⁺-conductor via the typical Sol-Gel method. The crystal structure and micro-morphology of Li₃PO₄ coated LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ are investigated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate the prepared samples demonstrate the well layered structure and lower cation mixing degree. The Li₃PO₄ is successfully covered on the surface of LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂. In addition, the results of initial charging-discharging, rate capacity and cycling tests for the four samples demonstrate the cathodes after Li₃PO₄ coating deliver the obvious enhanced electrochemical properties than that of the pristine one. The initial coulombic efficiency of pristine cathode could be enhanced from 84.2% to 89.2% when the Li₃PO₄ coating content increases to 2 wt%. Moreover, the 2wt% Li₃PO₄ coated LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ delivers a discharge capacity of 129.7 mAh/g at 5 C high rate, much larger than that (92.6 mAh/g) of the pristine one. Meanwhile, the 2 wt% Li₃PO₄ coated LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ respectively demonstrates the capacity retention of 7.1% and 9.9% higher than those of the pristine cathode at 25 ℃ and 45 ℃ condition after 100 cycles.
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  Effects of microarc oxidation treatment on mechanical and wear properties of Ti-Nb alloys

  FENG Xiaofei, WANG Hefeng, RAN Gui, ZHAO Shuai

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3188-3193. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.029

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  Microarc oxidation coatings are fabricated on the surface of binary β TiNb_x(x=5,10,15,20,25) alloys by microarc oxidation (MAO) method in phosphate electrolyte. The phase composition and microstructure of the microarc oxidation coatings are characterized by XRD and SEM. The hardness, elastic modulus and wear properties of the oxidized TiNb_x(x=5,10,15,20,25) alloys are investigated by nanoindentation method and ball-disk friction and wear tester, respectively. The results show that the oxide coatings can be effectively fabricated on the surface of each substrate through microarc oxidation treatment, with no significant difference in the number and size of micropores and the density is similar. The microarc oxidation coatings are composed of rutile TiO₂ phase. As the Nb content increases in the substrates, the hardness and elastic modulus of microarc oxide coatings show the same trend. The hardness and elastic modulus of the Ti-15Nb coating are the largest. After microarc oxidation treatment, the surface friction coefficient of Ti-5Nb and Ti-15Nb are close to the substrate, and there is no antifriction effect. The surface friction coefficient of Ti-10Nb, Ti-20Nb and Ti-25Nb have decreased by more than 55%, and the main wear mechanism changes from abrasive wear to adhesive wear, which improves the wear resistance of the alloy.
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  Structural stability and electronic structural properties of type-Ⅷ Ba₈Ga_16-xAl_xSn₃₀ (x=0, 6, 16) clathrates from first-principles calculations

  SHEN Lanxian, LI Decong, SHEN Kaiyuan, ZHENG Jie, LIU Zuming, GE Wen, DENG Shukang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3194-3199. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.030

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  In this work, the structural stability and electronic structural properties of type-Ⅷ Ba₈Ga_16-xAl_xSn30 (x=0, 6, 16) clathrates are investigated by first-principle calculations based on density functional theory. The results show that when Ga is replaced by Al, the lattice parameter of the clathrate increases. The structural stability of the clathrate is enhanced when Ga is partially replaced by Al. Ba₈Ga₁₀Al₆Sn₃₀ clathrate exhibits better electrical transmission characteristics due to the relatively dense energy band near the Fermi level. Near the Fermi energy level, Ba₈Al₁₆Sn₃₀ has a high state density and a steep state density line, which is conducive to improving the Seebeck coefficient of the material, but may also cause the decrease of the stability of the material structure. These results provide a good theoretical guidance for further study of Ba₈Ga₁₆Sn₃₀ clathrates.
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  Composition design of alloy coatingsand tempering process development by JMatPro software

  ZHOU Lihua

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3200-3205. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.031

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  The alloy coatings are calculated by JMatPro software. The change of phase composition and carbide precipitation in the alloy coatings under different tempering conditions are simulated and analyzed, and the related properties of the alloy coatings are predicted. The alloy coatings are prepared on H13 steel substrate by micro plasma cladding, and the microstructure, phase composition, element distribution and microhardness of the alloy coatings before and after tempering are studied. The results show that after tempering at 200 ℃ for 2 h, the microstructure and phase composition of the alloy coatings have no obvious changes compared with those before tempering, and there is no obvious change in microhardness (463 Hv_0.1). After tempering at 400 ℃ for 2 h, a small amount of MC type special carbides begin to precipitate in the microstructure of the alloy coatings and the discontinuous network distribution gradually appears around the grain boundary, which improves the microhardness of the coating to a certain extent (512 Hv_0.1). After tempering at 600 ℃ for 2 h, a large number of MC and M2C type special carbides are precipitated in the alloy coatings, and the discontinuous network distribution develops into continuous and dense spider network distribution. The overall microstructure of the alloy coatings are finer and more uniform, and the hardness of the coating increases by 25.88% to 569 Hv_0.1.
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  Construction ofobservable “net-point” and research on the shape memory effect of PVAc-AN/PS latex film

  CHEN Yucheng, CHEN Peijian, SUN Jiaxing, LI Zhiguo

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3206-3213. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.032

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  PVAc latex-based shape memory polymers(SMP) with high strain and recovery ratio are fabricated by formation of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) core and polystyrene(PS) shell through acrylonitrile grafting (PVAc-AN/PS) in emulsion polymerization. It is exhibited that the morphology-controllable “protuberances” on the latex core could be acted as observable “net-point” during the shape memory cycle. The morphology of PVAc-AN/PS particles with core-shell structure is characterized by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, and the morphological evolution of the PVAc-AN/PS latex particles varying with the quantity of PS is investigated. The shape memory performance of PVAC-AN/PS latex film is explored by uniaxial stretch shape memory cycle experiment, demonstrating that the shape recovery ratio of the PVAc-AN/PS latex film is effectively improved by adjusting the amount of St added during the polymerization. The experimental results show that PVAc-AN/PS core-shell latex film possesses high strain more than 1500% with shape recovery ratio of 85% or more. Therefore, this study provides a new approach for designing “net-point” in shape memory effect of polymers and regulating the shape memory performance of polymers.
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  Effect of diffusion-inducedzinc interstitial-related donor defects on the structure, electrical and optical properties of ZnO nanorods

  LEI Zonglin, ZHANG Yezhe, DING Ke, ZHANG Hong, YE Lijuan, LI Honglin, XIONG Yuanqiang, LI Wanjun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(3): 3214-3220. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.03.033

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  In this paper, Zn nanoparticles and ZnO nanorod composites (Zn/ZnO) are grown on SiO₂ single crystal substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering and hydrothermal method. The post-annealing technique is applied to promote inter-diffusion at the interface of Zn/ZnO, and Zn impurities are directly introduced into the ZnO nanorods to obtain Zn-rich ZnO nanorods. The microstructural, electrical and optical properties of Zn-rich ZnO nanorods are studied by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Hall measurements, UV-vis-IR spectrophotometry, and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The results show that Zn-rich ZnO nanorods are still in a hexagonal wurtzite structure. Compared with prestine ZnO nanorods, Zn-rich nanorods have worse crystalline quality, lower transmittance, narrower bandgap and better electrical conductivity. It is demonstrated that these changes in properties are inseparable from the diffusion-induced Zn interstitial related donor defects. Our work further confirms that Zn interstitial related donor defect is the origin of abnormal 275 cm^-1Raman vibration mode observed in ZnO materials.