30 April 2020, Volume 51 Issue 4
    

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    Focuses & Concerns (The Project of Chongqing Press Fund in 2019)
  • Preparation of carbonaceous foam based energy storage and sensing composite
    FU Chunfang, YUAN Ye, LEI Hong, HUO Jichuan
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4001-4006. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.001
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    In the present study, a phase change composite with sensing function was constructed by using starch-derived carbonaceous foam (CF) as skeleton, polypyrrole (PPy) as conductor of heat and electrons, and inorganic and organic mixed phase change materials (PCM) as energy storage media. The temperature change of the phase change composite can be given in the form of an electrical signal in real time. The effects of the amount of PEG with different molecular weights on the energy storage and sensing properties of the composites were investigated. The results of the resistance-temperature-time relationship indicate that CF-PPy-PCM-1000-1, CF-PPy-PCM-8000-0, and CF-PPy-PCM-20000-0 show better sensing performance. The DSC results show that the melting enthalpy of CF-PPy-PCM-8000-0 was 113.29 J/g, and the melting enthalpy of CF-PPy-PCM-20000-0 was 124.44 J/g, both of which had the potential to be applied as phase change energy storage materials. The SEM images show that the PCM adhered to the cell walls of the CF-PPy skeleton. Although there was room for the further increase of the load of PCM, this incomplete filling also ensured that the phase change component in the composite did not leak during the heat storage process to some extent.
  • Preparation and property evaluationof transparent but UV-resistant polypropylene packaging films containing UV-9 loaded with mesoporous SiO2
    XU Guodong, LU Lixin, QIUXiaolin, PAN Liao, LU Lijing
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4007-4012. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.002
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    Nano mesoporous SiO2 was prepared with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template. The nano mesoporous SiO2 was used as the carrier with UV-9 to prepare “SiO2/UV-9” powder. Polypropylene (PP) was mixed with “SiO2/UV-9” and UV-329 to prepare the transparent but uvioresistant food packaging compounded film by extrusion casting machine. The structure of mesoporous SiO2 was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and nitrogen adsorption. The compounded film was analyzed by UV-visible spectrum and the migration test of auxiliaries. The results showed that the specific surface area of mesoporous SiO2 was 725 m2/g and the average pore diameter was 2.8 nm. UV-9 and UV-329 of compounded film were lower than the specific migration limit (SML) of water-based, acidic and alcoholic food contact materials. The transmittance of the compounded film in the visible band was more than 80% and the transmittance in the ultraviolet band was less than 40%.
  • Preparation and multifunctional properties of a new rhodamine Schiff base (RHBS)
    PENG Li, GUANG Shanyi, XU Hongyao
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4013-4017. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.003
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    A new rhodamine B schiff base compound (RHBS) was prepared by using rhodamine B hydrazide and 3-bromosalicylaldehyde based on addition-condensation reaction of active amino group and aldehyde group. The compound was used as ligand to coordinate with zinc ion, and a new red luminescent material [RHSB-Zn(Ⅱ)] was obtained. As a fluorescent probe, it could achieve high sensitivity to zinc ion. The structure and properties of the schiff base ligand RHBS and the complex [RHBS-Zn(Ⅱ)] were characterized and evaluated by 1H -NMR, IR, UV and fluorescence spectra. The results showed that zinc ion coordinated with N atom of imino, O atom of carbonyl group and O atom of phenol group in 1:1 way to form zinc ion complex [RHBS-Zn(Ⅱ)]. Under the excitation of 556 nm, the complex had obvious characteristic red fluorescence at 587 nm, and the quantum yield of luminescence of 15.1%. At the same time, it was found that the luminescence at 587 nm was not interfered by other ions, and it showed well selectivity of fluorescence probe for Zn(Ⅱ). Therefore, it was also a good fluorescent probe material for Zn(Ⅱ) detection.
  • Synthesis and luminescence properties of Ba5Zn4Y8O21: Ho3+, Yb3+ upconversion phosphor
    FU Yao, ZHANG Changlong, Zhang Nan, ZHOU Guoqin, TIAN Ying, XING Mingming, LUO Xixian
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4018-4022. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.004
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    Ba5Zn4Y8O21:Ho3+,Yb3+ up conversion (UC) phosphors were prepared by solid-state method at 1 200 ℃ in order to obtain the UC tricolor luminescence based on Ba5Zn4Y8O21. The green emission characteristics of the phosphors were studied under 980 nm excitation. Spectrum measurement results confirmed that the phosphor with optimum doping concentration exhibited strong green emissions located at 548 nm and 553 nm which corresponded to the 5S2/5F4→5I8 transfers of Ho3+ ion. Moreover, very weak red and infrared emissions located at 664 nm and 758 nm could also be observed. These two emissions could be attributed to 5F5→5I8 and 5S2/5F4→5I7 transfers of Ho3+ ion, respectively. Furthermore, the green emission intensity changed linearly with the excitation power and no decreasing tendency was observed in the test range. Consequently, large intensity ratio value of green and red emissions (IG/IR) was obtained, showing excellent color purity. The thermal stability measurement results of the UC luminescence showed that the luminescence efficiency of the phosphor decreased slightly with the increase of the phosphor temperature. When the temperature rose to 50 °C, the luminescence intensity decreased only 9.75%. The above results confirmed that Ba5Zn4Y8O21:Ho3+,Yb3+ was a high-quality green up conversion luminescent material.
  • Preparation and thermoelectric properties of Co-free p-type skutterudite thermoelectric material
    QIN Dandan, LI Chunhe, CAI Wei, SUI Jiehe
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4023-4027. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.005
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    Co-free p-type skutterudite were successfully synthesized by melt-spinning combining with hot press sintering method. The microstructure of samples was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sintered bulk samples were investigated for thermoelectric properties. The results showed that Co could be nicely replaced by Fe and Ni to obtain the pure skutterudite phase. In addition, although the high temperature ZT value of Co-free p-type skutterudite sample was a little bit lower than that of the reference sample, the power factor and low temperature ZT was basically equivalent, which was of great significance to saving the strategic resource Co and realizing industrial application.
    • Review & Advance
  • Microstructure properties, modification treatments and application prospects of graphene
    FENG Tao, CHEN Wenge, LI Wenqi, ZHAO Qian
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4028-4039. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.006
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    Due to its unique two-dimensional lamella structure, graphene exhibits excellent electrical and mechanical properties, which has made it become a new hotspot in material research, bringing people a rich imagination. In this paper, based on the principle and technical characteristics as well as microstructure, various preparation techniques of graphene were compared. The microstructure characterization techniques and main properties of graphene were summarized. In view of the current bottleneck problem in graphene application, the modification methods of non-covalent and covalent bonds of graphene were described. The applications of graphene in batteries, energy storage, coating, medicine, sensors and additives, etc. were also reviewed. Finally, the future development direction of graphene was boldly predicted.
  • Development of epoxy resin and its application in electrical and electronic materials
    JIA Yuan, SHI Ruifeng, JIANG Xie, LIU Zhen
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4040-4045. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.007
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    Epoxy resin material has the characteristics of light weight, low cost, easy to scale production, high strength, corrosion resistance and insulation properties, thus it has been widely used in electrical and electronic materials. In this paper, the development of epoxy resin was reviewed, including inorganic blending modification, organic blending modification, chemical synthesis modification and so on. The application progress of epoxy resin in the field of electrical and electronic materials was also summarized, and its future research direction was prospected.
  • Brief introduction and applications on synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction
    HU Qing, WU Chunfang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4046-4053. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.008
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    The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of silver nanoparticles can be varied by adjusting their morphology, size and external dielectric environment. Silver nanoparticles with different morphologies show the localized surface plasmon resonance with different strength, thus demonstrating the unique optical properties. In this review, a variety of silver nanoparticels was prepared via chemical reduction methods, which included citrate reduction method, polyol process method, and seed-mediated growth method. The mechanism and characteristics of these methods were discussed. The research progress of silver nanoparticles with different morphologies in recent years was reviewed. Finally, their applications in the surface enhanced roman scattering (SERS) substrate, antibacterial, and catalysis were introduced, and the future development of silver nanoparticles in synthesis and related application fields was summarized and prospected.
  • Research progress of temperature-sensitive poly(amidoamine) dendrimers
    LIANG Qi, YANG Qun, WANG Liming, DAI Zhengwei
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4054-4060. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.009
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    The temperature-sensitive poly(amidoamine) dendrimers are smart polymers that have both the properties of temperature sensitivity and dendrimers. It possesses not only the characteristics of temperature stimulus-response, but also with multiple reaction sites, low viscosity, high branching degree, special 3D structure, etc. So, it plays an important role in smart materials, and shows a wide application prospect in biomedical materials, smart textiles, temperature sensor, and so on. The temperature-sensitive poly(amidoamine) dendrimers can be prepared by adjusting the degree of substitution into the terminal groups of dendrimers, or adjusting the proportion of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups in the backbone of the dendrimers, or introducing temperature-sensitive polymers into the terminal of dendrimers. In this paper, the preparation of temperature-sensitive poly(amidoamine) dendrimers, and their temperature-sensitive mechanisms and potential applications were reviewed.
  • Research progress of two-dimensional MXene materials in supercapacitors application
    LIU Yongchao, ZHANG Zhi, ZHANG Huanhuan, FAN Yanping, LIU Baozhong
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4061-4067. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.010
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    Two-dimensional transition metal carbon/nitride (MXene) has a graphene-like structure, and microscopically exhibits lamellar and various surface groups. It has good electrical conductivity, ion transport and high hydrophilic properties, and becomes ideal electrode material for supercapacitor. The MXene layer and layer, which are prone to collapse and stacking, and the presence of functional groups are detrimental to the performance as an electrode material. It would have great application prospects, if its electrochemical performance could be improved by heat treatment, ion intercalation and carbon composites. In this paper, the preparation methods of MXene materials were firstly introduced, and then the effects of surface modification and structure optimization on the electrochemical performance of MXene supercapacitors were summarized. Finally, the research prospects of MXene materials on supercapacitors were prospected.
    • Research & Development
  • Synthesis and gas-sensing properties of NiO/In2O3 nanocomposites
    TIAN Zhebin, SONG Peng, WANG Qi
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4068-4071. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.011
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    In this paper, NiO/In2O3 nanocomposites were prepared by hydrothermal and water bath method. The nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Characterization results show that the NiO nanosheets were uniformly grown on the surface of In2O3 nanospheres with the diameter of 200-300 nm, and the thickness of NiO nanosheets was about 20 nm. Gas-sensing tests exhibit that the sensor response to 10×10-6 formaldehyde was about 20 at 220 oC with the fast response time (about 4 s) and recovery time (about 16 s), and good reproducibility and selectivity. Some possible mechanisms were further discussed based on the hierarchical structure and p-n heterojunction.
  • Effect of PVA and basalt fiber on mechanical properties of cement-based composites
    WANG Shifu, ZENG Xiaohui, ZHOU Yao, WANG Ping, MA Jianning, ZHOU Hao, LI Jianhui, PAN Guoyuan
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4072-4076. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.012
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    The physical and mechanical properties of cement-based materials can be improved by adding fiber. However, the influence of organic-inorganic hybrid fibers on the properties of cement materials is seldom studied. In this paper, mechanical properties of cement-based materials with single PVA fiber, single basalt fiber and two kinds of fiber were tested. The results showed that when only 1.6% short PVA fiber was added, the mechanical properties of cement-based materials were improved the best. The flexural strength of cement-based materials decreased by 7%, the compressive strength increased by 31% and the flexural ratio decreased by 24%. With only 0.3% basalt fiber staple, cement-based materials showed the best improvement in mechanical properties, with the flexural strength reduced by 8%, the compressive strength increased by 15.7% and the flexural strength decreased by 20%. When adding 0.3% short basalt fiber and 0.5% short PVA fiber, the flexural strength of cement-based composites had little effect, but the compressive strength was significantly improved, and the flexural compression ratio was relatively reduced, which showed the best comprehensive performance.
  • Magnetic and magnetic card effect of Ca-doped EuMnO3 system
    LI Xiaoxin, SUN Yunbin, ZHAO Jianjun, LU Yi,ZHENG Lin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4077-4083. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.013
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    The perovskite oxide Eu1-xCaxMnO3 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) polycrystalline system samples were prepared by traditional high temperature solid phase reaction. The effects of different Ca doping amount on Curie temperature, magnetic entropy change and magnetic phase transition of the perovskite oxide EuMnO3 series polycrystalline samples were studied by XRD lines, magnetization curves with temperature and applied magnetic field (M-T, M-H). The results show that Eu1-xCaxMnO3 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) ceramic samples exhibited good single-phase properties, and the spatial point group was Pnma. There was one TC in the doped sample with low concentration, but two magnetic transition points appeared in the doped sample with high concentration. Due to the double exchange interaction, the TC gradually increased with the doping of Ca. When the doping amount reached 0.4, the TC at low temperatures was significantly reduced. According to the ΔSM and RCP values, Eu0.7Ca0.3MnO3 was a material suitable for magnetic refrigeration in this group of samples. Through the analysis of the Loop curve, it was known that the sample of the group underwent a transition from a first-order phase transition to a second-order phase transition.
  • Construction of enzyme-sensitive chimeric peptides for tumor photodynamic therapy
    TIAN Xiang, CHENGYinjia, ZHANG Aiqing
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4084-4089. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.014
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    A cathepsin B-sensitive amphiphilic chimeric peptide PpIX-GGK(TPP)G-GFLGR8 GD (PTGR) was developed for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The chimeric peptide composed of the hydrophobic photosensitizer protoporphyrin (PpIX) and the hydrophilic peptide could be self-assembled into prodrug micelles in the water. Due to the presence of RGD, the prodrug micelles would recognize the tumor cells with integrin αvβ3 over-expression, and then entered into tumor cells quickly with the help of cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) R8. Once exposed to tumor cytoplasm, the oligopeptide linker (GFLG) between the CPP and the hydrophobic PpIX would be hydrolyzed by the over-expressed cathepsin B enzyme, resulting in the controlled release of PpIX in cytoplasm. Meanwhile, the PpIX would efficiently enrich in the cell mitochondria under the guidance of triphenylphosphine (TPP), and generated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) with light irradiation. Due to the photo-toxicity of ROS, PpIX-GGK(TPP)G-GFLGR8 GD(PTGR) significantly disrupted mitochondria membrane, inducing tumor cells apoptosis and necrosis. What's more, this strategy of transporting photosensitizers to subcellular sites via prodrug micelles opened up a new avenue for photodynamic therapy (PDT).
  • Study on chloride diffusion characteristics of saturated steel fiber recycled concrete
    JIN Hao, QU Feng, SUN Haoran, SHI Weihua, JIANG Lingyun
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4090-4095. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.015
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    The use of waste aggregate to produce recycled concrete is one of the ways to utilize the renewable resources of building solid waste. Its durability law under the environment of chloride salt erosion is different from ordinary concrete. By simulating the marine erosion environment and changing the water-cement ratio and NaCl solution concentration, the influence of various factors on the chloride ion diffusion behavior of steel fiber recycled concrete was analyzed. The results show that as the concentration of soaking solution became greater, more chloride ions would enter the concrete, and the chloride ion content gradually decreased with increasing depth. The proper amount of steel fiber blending and lower water-cement ratio could enhance the resistance of the recycled concrete to chloride corrosion. The chloride ion diffusion coefficient increased with the increase of the external chloride salt concentration.
  • Effect of pre-shear history on rheological behavior of magnetorheological grease
    ZHAO Hujun, HU Zhide, WANG Dawei, LEI Yulong
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4096-4100. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.016
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    The effect of different pre-shear rate, pre-shear time and balance time on the rheological property of magnetorheological grease (MRG) was investigated. The results show that the MRG had excellent structural recovery and high time-dependent property. The effect of pre-shear history on the rheological behavior of MRG was varied greatly with different measurement method. The time-dependent property of MRG would be not evident after pre-shearing at a constant shear rate. When the shear rate was changed linearly, the measured data of the MRG could be optimized by choosing an appropriate pre-shear rate from 30 s-1to 400 s-1and pre-shear time from 60 to 120 s. However, when the shear rate ranged widely, it should be chose a better measured method, which the shear rate decreased logarithmically, rather than pre-shear treatment, to acquire the suitable rheological data of MRG.
  • Investigation on thermal expansion properties of a braided SiCf/SiCm composite considering fiber-matrix interface and porosity
    NIU Hongwei, WEN Min, ZHANG shuai
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4101-4108. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.017
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    A three-dimensional four-step braided SiCf/SiCm composite was taken as the object. The finite element unit cell model of the composite was present based on periodic boundary condition, including fiber-matrix interface and porosity. The thermal expansion coefficient of the composite in each direction was predicted. The result indicated that the influence of the interface should be taken into consideration. On one hand, the randomness of pore location distribution contributed less to the thermal expansion coefficient. On the other hand, the increasing of porosity induced an obviously thermal expansion coefficient diminution. The thermal stress analysis illustrated a discrepancy of stress level in the yarn and matrix, and the former was much higher. The longitudinal free expansion test showed stability of the thermal expansion property in the range of room temperature to 1100 ℃. Meanwhile, the test results performed well agreement with the simulation. The methodology might provide theoretical basis for the thermal expansion property investigation of three-dimensional four-step braided composites and other pored materials.
  • Electrical performance of ionic conductor Na0.54Bi0.46Ti0.99Mg0.01O2.95 prepared by spark plasma sintering
    WANG Yuqing, LI Minyan, REN Xincheng, WANG Weiguo
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4109-4112. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.018
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    The perovskite Na0.54Bi0.46Ti0.99Mg0.01O2.95 sample was prepared by the spark plasma sintering method. By the impedance spectroscopy test, the grain conductivity of NBT-Na4Mg-SPS sample could reach 4.7×10-4 S/cm at 573 K, which was around 15.2 times higher than that of the Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 compound. An apparent relaxation peak which corresponded to a thermally activated process was observed in the dielectric modulus spectroscopy. The relaxation peak parameters measured by changing temperature were observed: E=0.67 eV and τ0= 6.73×10-13 s. Judging from the relaxation parameters, the relaxation peak may correspond to the short diffusion of oxygen ions via oxygen vacancies in the NBT-Na4Mg-SPS sample. The higher grain conductivity of NBT-Na4Mg-SPS sample may result from the lower activation energy and the higher oxygen vacancy content. The results were very meaningful to improve the electrical performance of the Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 compound.
  • Study on microstructure and tribological properties of TiAlSiN-Ti (Mo)N/MoS2 composite coating
    WANG Zeyong, FENG Changjie, ZHAO Yan, LIU Guang ming
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4113-4118. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.019
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    TiAlSiN-Ti(Mo)N/MoS2 composite coating was deposited by magnetron sputtering technology on AISI-304 stainless steel. The surface morphology, microstructure, hardness and tribological properties of these coatings were systematically investigated by means of electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro hardness tester, ball-disc friction and wear tester, and surface contourgraph. The results showed that the TiAlSiN-Ti(Mo)N/MoS2 composite coating had hardness of 27.56 GPa and the TiAlSiN coatings had hardness of 29.1 GPa. Hardness of coatings didn't get increased, while wear properties got enhanced obviously. Adhesive wear occurred from room temperature to 600 ℃, and the wear rates at 200 ℃ and 400 ℃ were 0.0339×10-3 mm3/(Nm) and 0.1122×10-3mm3/(Nm), respectively. The wear rate reduced by 33.8% and 57.8% than that of TiAlSiN, but closed to that of TiAlSiN at room temperature and 600 ℃. The performance of TiAlSiN-Ti(Mo)N/MoS2 composite coating was superior to that of single TiAlSiN coating.
  • A new ion additive: effects of high nickel lithium ion battery performance
    WANG Hongmei, SHAO Xianjun, ZHANG Zhenghua, MA Guoqiang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4119-4123. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.020
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    In this paper, a new type of negative film forming additive 2D was studied. The effect of 2D on the performance of NMC811/graphite battery was investigated. The comparison was done with the most commonly used commercial negative film forming additive VC. The differential capacity DQ / DV shows that 2D was reduced at about 2.1 V before EC and VC, and a stable SEI film was formed on the graphite negative electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test shows that the film formation impedance with 2D was significantly lower than that with VC. The test results of the ratio cycle, high temperature storage and high temperature cycle of the NMC811/graphite containing 2D, VC or 2D/VC show that the passivation film of graphite anode with 2D electrolyte battery was more stable, which effectively improved the performance of cycle, storage and magnification of lithium-ion batteries. The voltage and resistance of the battery with 2D electrolyte at 60 ℃ had little change. After 200 weeks of extreme temperature cycle, the capacity loss of the battery without 2D additives reached 15%, and the capacity retention rate of the 2D battery was above 92%.
  • Synthesis of biomass carbon materials by oxidative cracking and their electrochemical performance
    XU Rui, SONG Weiming, SUN Li, DENG Qigang, CHEN Jie, GAO Tingting, WANG Fuyang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4124-4131. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.021
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    Biomass carbon materials have the advantages of low cost, wide source, adjustable and controllable porosity, diverse morphology, easy production, and easy to incorporate heteroatoms. Therefore, the development and application of biomass carbon-based materials have become a very important area in modern materials science. In this work, the plant leaves were treated by hydrothermal oxidation with different oxidants. Then the obtained product was pyrolyzed at 600 ℃ to obtain biomass carbon materials. Compared with the traditional pyrolysis methods, hydrothermal oxygen reaction could reduce the pyrolysis temperature and maintain the vein structure of leaves to a great extent. Graphene like thin-layer carbonization materials were obtained. The samples were characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM and SEM. The results show that the properties of the carbon materials obtained by hydrothermal oxidation with different oxidants were different. When the oxidant was KMnO4, the obtained biomass carbon material (MnOC) retained the original microscopic pores of the blade and formed new pores. Its specific surface area could reach 482.934 m2/g with an average pore size of 3.833 nm. XRD and XPS results show that the degree of graphitization of MnOC was relatively high and preserved the N element (6.5%) as much as possible. TEM and AFM analysis shows that MnOC had a lamellar structure with the thickness of less than 2 nm. The MnOC exhibited the capacitance of 191.15 F/g at 1 A/g.
  • Analysison field dependence of magnetocaloric effect by the Landau theory of second-order phase transitions
    CHE Zhengzhe, LI Yingnan, LI Fenghua, Jin Zhengtie
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4132-4135. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.022
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    A theoretical model that shows the direct correlation of magnetic entropy change and magnetic field was established by using the Landau theory of second-order phase transitions. The magnetic entropy change values estimated near the Curie temperature TC using this model were then compared with those obtained using the classical Maxwell relation. The results showed an excellent concordance between the ΔSM values estimated by Landau theory and those obtained using the classical Maxwell relation. And it was shown that the Curie point TC did not coincide with the temperature Tpeak where the magnetic entropy change was maximum, but clearly demonstrated that the relationship ΔSM =kHn with n=2/3 is valid in the temperature region near TC in the Landau mean field theory.
  • Effect of Ni doping concentration on the electronic and optical properties of CdS:Ni systems
    GUO Yanrui, YAN Huiyu, SONG Qinggong, CHEN Yifei
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4136-4141. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.023
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    Band structure, electronic density and optical properties of the Ni-doped intrinsic CdS were studied by using the first-principles calculation method. The results show that the formation energy of different Ni doping concentration was small under the condition of rich cadmium or sulfur, which indicated that Ni-doped CdS could be fabricated in experiments. The impurity level was introduced in the vicinity of the top of valance band level as Ni doping CdS. Ni dopant could enhance the conductivity significantly. The optical properties of the results show that Ni dopant led to a new absorption peak in the visible region and the absorption range increased with the increase of doping concentration. All the results show that the Ni doped CdS system was a potential transparent conductive material.
  • 3D CuO network as anode material for lithium ion battery
    CAO Yuguang, XIAO Huang, ZHOU Jiaying, GAO Yun, LOURENCO Manon D'Assuncao, HOMEWOOD Kevin Peter, BAO Yuwen, XIA Xiaohong
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4142-4147. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.024
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    Copper oxide nanowires were synthesized on copper foil substrate by anodic oxidation method followed by a simple annealing process. The lithium-ion battery without binder was prepared by using it as anode material. The effect of the anodizing time on the morphology and electrochemical properties of the materials was studied. At the rate of 1 C, the CuO nanowires array with anodizing time of 1000 s showed the highest first discharge specific capacity of 1172 mAh/g and the reversible specific capacity of 594 mAh/g. The reversible specific capacity after 500 circles was 607.6 mAh/g, and the reversible capacity retention rate was 102.3%. It proves that the cross-linked 3D CuO nanowire network could provide a stable structure for lithium ion insertion and removal, which could effectively solve the volume expansion problem of copper oxide materials as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, and exhibit excellent rate performance and cycle life.
  • Preparation and thermoelectric properties of carbon fiber reinforced cement-based composite
    XIE Jin,YANG Weijun
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4148-4152. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.025
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    Carbon fiber reinforced cement-based composite was prepared by adding carbon fiber with different content (0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt%) into sulphoaluminate cement matrix. The effects of carbon fiber content on the cross-section structure, flexural strength, porosity, conductivity, thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of reinforced cement-based composite were studied by means of SEM, archimedes drainage test and four probe method, and the energy collection experiment was carried out by simulating solar radiation. The results showed that the carbon fibers were evenly distributed in the cement matrix to form a grid structure, and there was a strong binding force between the carbon fiber and the cement matrix. When the carbon fiber content increased from 0.5 wt% to 1.5 wt%, the compressive strength of cement-based composite increased from 71.36 MPa to 106.51 MPa, increased by 49.26%. The porosity increased from 0.8% to 2.0%, increased by 150.0%. The conductivity increased from 0.0214 S/m to 0.2408 S/m, increased by 1025%. The thermal conductivity decreased from 0.261 W/(m·K) to 0.210 W/(m·K), decreased by 19.54%. The Seebeck coefficient increases rapidly, and the maximum value was 1.22×104 μV/K. When the carbon fiber content was 1.5 wt%, the cement-based composite with thickness of 20 mm could output 5-6 μW power per 1 m2. Under 400 min irradiation, the surface temperature of the sample rapidly reached about 70 ℃, and the energy collected on the 1 m2 cement-based composite panel was as high as 8.1×10-6 J. Therefore, the increase of carbon fiber content greatly improved the thermoelectric properties of carbon fiber reinforced cement-based composite.
  • Preparation and characterization of high performance modified polyvinyl alcohol film
    ZHANG Li, LI Puwang, YANG Zi ming, HE Zuyu, WANG Chao, YANG Yan, LI Jihua, JIAO Jing, ZHOU Chuang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4153-4159. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.026
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    As a type of biodegrada polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film, its environmentally friendly characteristic has been widely recognized around the world. However, its poor water resistance largely limits the popularization and application, due to a large number of hydrophilic groups in PVA molecules. In this work, glutaraldehyde and urea were used to react with PVA by acetal reaction, and then the plasticizers (glycerol, PEG-400, MgCl2) were added to the system to destroy the hydrogen bonding of PVA and reduce its crystallinity, in order to achieve the plastic modification effect. Finally, the structure of the products and the performance of the cured films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, physical and mechanical properties, and contact angle. The results showed that the water resistance and thermal stability of PVA films could be enhanced by the crosslinking reaction of PVA with glutaraldehyde and urea. The addition of glycerol, PEG-400 and MgCl2 could improve the elongation at break and tensile strength of PVA films. And when the additive amount of glutaraldehyde, urea, glycerol, PEG-400 and MgCl2 in the formula were 4%, 0.5%, 6% and 2%, respectively, the mechanical properties of the film were optimal with the elongation at break of 136.7% and the tensile strength of 3.48 MPa.
    • Process & Technology
  • Synthesis and characterization of two-dimensional perovskite materials based on BAI
    YU Man, ZHANG Han
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4160-4163. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.027
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    The two-dimensional perovskite material was synthesized by using a cooling hot saturated solution method with n-butyl iodide amine (BAI) as an organic element and lead iodide (PbI2) as an inorganic element. The effects of different factors on the yield and crystal quality of the synthesized perovskites were studied by adjusting the ratio of BAI to PbI2 and the reaction temperature. The synthesized two-dimensional perovskite materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The optimum reaction conditions for the preparation of two-dimensional BA2PbI4 by cooling hot saturated solution method were as follows: with hydriodic acid as solvent, m(BAI)∶m(PbI2)=2.5∶1, water bath heating temperature of 85 ℃, and water bath time of 120 min.
  • Preparation of humic acid-acrylic acid absorbent resin from weathered coal by ultrasonic-assisted method
    GUO Yani, LI Jincheng, HUI Fan, GUO Zhanying, XU Wenjing
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4164-4169. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.028
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    With humic acid (HA) extracted from weathered coal and acrylic acid(AA) as raw materials, HA-acrylic acid superabsorbent resin (HA-PAA) was prepared by ultrasonic-assisted aqueous solution polymerization, and the most absorbent resin was determined by orthogonal experiment. Its resistance to salt solution, acid-alkaline solution, 20～80 °C environment and repeated imbibitions of resin performance were tested to study its applicability. The structure of HA-PAA was characterized by infrared spectrum and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the optimal conditions for preparing HA-PAA by ultrasonic-assisted method were ultrasonic-assisted synthesis temperature of 55 ℃,m(AA)∶m(HA) of 20∶1, pH of 2.0 and MBA dosage of 8×10-4g. The HA-PAA polymerized under these conditions remained good in the five-time water absorption performance test, which was more than 90% higher than that of PAA. It showed better tolerance to salt solution, acid-base and a certain range of temperature environment, with the maximum absorption rate of 771.6 g/g for pure water and 122.4 g/g for brine. The characterization results show that HA and AA had fully polymerized and adding humic acid increased the hydrophilic group of PAA. The HA-PAA generated obvious pores and increased specific surface area after polymerization. The increased water absorption of HA-PAA after polymerization was beneficial to practical application
  • Preparation and magnetic properties of Heusler alloy CoFeMnSi patterned film
    QIAO Lihong, YOU Caiyin, FU Huarui, MA Li, TIAN Na
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4170-4174. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.029
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    CoFeMnSi was taken as the research object, with its pattern design carried out to study the magnetic characteristics of the patterned CoFeMnSi film. The ZrO2 film with fringe pattern was prepared by the photosensitive sol-gel method and the laser interference method, and CoFeMnSi was sputtered on its surface by magnetron sputtering method to achieve the purpose of producing patterned CoFeMnSi magnetic films. Its surface morphology and magnetic properties were characterized. Metallography microscopy was used to verify that CoFeMnSi film was inherited ZrO2 fringe pattern structure with the fringe pattern period of about 2 μm. In-plane magnetic measurements showed that the magnetization of the thin film in the398 kA/m magnetic field was in a relationship of 180° with the angle between the external magnetic field and the fringe with the magnetization range of 390-440 kA/m. CoFeMnSi flat film was used to conduct a controlled experiment to quantitatively explain the angle dependence of magnetization of the patterned film. The magnetic domain structure was observed by magnetic microscope as honeycombs the size of about 1-2 μm.
  • Effect of the amount of pore-forming agent starch on the properties of ceramic membrane support
    LI Yan, TONG Zhi, LIU Ting, YAN Xiao, ZHOU Guangrui, SUN Ruonan
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4175-4179. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.030
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    In this research, Luochuan loess and starch were used as the raw material and pore-forming agent, respectively. The loess-based ceramic membrane support was mainly prepared by adding a pore former, a roll forming method and a solid particle sintering method. The effect of the amount of pore-forming starch added on the properties of the loess-based support was studied. The three-point bending method, mercury intrusion method, mass loss method, thermogravimetric thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and self-made device were adopted to analyze and characterize the properties such as flexural strength, porosity, acid-base corrosion rate, crystal phase composition, surface micro-morphology and pure water flux of the support. The results of the study have shown that in the preparation process of loess-based ceramic membrane support, when the addition amount of starch was 8%, the prepared support had the best performance with the pure water flux supported of 6 232.1 L/(m2·h·MPa), the flexural strength of 36.2 MPa and the acid-base mass corrosion of 0.07%/0.02%.
  • Preparation of glucose carbide/sepiolite composite and the optimization of response surface methodology
    ZHENG Xihan, MA Xindi, QIN Luyao, Zhang Ruilian, LAN Lihong
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4180-4187. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.031
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    A new type of glucose-carbide/sepiolite composite was prepared by hydrothermal carbonization with glucose and natural sepiolite as raw materials, and then, the sample was dried by freeze vacuum drying. The composite samples were characterized by XRD, IR, SEM and BET, and methylene blue was selected as adsorbate to investigate its adsorption properties. The preparation technical conditions of the composite were optimized by the monofactor analysis and the response surface methodology. The results show that the optimum preparation conditions were as follows: the mass ratio of glucose to sepiolite was 1.49∶1.0, the carbonation time was 7.3 h, and the carbonation temperature was 175 ℃. The optimum adsorption capacity of methylene blue was 45.22 mg/g (composite). The order of the influence of the factors on the adsorption properties of methylene blue was: carbonation time＞carbonation temperature＞mass ratio of glucose to sepiolite.
  • Improving piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity in odd-odd nylon 1111 by blending
    LIU Shaobing, CHENG Shaojuan, HE Xichan, HU Ji, YUAN Mengfei, ZHAO Qingxiang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4188-4192. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.032
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    Piezoelectric and ferroelectric polymers have been widely used in sensors and actuators. Nylon ferroelectric polymer is cheap, green and stable at high temperature, so it has potential application value. Odd-odd nylon 11,11 is a new ferroelectric and piezoelectric polymer material. However, its low electroactivity limits its application. The electroactivity of PA1111 was further improved by blending with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The results shows that the piezoelectric strain coefficient, d33, was increased to -6.9 pC/N and the remament polarization, Pr, was increased to 52 mC/m2 for the stretched film of nylon 11,11 with 40% PVDF. The improved ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties after blending modification could be attributed to the dipolar intermolecular interactions between PA1111 and PVDF.
  • Preparation and properties of acellular nerve matri hydrogel/ BMP-2/demineratized bone matrix composite materials
    LIU Yan, ZHU Jixaing, CHEN Wei, ZHU Xunmin, CHEN Xiaoming
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4193-4198. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.033
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    A new composite bone repair material was prepared by using a nerve acellular matrix (NAM) gelatin as a carrier to load BMP-2 on the inner surface of porous demineratized bone. The microstructure of the material was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the demineratized bone matrix (DBM) combined with the decellularized matrix gelatin of BMP-2 was beneficial to cell adhesion. The mechanical test results showed that the compressive strength of the material was (12.45±0.64) MPa when the composite nerve acellular matrix gelatin was not combined, and the compressive strength was (11.99±0.22)MPa after the composite nerve acellular matrix gelatin. The change was not obvious. Based on the simulation of the in vivo environment, the sustained release of BMP-2 in the composite at different time points was detected. The composite could release BMP-2 slowly for at least one month. MC3TE-E1 cells were cultured in the material for 14 days. CCK-8 and alkaline phosphatase assays showed that BMP-2-loaded nerve acellular matrix gelatin combined with demineratized bone material could promote cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. The nerve acellular matrix gelatin/BMP-2/demineratized bone composite had potential application prospects for bone repair.
  • Preparation and characterization of surface modification of aggregate by silane coupling agent
    LYU Songtao, FAN Xianpeng, LU Weiwei, LIU Honglin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4199-4206. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.034
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    The granules were surface modified with silane coupling agent to cause hydrolysis and solidification reaction with the aggregate. Based on surface energy theory, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the aggregates before and after modification were characterized by direct stretching, boiling, water immersion Marshall test and freeze-thaw splitting test. The method was used to verify the aggregate performance before and after modification. The results show that the contact angle of the aggregate after the surface modification of the silane coupling agent was reduced, which changed from the original hydrophilicity to the lipophilicity. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) shows that Si-O-C, Si-O-Si covalent bond and hydrogen bond were produced between the silane coupling agent and the aggregate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observed that a polysiloxane coupling layer film was formed on the aggregate surface, indicating that the surface of the aggregate had been introduced into the silane coupling agent. The surface modified aggregate before and after water immersion reduced the tensile strength loss rate by 42.2% compared with the original aggregate. The adhesion grade between the aggregate and the asphalt could reach 5. The asphalt mixture residual stability increased by 11.54% and the freeze-thaw splitting strength ratio increased by 39.26%. These illustrate the successful surface modification of the aggregate by the silane coupling agent, by which the surface properties of the aggregate improved.
  • Exploration of electrocatalytic preparation of sodium borohydride with sodium metaborate based on Eu-Ni-B rare earth-composite electrode
    ZHANG Shimin, CHEN Biqing, GAO Lixia, XIONG Tongtong, DU Chan, ZHU Yunna, ZHAO Jing
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4207-4214. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.035
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    In order to obtain low-cost and high-efficiency technology for preparing sodium borohydride, first, Eu-Ni-B rare earth-composite electrode was prepared by electroless plating. Using rare earth-composite electrodes as working electrodes, the electrocatalytic preparation of sodium borohydride from sodium metaborate was explored. The detection system of sodium borohydride was established by linear voltammetry, and the solution after electrocatalytic sodium metaborate was detected by cyclic voltammetry. The results show that the method of detection and quantitative analysis of sodium borohydride with a gold electrode was feasible. When the electrocatalytic potential was -1.2 V and the pulse frequency TA was 2 s and TC was 2 s, the prepared sodium borohydride reached the maximum concentration of 1.63×10-4 mol/L. As the electrocatalytic time continued increasing, the amount of sodium borohydride increased first and then decreased. When the electrolysis time was 2 h, the maximum concentration of sodium borohydride reached 2.75×10-4 mol /L. The possible reason was that with the increase of electrocatalytic time, the content of sodium borohydride would also increase, but sodium borohydride was unstable in non-strong alkaline systems and would gradually decompose with the increase of time. Therefore, the formation of sodium borohydride and the decomposition of sulfide formed a competition. When the generation rate was slower than the decomposition rate, the sodium borohydride content in the solution would naturally decrease with time.
  • Preparation and electrochemical performance of three-dimensional ordered macroporous SnO2-SiO2 lithium ion battery anode materials
    WANG Ziyun, ZHANG Peiqi, REN Xuqiang, ZHANG Shilong, CAO Ting, LI Tongxin, LI Donglin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(4): 4215-4220. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.04.036
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    Aiming at the shortcomings of poor long-cycle performance of SnO2 lithium ion battery anode materials, amorphous SiO2 is introduced into SnO2 material to form SnO2-SiO2 nanocomposites. Three-dimensional ordered macroporous SnO2-SiO2 nanocomposites are prepared by using polystyrene (PS) colloid as a template. The results show that the crystal structure of 3DOM SnO2 material is similar to that of 3DOM SnO2-SiO2 material, but the long cycle performance of 3DOM SnO2-SiO2 material is significantly improved after adding SiO2. Cycling 100 times at a current density of 500 mAh/g, at which time the charge specific capacity of the 3DOM SnO2-SiO2 material with 0% Si is sharply attenuated to 147 mAh/g, and the charge capacity of the 3DOM SnO2-SiO2 material with 5% Si is added, the capacity is 654 mAh/g, and the charge capacity of the 3DOM SnO2-SiO2 material with 5% Si added after 500 cycles is increased to 728 mAh/g. These results indicate that SiO2 can improve the long cycle stability of 3DOM SnO2 materials.
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