30 November 2016, Volume 47 Issue 11
    

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    Focuses& Concerns
  • Modification of fly ash based geopolymer by different types of nano-materials
    GUO Xiaolu,SHI Huisheng, XIA Ming
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    The effects of different nano-materials on the setting time and mechanical performances of CFA-based geopolymer were studied. Combined with FT-IR, the modification effect and mechanism were researched. The results showed that nano-SiO2, silica fume and rice husk ash as additives resulted in the decrease of the setting time, while the addition of nano-Al2O3 resulted in only a slight reduction in setting time. Adding chemical synthesized nano-particles could improve the compressive strength at early ages, as well as the natural nano-materials. The optimum dosage of silica fume and rice husk ash is 10% and 5wt% respectively. Geopolymerization degree of amorphous gel in CFA-based geopolymeric system could be improved by nano-SiO2 and silica fume, and it has no evident effects by nano-Al2O3 and rice husk ash. Nano-materials improved the compressive strength of CFA-based geopolymer by chemical action, grain filling and seeding nucleation.
  • Toughening properties of high performance tailings cementitious composites with environmental protection
    BAO Wenbo, DI Gaohao, CHEN Sili, LI Linfeng
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 7-12. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.002
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    The toughening properties of the PVA fiber tailings cementitious composites developed by the project team were studied based on the cube resisting compression test, the four-point bending test of thin plates and the tensile test of thin sheets. The composite is a kind of high performance building material with environmental protection characteristics, the replacement ratio of natural sand with tailings of wicth is 50%. The characteristic curves of bending load-deflection and tensile stress-strain and compressive strength of were tested, and the flexural toughness, the bending strength, the fracture energy and the tensile strength of the composites were obtained. The effect of the fiber content and water-binder ratio on reinforcing and toughening properties of the PVA fiber reinforced tailings cementitious composites was studied by experiments. The results showed that the composite mix proportion has significant effect on the mechanical properties of the PVA fiber reinforced tailings cementitious composites; the composite materials with appropriate mix proportion would present pseudo-strain-hardening and multi-crack characteristics and have excellent flexural toughness, tensile ductility and better compressive, bending and tensile strength. This paper comprehensively evaluated the strength, toughness and applicability of the PVA fiber reinforced tailings cementitious composites, and provided the basis for the engineering application of the environmental protection composite material.
  • The effect of damping aggregate on the shrinkage of high strength concrete
    TIAN Yaogang,ZHU Lin, WANG Shuaifei, YANG Tingting,JIA Kan, LI Weiguang
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 13-17. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.003
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    Based on absorbability of porous lightweight aggregate, the damping aggregate was prepared by modified light aggregate with water and polymer emulsion under ordinary pressure and negative pressure. This paper studied the influence of damping aggregate on strength and damping capacity of concrete with equal volume replacement for coarse aggregate, and its effect on the internal RH and shrinkage of high strength concrete. The microstructure of concrete was analyzed by SEM and MIP. The results showed that the proper dosage of damping aggregate can significantly increase the damping capacity of concrete without obvious strength reduction, the damping aggregate can play the internal curing role to reduce the shrinkage of concrete,prolong the effect of expansive agent,and optimize the pore structure of cement paste.
  • Preparation and dielectric properties of different microstructured SiCNO ceramic
    YU Yuxi, LIU Yu, ZHANG Zhihao, SAN Haisheng, XU Chunlai
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 18-21. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.004
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    The different microstructured SiCNO ceramics were prepared by using amphiphilic block copolymer F127 (PEO106-PPO70-PEO106) as template agent and polyvinysilazane (PVSZ) as the precursors. The morphology and structure properties of the SiCNO ceramics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis and impedance analyzer. The results show that the SiCNO ceramics with rod like, cross shaped, spherical and oval structures were prepared by controlling the evaporation temperature. Furthermore, the influence of different microstructured SiCNO ceramic dielectric loss characteristics were studied, the dielectric loss of the lowest and highest values were 0.03 and 0.24, corresponding to the oval structure and the cross structure.
  • Preparation and studyon the properties of rice straw/polypropylene composites
    ZHENG Xia, YUAN Guangming, QIAO Jianzheng, TANG Qian, ZHU Lingbo
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 22-26. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.005
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    With rice straw particles and polypropylene as the main raw materials, polypropylene composites which was reinforced by rice straw particles were prepared by hot pressing molding technology. Effects of NaOH concentration agent, quality fraction of straw particles, hot pressing temperature on the mechanical properties of the composites were studied. The results shows that the mechanical properties of composites was improved after treated by 8% NaOH agent which can remove part of straw hemicellulose to make the straw particles surface become rough; polypropylene can coated straw particles effectively when the quality fractions of rice straw paeticles is 40%, so the tensile strength and impact strength of composites were improved; Polypropylene have a good liquidity when the hot pressing temperature reach to 180 ℃ which can lead the straw particles dispersed in the polypropylene uniformity and will not cause the thermal degradation of polypropylene. At this point, the tensile strength and impact strength of the composite can reach to the maximum of 61.2 MPa and 18.4 kJ/m 2 respectively.
    • Review & Advance
  • Review on Al/Ni reactive multilayer foils
    SUN Yue,LU Qiangqiang,SONG Guangping,YONG Zhipeng,HE Xiaodong
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 27-33. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.006
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    The Al/Ni reactive multilayer foils with very high energy density can release a lager of heat rapidly and reach a extremely high temperature in self-propagating reactions, which has important significance in non-conventional welding. The Al/Ni reactive mutilayer foils fabricated by different processes have different microstructure characteristics and show different kinetic characteristics in self-propagating reaction. Many research results have been achieved in reaction heat, sequence of phase formationin and reaction velocities, which was particularly significant in preliminary studies of the Al/Ni reactive multilayer foils’ welding application.
  • Progress in the preparation and optoelectronic devices application of one-dimensional GaN nanomaterials
    JIA Ruofei, YANG Lili, YANG Feng, WANG Fei, YANG Hui, LI Lan
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 34-40. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.007
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    Compared with GaN film, one-dimensional GaN nanomaterial has many advantages in manufacturing optoelectronic devices. This paper synthetically narrated the main preparation methods of one-dimensional GaN nanomaterial and its application of optoelectronics devices. Firstly, the preparation methods including MOCVD, MBE, CVD and template method were introduced. The key analysis is about the growth parameters, morphology and structure control of one-dimensional GaN nanomaterial. Secondly, the optoelectronic devices such as LED, laser, solar cell as well as photodetector were interpreted, and mainly discussed the influence of the material properties, device structures and manufacturing technology on the device performance. In the end, the development and future application of one-dimensional GaN nanomaterials are prospected
    • Research & Development
  • The effects of hyperbranched polyester on the performance of shape memory epoxy resin
    LI Wenxiao, ZHAO Pengfei, CHEN Yutao
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 41-45. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.008
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    Hydroxyl terminated hyperbranched polyester was used to improve the tensile properties of DGEBA/anhydride shape memory resin at room and deformation temperatures. The research showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) was decreased slightly when the amount of HBP was lower than 5%. After that, Tg got raised gradually. The tensile properties of shape memory epoxy resin were improved effectively with the addition of HBP. The elongation at break and tensile strength at room temperature were promoted by 14.6% and 7.6% separately. Besides, the elongation at break and tensile strength at deformation temperature were increased by 27.7% and 57.3% at most. SEM analysis showed that when the HBP was introduced in a relatively low amount, the DGEBA/anhydride/HBP system formed into homogeneous phase. But when the amount of HBP was larger than 10%, the phase separation in resin system appeared and the ductility was not improved.
  • Preparation and corrosion properties of composite waterborne polyurethane coating
    YANG Wenjing,WANG Qihui,LI Xueming,LI Yong,JI Yongliang,NIU Lidan
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 46-50. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.009
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    Waterborne polyurethane coating has some shortages in adhesion, compactness, andcontractility which limits its application in the field of metal anti-corrosion coatings. In this paper, the waterborne polyurethane was modified to overcome the shortcomings of lacking reactive functional groups and low degree of cross linking. The properties of waterborne polyurethane coating were investigated. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) shows that the composite polyurethane was successfully prepared and thermogravimetry (TG) shows that the coating has excellent thermostability. In addition,tafel curve and electrochemical impedance were applied to study the electrochemical behaviors of different coatings made at diverse —NCO/—OH value in 5% NaCl solution. The results showed that the corrosion current of blank galvanize steel sheet was 6.48×10-5 A/cm2 and the impedance value was 349.6 Ω·cm2. As the —NCO/—OH value was 1.90, the corrosion current was 1.83×10-7 A/cm2 and the impedance value was 666 723 Ω·cm2, which had the best performance.
  • Study of the conductivity on the electroless plating silver glass fiber modified with mercapto group
    LI Jinlong, WANG Qingwei, WANG Hongzhi, NING Wei, GAO Jie, LI Zihao
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 51-55. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.010
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    The Silver-coated glass fibers were used broadly as electromagnetic shielding materials due to the excellent conductivity. After modified with 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (KH580), glass fibers were coated with silver with the electroless plating method due to the chelation reaction of mercapto group with Ag ions. The glass fiber filament resistivity was measured by Electrochemical Workstation. Results showed: because it was difficult to form single molecular layer film with the low concentration of KH580, the resitivity of fiber is high. However, when the concentration of KH580 was too high, it raised again as a result of hydrophibic of multilayer assembly films which prevent the forming of silver layer. Therefore, when the concentration of KH580 was 2%, the plating of glass fibre was dense and uniform, and the ultrasonic concussion confirmed further that there was a high fastness adhesion between the silver coating and glass fibers. Electrical resistivity of as-prepared fiber was only 7.2×10-7 Ω·m.
  • Simulation of influence of fiber variety to bending properties of 3D curved shallow-crossing linking woven composites
    FENG Guyu,CAO Haijian, QIAN Kun
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 56-60. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.011
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    A new structural model, was built to study the bending properties, with the help of finite element software ANSYS Workbench, of three-dimensional curved shallow-crossing linking woven composites (3D composites), using mapping software Pro/Engineer. Material of fibers were defined as E-glass fiber and carbon fiber respectively, resin matrix was defined as epoxy resin E51. The distribution of stress & strain on fibers,resin and 3D composites, as well as the failure mode, was discussed and predicted respectively, under 1 kN bending loads. Simulated result is compared with test result qualitatively. The results show that, the 3D composites with E-glass fiber as fiber-reinforcement present larger stress and strain and damage more easier than the carbon one; the main failure mode of the 3D composites was deformation of fibers, separation between fibers and resin and resin fracture, under 1 kN bending loads.
  • Hot deformation behavior of AA2195 alloy during isothermal compression at elevated temperature
    DENG Zanhui,LI Shiqing,WU Yang,WANG Bin,ZHANG Zhiqing,HUANG Guangjie
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 61-67. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.012
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    The hot deformation behavior of 2195 aluminium-lithium alloy during hot compression deformation was studied with the temperature range from 400 to 500 ℃, and the strain rate range from 0. 001 to 10 s-1 by isothermal compression test at Gleeble-3500 thermal mechanical simulator. The microstructure evolution of samples were characterized using the optical microscopy (OM). Processing maps at various strain for 2195 alloy were developed using dynamic materials model (DMM) theory. The results show that the flow stress affected by temperature and strain rate, it decreases with increasing temperature, increases with increasing strain rate. The flow stress of 2195 alloy during high temperature deformation can be expressed by a Zener-Hollomon parameter. The values of A, a and n1 in the analytical expressions of flow stress (σ) are fitted to be 7.08018×1012s1, 0.01473 and 5.42929. The hot deformation activation energy of 2195 alloy during hot deformation is 190.27 kJ/mol. The optimum hog-working condition for AA2195 aluminum alloy is determined to be in the temperature range of 400-430 ℃, 442-475 ℃ under strain rates of 0.01-0.2 s-1 and 477-500 ℃ under strain rates of 0.01-0.3 s-1.
  • Effect of polyurethane-processing on the properties of foam cement
    LIN Yijun, LIU Ping, WANG Jianyan, TANG Aidong, PAN Chunyue
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 68-71. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.013
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    The effect of macro morphology of polyurethane on density, porous structure, water absorption, thermal conductivity and strength of the foam cement was studied by means of polyurethane solvent sinking and water-blown foam filling. And the interaction mechanism was furtherly investigated as well. The results showed that the density and water absorption of water-blown polyurethane filled foam cement was reduced and enhanced, respectively. The compression of the proceed was increased and then decreased with the increasing of the diameter of filled hole. However, the water absorption of weight and coefficient of thermal conductivity of foam cement board with polyurethane sinked was decreased 37.2wt% and 32.4%, respectively, and the compressive strength of that product was increased by 364%.
  • Effects of solvents on properties of silver paste for back electrode of silicon solar cells
    TANG Sengjin, PENG Shuai, ZOU Wen
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 72-75. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.014
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    System of terpineol molecule-diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate-tributyl citrate was used in experimentals. The effect of solvents on properties of silver paste for back electrode of silicon solar cells was investigated by changed the weight ratio of three solvents. The products were characterized by SEM,TG-DTA. The results showed when weight ratio of terpineol molecule: diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate: tributyl citrate was 2∶2∶3, back silver paste which was prepared by the mixed solvents had a compact film, an excellent solder tension, and a better photoelectric property.
  • The effect of Li and Li-based compound additions on the hydrogen storage properties of 17Mg/12Al composite
    LAN Zhiqiang, LV Shaoxia, ZENG Ke, JING Hui, GUO Jin
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 76-80. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.015
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    In this work, 17Mg/12Al was synthesized by sintering and then milling with Li, LiH and LiAlH4 to prepared 17Mg/12Al+10M(M=0,Li,LiH,LiAlH4) composites. The results show that the sintered 17Mg/12Al composite is mainly compose of Mg17Al12 and Mg2Al3, and the Mg17Al12 and Mg2Al3 phase transform into FCC structure Mg-Al solid solution after milled for 20 h. The hydrogen capacity and the thermodynamics property of 17Mg/12Al can be improved by Li or Li-based compound. Such as the hydrogen storage capacity and the activation energy of the 17Mg/12Al composite is 1.73wt% and 194.5 kJ/mol. While for the 17Mg/12Al+10M(M=Li,LiH,LiAlH4) composites, the hydrogen storage capacity increases to 2.23wt%,2.36wt%,1.81wt% and the activation energy reduces to 172.8,146.3 and 155.4 kJ/mol, respectively.
  • Preparation and characterization of docosane/expanded graphite composite phase change materials
    LI Yuntao,YAN Hua,WANG Hongtao,YU Rongsheng,HU Zhide
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 81-86. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.016
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    Based on the good thermal properties and adsorption of expanded graphite, docosane/expanded graphite(EG) composite phase change materials were prepared by melt blending method, expanded graphite as adsorption medium and docosane as phase change materials. Characterization of the composite phase change materials were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, comprehensive thermal analyzer and X-ray diffraction. The results showed, the expanded graphite had network like porous structure and packaged the docosane by physical combination, and the stability was increased. The particle is small and has good uniformity, and the dispersity was enhanced. With the increase of EG content, the thermal conductivity enhanced and the thermal stability increased. The phase transition temperature of composite phase change materials with docosane decreased slightly, the super cooling phenomenon had been improved, and had high latent heat. Therefore the optimum content of EG should be controlled at around 10wt%.
  • Application of bentonite/S composite for lithium-sulfur batteries
    NING Chaofan, PAN Junan, CHENG Hao, YUAN Guolong, XIE Shuhong
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 87-90. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.017
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    Bentonite/S composite with 50% sulfur for lithium-sulfur batteries is obtained by heat treatment with bentonite as carrier of element sulfur. The structure, morphology and pore size of the composite are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Brunauer Emme-Teller (BET) techniques. The electrochemical properties of lithium-sulfur batteries are analyzed by charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests. It is shown that the first specific discharge capacity of bentonite-sulfur cathode is about 795.6 mAh/g at 0.2 C current rate in the voltage range of 1.0-3.0 V, and it remains 488.5 mAh/g after 100 cycles, which is 61.3% of the initial cycle. Under 0.5 C current density, the first discharge capacity is 586.0 mAh/g, and maintains 421.5 mAh/g after 100 cycles, corresponding to 71.8% of the initial cycle.
  • Effect of processing route on rheological properties ofAl2O3-SiO2/PAA suspensions
    CHEN Jiajia, YIN Bo, CHEN Jiaojiao, CHEN Han, GUO Lucun
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 91-95. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.018
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    The dispersion and stability of aqueous Al2O3/SiO2 binary colloidal system were investigated at different pH values. Based on the above experiment, the rheological properties of the binary suspensions of Al2O3-SiO2 containing PAA was tested by decentralized route. The experimental results show that in the absence of dispersant, the rheological properties of Al2O3-SiO2 binary suspensions as a function of pH was divided into three sections. At pH＜2.0 and pH＞9.0, the binary suspension was well-dispersed. At pH=2.0-9.0, the binary suspension was strongly flocculated, and had higher degree of flocculation than the unary suspension. However, it was well-dispersed by adding PAA at pH 2.0-9.0. The minimum amount of PAA was 0.8wt% by using the common adding ways at pH=6.0. After changing the processing route, the minimum amount could be reduced by 50%, only 0.4wt%. The results show that a heterogeneous distribution of PAA on particle surface in the Al2O3-SiO2 slurries, and the pheonmenon could be avoided by optimization of processing route. In addition, with the optimization of processing route containing PAA in Al2O3-SiO2 binary suspensions, the system obtained superior anti-electrolyte performance. At the same time, effect of soild loading on rheological properties of slurries was moderated.
  • Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Na3V2(PO4)3/C as cathode materials for sodium ion batteries
    RUAN Yanli,ZHENG Bin,WANG Kun,LIU Ping
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 96-100. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.019
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    In this study, the Na3V2(PO4)3/C composites were successfully synthesized by different methods. The structure and electrochemical properties of Na3V2(PO4)3/C composites were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrum, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of synthetic method on the structure and performance of the cathode material was investigated. Na3V2(PO4)3/C composite with a particle size of 50 nm was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method. This study demonstrates that growth of large particles can be effectively inhibited in the hydrothermal method, and the composite show a smaller and more uniform particle size. The electrochemical tests show that the initial discharge capacity of the composite was 117.3 mAh/g at 0.1 C rate and the capacity retention rate was 97.3% after 50 cycles. Even at a high charge-discharge rate of 2 C, it still delivered a discharge capacity of 81.6 mAh/g and maintained this capacity after 10 cycles.
  • PVDF/PMMA/PEG/TiO2 polymer diaphragm preparation
    GAO Hong, HAN Jian
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 101-104. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.020
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    Lithium ion battery gel polymer electrolyte is a kind of special state between solid and liquid, gel polymer electrolyte has both solid electrolyte and good mechanical properties, but also has similar conductivity of liquid electrolyte ion, which plays an important role to improve the comprehensive performance of the battery. In order to improve the electrical conductivity and reduce the crystallinity of PVDF based polymer membranes, the main research of this topic is the contents for modified the PVDF polymer material, the concrete content is that blend PVDF and PMMA polymer, inorganic nano materials TiO2 and PEG, with the modified of the wet process(dry-wet process)to make it. Through testing the porosity and fluid absorption rate, the combination of scanning electron microscopy SEM and electrochemical workstation to test the sample characterization, finally the best one is: polymer of solvent percentage is 8%, PMMA accounted for 30% of the polymer mass, PEG content is 30%,nano TiO2 addition amount of 5%, the solvent content is 3%, the reaction temperature is 45 ℃. Ionic conductivity of PVDF/PMMA/PEG/TiO2 polymer of up to 5.2 mS/cm, the imbibition rate reached 345%, tensile strength is 1 183 kg/cm2, the electrochemical stability window was 4.68 V, higher than 4.5 V, the electrolyte system compatibility and conductivity is significantly improved. To meet the normal needs of lithium ion batteries.
  • Research on pressure sensor characteristics of conductive rubber polymer composites
    ZHANG Yuexian, Li Bin
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 105-109. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.021
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    Flexible filled conductive polymer composites have the feature of piezoresistive effect. Based on the force sensitivity, special performance of pressure sensing of conductive rubber are researched. Experimental materials and syntheses are determined. After that the carbon black filled conductive silicone rubber is prepared. For further study, main factors affecting of pressure sensing of conductive rubber composite materials are analyzed. The gas phase and liquid phase method respectively applied on carbon black surface by oxidation pretreatment. This method can improve the dispersion of carbon black in the matrix material effectively and enhance the pressure sensing performance of conductive rubber. Two components silicone rubber matrix has better piezoresistive performance than single component silicone rubber matrix. In the process of pressure sensor, the viscosity of silicone rubber matrix is higher, the better piezoresistive characteristic, the shorter resistance relaxation time, and the smaller coefficient of resistance hysteresis. It can strengthen the force sensitive effect of the composite materials and promote and improve the pressure sensing performance by the method of conductive rubber combined with multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
  • O2 molecules in F doped anatase TiO2 (001) to study the adsorption effect on the surface
    LIU Huazhong,MA Weichuan
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 110-114. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.022
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    Using the DFT+U method, we investigated the influence of F-dopants on the activities of TiO2 anatase (001) surface. Three kinds of F-dopants including FⅠ, FⅡ and FⅢ, which are the F-dopants substituting a surface O2C atom, or a surface O3C atom, or an O3C atom below a surface Ti5C atom, were considered. The results of interaction between F-doped surfaces and molecules show that FⅠ dopant raises the stability of surface, while FⅢ dopant raises the activity of surface. The surface doped with FⅡ has an activity similar to the pristine one. The results show that the adsorption of O2 molecule can be strengthened significantly by the three kinds of F-dopants. The electronic structure analysis shows that Ti3+ induced by F-dopants plays an important role in enhancing interaction between gas molecules and TiO2 surfaces.
  • Study on the effect of crosslinking of glutaraldehyde on properties of polyvinyl alcohol microcapsules with sinomenine hydrochloride and in vitro cytotoxicity
    WANG Changmeng, ZHANG Feng, ZHANG Wen, LI Xuanying, ZHANG Hua, LI Wei, GAO Min
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 115-119. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.06.023
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    Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microcapsules carrying Sinomenine hydrochloride (SM) were prepared by W/O/W double emulsion interfacial polymerization technique with glutaraldehyde as a cross linker. The effects of content of cross linker on structure of SM-PVA microcapsules were studied by SEM and FT-IR.In vitro release and cytotoxicity were studied by dynamic membrane dialysis and MTT method respectively. The results showed that SM-PVA microcapsules were approximate to spheres, smooth with almost homogeneous structure. The thickness of capsule wall was increased with increasing the content of glutaraldehyde. The in vitro release results demonstrated glutaraldehyde dosage and pH value had a significant effect on drug release. The cell experiments showed that SM-PVA microcapsules have no cytotoxicity to L929 cell. The research indicates that SM-PVA microcapsules have good controlled release characteristics and biological activity, which can be used as a potential delivery system.
  • Study on hydration mechanism of basic magnesium sulfate cement
    WU Chengyou,XING Sainan, ZHANG Wuyu, JIANG Ningshan, ZHANG Huifang,YU Hongfa
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 120-124. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.024
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    The mechanism of basic magnesium sulfate cement was studied by hydration heat determination, XRD, IR and pH tracking. Results show that the hydration of basic magnesium sulfate cement can be divided into five stages that is initial period, induction period, acceleration period, deceleration period and stationary period. Stable organic magnesium hydration layer forms in active magnesia surface after adding additives, which extends the induction period time. The formation of organic magnesium hydration layer inhibit the generation of Mg(OH)2 and induce 5Mg(OH)2·MgSO4·7H2O phase. Besides, influences of storage time and material proportion on hydration, strength and setting time of basic magnesium sulfate have been studied. Results show that the induction period time and setting time become longer and early strength decrease with the extending of storage time. In basic sulfate magnesium cement, the more active magnesia consists, the higher heat evolution and compressive strength and the lower flowability become.
  • Preparation and thermal storage experiment of paraffin/carbon foam phase change composite
    ZHANG Jingchi, SHENG Qiang, TONG Tiefeng, REN Weijia
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 125-130. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.025
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    Paraffin/carbon foam composite phase change materials (PCMs) were prepared by using eicosane (C20) as latent heat storage PCM. The thermal properties of C20 were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of carbon foam and C20/carbon foam were obtained. An experimental investigation on three thermal storage units (TSUs) with different kinds of materials filling state (C20, C20/carbon foam, C20/copper foam) had been carried out. The temperature data of TSUs had been recorded and analyzed. Compared to the results of pure C20 TSU, the effect of the foam materials on phase change heat transfer was very significant. The results showed that foam composite phase change material (FCPCM) TSUs could reduce the heating rate during the charging process. The solidification time of the C20/carbon TSU was reduced by 30% than the pure C20 TSU during the discharging process.
  • Study on manufacturing technology and acoustic property of nonwoven jute fibers composites
    ZHOU Yong, SUN Xiaochen, ZHANG Xingwei, ZHOU Yian, GUO Yunli, JIA Yuxi
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 131-135. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.026
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    Adopting the nonwoven technology of jute fiber and 4080 polyester fiber with skin-core structure, green and biodegradable composite structures were manufactured through thermal bonding presetting and then hot pressing technique which was suitable for continuous industrial production. The material formula was optimized by the mechanical performance test and micro-morphology characterization after considering such factors as material source and cost. The effect of molding temperature, pressure and holding time on the tensile properties of jute fiber composites was studied by the controlling variable method. The acoustic absorption property of the composite was studied by transfer function method and the result indicated that this composite had obvious advantages in noise reduction when applied as car interior parts. Finally, the sound absorption mechanism of jute/4080 composite was discussed.
  • Construction of collagen/alginate interpenetrating network hydrogeland influence of the hydrogel on cell behavior
    SONG Yizhe, REN Ying, LOU Ruyun, WANG Xiuli, YU Weiting, MA Xiaojun
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 136-140. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.027
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    Methodologies to prepare alginate/collagen interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) hydrogel were established by mixing sodium alginate and collagen together. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the circular dichroism (CD) measurement indicate that the structure integrity of collagen is still maintained after the alginate treatment, while the analysis of water contact angle and SEM suggest that the hydrophobicity of the gels was improved and the structure of Col/Alg hydrogel was looser compared to pure calcium alginate gel, which was good for cell adhesion. HSF cells became well attached on the Col/Alg hydrogel and were elongated and spread out well in the Col/Alg hydrogel, which indicated that the collagen molecules existed in the surface and inner of the IPN hydrogel. Cell viability could be highly maintained in the Col/Alg hydrogel compartment, which will be a new mode to study the behavior of cell migration.
  • Influence of thickness on hydrogen permeation properties of alumina coating
    ZHANG Hua, LI Shuai, HE Di, DU Miao, WU Yunyi, WANG Shumao,LIU Xiaopeng, JIANG Lijun
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 141-144. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.028
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    Alumina coatings (Al2O3) were deposited on 316L stainless steel by reactive sputtering. The effect of film thickness of Al2O3 on the microstructure and hydrogen permeation property was investigated, and the thermal cycling behavior was also evaluated. The microstructure of coatings was examined by SEM, and the hydrogen permeation behavior of coatings was measured by a gas-phase hydrogen permeation apparatus. The hydrogen permeation pressure exponents of the coatings are 0.52-0.88, which indicates hydrogen permeation of coating is surface and diffusion limited, and the diffusion effect is enhanced as the temperature rising. With the Al2O3 thickening, its microstructure and hydrogen permeation properties increase first and then decrease. Furthermore, Al2O3 film of 110 nm offers excellent hydrogen permeation suppression performance, with the PRF values before and after thermal cycling of 316 and 298, respectively.
  • Preparation and film properties of terpolymer P(PEGMA-co-DEAEMA-co-MMA)
    WANG Yue,LI Xiaojie,SHI Dongjian,DONG Weifu,CHEN Mingqing
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 145-150. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.029
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    A new type of pH sensitive terpolymers was synthesized by free radical polymerization of polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA), diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). The obtained poly(polyethylene glycol methacrylate-co-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) (PEDM1-6) were characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). Among them, the PEGM4 with adjusted tensile strength and elongation properties was used to prepare polymer film by a solvent evaporation method. The pH sensitivity of the resulting polymer film were investigated by contact angle measurements. In addition, the wettability and surface morphology of the films were found to be controllable by changing the type and amount of the solvents. Moreover, the cell adhesion behavior on varying film surface were also investigated.
  • Fabrication and characterization of electrospun PLA/CNCs nanofibrous films
    LIU Guoxiang,HUAN Siqi,HAN Guangping,CHENG Wanli,LI Chao
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 151-155. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.030
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    An electrospinning process was successfully utilized to fabricate poly(lactic acid)/cellulose nanocrystals (PLA/CNCs) nanofibrous films. The morphological, crystallinity, thermal and mechanical properties of the PLA/CNCs nanofibrous composite films were investigated. The SEM results showed that the bead-on-string nanofibers gradually decreased with increasing the CNC content, while the fiber diameter increased. The crystallinity index (CI) of the nanofibrous film with 11wt% CNC content was up to 87.9%, compared with degree of crystallinity for the pure PLA nanofibrous film. The maximum thermal decomposition temperature was increased from 369.36 to 380.02 ℃ as CNC content increased from 0 to 11%. Tensile test indicated that the tensile strength of the PLA/CNC nanofibrous films was significantly increased with increasing CNC content. The nanofibrous film with 11wt% CNCs showed the maximum tensile stress(3.76 N) and the highest tensile strength (4.58 MPa), which improved 289% and 159% respectively compared with the pure PLA film.
  • Study on acid alkali-resistance performance and mechanism of magnesium phosphate cement
    JIANG Zichao,WANG Hongtao,DAI Fengle,ZHANG Shihao,DING Jianhua,XUE Ming
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 156-161. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.031
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    In this experiment, the corrosion of magnesia phosphate cement (MPC) was studied by means of mass loss, compressive strength loss, phase analysis, micro morphology analysis. Research results show that sulphoacid and sodium hydroxide solution can cause corrosion of MPC. The main hydration products MgKPO4·6H2O (MKP) and unhydrated magnesium oxide can react with sulphoacid. Erosion effect of low concentration sodium hydroxide solution on MPC is very small, similar to pure water for MPC’s corrosion. The Corrosion effect of high concentration sodium hydroxide solution on MPC is serious, because sodium hydroxide react with MKP generating the dissolved matter.
  • Influence of nano-TiO2 on physical and mechanical properties of cement-fly ash systems
    MA Baoguo, MEI Junpeng, TAN Hongbo, LI Hainan, PEI Ouyang
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 162-167. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.032
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    This paper presents the effect of nano-TiO2 (NT) on physical and mechanical properties of cement-based materials containing 20% and 40% (by weight) fly ash (FA) as partial replacement of cement. The fluidity of mortars and the setting time of pastes were tested with different NT dosage. The compressive strength of mortars is measured at 3, 7, 28 and 90 d. Results show that the addition of NT could accelerate initial and final setting and decrease the fluidity, while FA had the opposite effects. Introducing NT would lead to a considerable increase in early strength while it had an adverse effect on later strength. However, the positive functions of FA in later strength could offset the negative influence of NT and the optimum contents of NT and FA are 3% and 20%, respectively. Then the mechanisms of NT on properties of FA-cement materials are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of the analyses indicate that incorporating NT promoted the formation and precipitation of hydration products. Furthermore, in the strength development process, NT could accelerate the consumption rate of CH and raise the pozzolanic reaction degree of FA. Also, the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of FA mortars were improved by NT.
  • Effects of zirconium, copper and homogenization treatment on propertiesof thermal-resistant aluminum alloy electrical rod with high conductivity
    GONG Xiangpeng,ZHANG Xiaoyan,HUANG Xin,ZHANG Junjie,LIN Tingyi
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 168-172. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.033
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    The effects of Zr,Cu and homogenization treatment on microstructures and properties of thermal-resistant aluminum alloy electrical rod with high conductivity were investigated by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis and other methods. The results show that: The specimen has good comprehensive properties after treatment of "adding Zr(0.10%)Cu(0.08%)+ 300 ℃×16 h homogenization treatment +83% rolling ", the conductivity of specimen is 59.5%IACS, tensile strength reachs 149 MPa and the tensile strength remnant ratio is 94.3% after 230 ℃×1 h heat preservation.
  • Preparation and properties of starch nanocrystal/poly(lactic acid) composites
    ZHANG Rongrong, CAO Xing, LUO Weihua, YUAN Guangming,LI Bang, LIU Meihua
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 173-176. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.034
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    Starch nanocrystals (SNCs) were prepared by acid hydrolysis of corn starch, grafting modified poly(lactic acid) (mPLA) was prepared using maleic anhydride and methyl acrylate as monomers through the melt grafting method. Then SNC, mPLA and PLA were compounded to prepare composites via solution casting technique. The structure and properties of SNC/PLA composites were analyzed by FT-IR, mechanical testing, SEM, WAXD and simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (DSC-TG). Results show that adding mPLA into SNC/PLA composites improves the compatibilization between SNC and PLA and decreases agglomeration of SNC significantly. The tensile strength of SNC/PLA composites first increases then decreases with the content of mPLA, when the content of mPLA is 12%, it increases about 32.1% in comparison with that of non compatibilized composite. With the addition of mPLA, the PLA phase in SNC/PLA composites exhibits higher crystallinity but smaller crystalline size,the thermal stability of PLA is also improved.
    • Process & Technology
  • Effect of talcum powder amount on the viscoelastic behavior of FKM in hot acid environment
    LI Shize, KANG Hailan, HAO Yongsheng, FANG Qinghong
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 177-181. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.035
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    This article studies the influence of the talcum powder amounts on mechanical properties of FKM in the hot HCl solution. The experimental results showed that the talcum powder can obviously improve the mechanical properties of FKM. At 100 ℃ soaked in 10% Hcl solution for 24 h, FKM filled with 40 phr of talcum powder keep better mechanical properties; In 100 ℃ and 10% Hcl solution for creep and stress relaxation test after 1 h, the experiment results showed that adding 40 phr of talcum powder in FKM, minimum creep and stress relaxation can be obtained; FT-IR spectra exhibited that the main chain of C—H of FKM was finally oxidized to —COOH in acidic environment; The morphology of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies have demonstrated that the proportion of talcum powder with 40 phr can be dispersed in the FKM.
  • Preparation of alumina micro-cylinders by Micro-FAST
    GUO Jian, CHEN Yi, YANG Gang, PAN Xiuxiu, YIN Deqiang
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 182-185. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.036
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    Alumina micro-cylinders were prepared by micro-forming fields activated sintering technology (Micro-FAST) and the effect of sintering temperature on the densification of micro-cylinders by Micro-FAST was researched in the paper. The results show that the process of densification by Micro-FAST can be divided into four stages including preheating period, temperature rising period, soaking stage and cooling stage, and sample line contraction occurs mainly in the heating stage. In addition, sintering temperature is the important factor influencing the atomic diffusion coefficient, in which the sample linear shrinkage and relative density increase with the raise of sintering temperature. Moreover, the average sintering activation energy of aluminum oxide ceramics prepared by Micro-FAST is much smaller than that of traditional vacuum sintering, which means that Micro-FAST is a kind of activated sintering technology
  • Synthesis and hydrophobicity of Cu/C superhydrophobic surface derived from white pine template
    LIU Guiju, WANG Tianchi
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 186-189. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.037
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    This study used white pine wood as template to prepare Cu/C surface through immersing of Cu(NO3)2 solution, sintering, modification of Fluorine silane. Cu/C surface remained the porous microstructure of white pine well, and exhibited excellent superhydrophobic properties with a water contact angle of about 158°. The properties were investigated by SEM, XRD, and contact angle measurement instrument.
  • Model building and design of self-sustaining piezoelectric generator based on piezoelectric ceramic
    LI Hui,SHEN Dongxiang,WANG Biao,BING Haoqian
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 190-195. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.038
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    In order to solve the electrical power of wireless sensor network in floating bridge monitoring system, a self-sustaining piezoelectric generator was shown in the paper. The key feature of the generator was the self-sustaining structure constituted by spring-mass block assembly, which changes the mechanical energy produced by the floating bridge’s work environment into vibration excitation source, then makes continuous load effect to prolong generating time. The structure design of self-sustaining piezoelectric generator, and the fabricating process of cymbal piezoelectric array were shown firstly. Based on the stress analysis of cymbal piezoelectric structure, the formulas of output voltage, electric charge and electric energy of self-sustaining piezoelectric generator, the effect factors of the power generation characteristics were discussed.
  • Hot pressing process of recombinant bamboo based on response surface methodology
    ZUO Yingfeng, WU Yiqiang, XIAO Junhua, LI Xianjun, LONG Kequan
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 196-200. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.039
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    Recombinant bamboo was prepared with 3-4 years old phyllostachys pubescen as raw material and the independent research and development of mid-temperature temperature curing phenol-formaldehyde resin as adhesive. The effect of density, hot pressing temperature and time on the properties of recombinant bamboo was studied by response surface optimization method. The optimized process of the hot pressing process was obtained. The results showed that the influence on the mechanical properties of recombinant bamboo was followed by the density > hot pressing temperature > hot pressing time. The optimum hot pressing process conditions that the density was 1.03 g/cm3, the hot pressing temperature was 121 ℃ and the hot pressing time was 1.13 mm/min. At this moment, the static bending strength was 160.39 MPa and the internal bond strength was 2.583 MPa, close to the theory value maximum of 163.581 and 2.64299 MPa for static bending strength and internal bond strength, showing the optimized result believable.
  • Preparation of hydrophobic/superhydrophobic Si surfaces and dynamic characteristics of drop moving on these surfaces
    LI Xiaolei,ZHANG Lei,MA Xiaowen,ZHANG Huichen
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 201-209. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.040
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    Based on the technology of reactive ion etching and self-assembled monolayers, the Si specimens with different hydrophobicity were attained. The static contact angle and roll angle of specimens are measured. After dripping, the dynamic characteristics of drop moving on the Si surface were researched by the high speed camera system. The results show that, when the heights of micro pillar arrays are different, the relationships between water contact angle and spacing of micro pillar arrays are different. The roll angle increases with the increase of pillars’ height while decreases with the increase of pillars’ spacing. In addition, after dripping down to the horizontal Si surface possessed roll angle, the spread coefficient and rebound coefficient of drop will decline gradually, and the larger the roll angle is, the quicker the decline rate. If the Si surface is inclined, and the incline angle is smaller than the roll angle, the jump distance will be smaller. The larger the roll angle is, the quicker the distance decreases. On the contrary, if the incline angle is bigger than the roll angle, the jump distance will increase. However, the larger the roll angle is, the slower the distance increases.
  • Synthesis of core-shell α-Fe2O3 and enhanced gas-sensing performance
    ZHOU Xiaofei, ZOU Yanzhao, LIN Guo, WANG Hong, HUANG Enlong
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 210-214. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.041
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    Core-shell α-Fe2O3 was synthesized by a hydrothermal method. We investigated Influence of hydrothermal temperature on morphology and structure of the product. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that hydrothermal temperature played a critical role in morphology of the samples. Core-shell α-Fe2O3 showed good selectivity, rapid responding and recovering, and high sensitivities toward formaldehyde and ethanol. The response value of core-shell α-Fe2O3 to 100×10-6 ethanol was about 6 times higher than that of the block.
  • Optimization for saponification of lignin-based selective adsorbent by response surface methodology
    YAO Qingxin,WANG Bei,YANG Hougui,XIE Jianjun
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 215-219. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.042
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    The saponification hydrolysis of adsorbent composites comprising of bentonite/sodium lignosulfonate graft-polymerized with acrylamide (BLPAM) were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM). In the process, the concentration of NaOH, saponification temperature and saponification time were used as response variables and the adsorption capacity of lead ions, the adsorption capacity of copper ions, the selective coefficient of lead to copper ions, the removal ratio of lead ions and the removal ratio of copper ions were studied. The Box-Behnken mathematical relational model between response variables and response values was established and the saponification conditions were optimized. Then, combination weighting method was applied to determine the index weights and the optimized saponification conditions considering all response values were obtained. Results have shown that the optimized saponification conditions of BLPAM were as follows: the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 1.45 mol/L, the saponification temperature is 98℃, the saponification time is 2.90 h. The adsorption capacities of the saponified BLPAM for Pb2+and Cu2+ in Pb2+/Cu2+ binary solution are 1.772 and 1.719 mmol/g, respectively, the selective coefficient of Pb2+ to Cu2+ is 1.604, and the removal ratios of Pb2+ and Cu2+ are 96.062% and 93.864%, respectively.
  • Constant dc anodic oxidation method to construct lotus-leaf-like structure of alumina membrane
    HU Wei, LI Cheng, LI Min, YIN Chengyong, WANG Yanhui,ZHENG shunli
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 220-225. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.043
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    Due to the pointed-island shaped structure and the low surface energy, lotus leaf has performance of super hydrophobic,it can not be affected by the adhesion of water,and has the ability of biological self-purification. Lotus-leaf-like structure built on the surface of metals has been applied in field of metal anti-corrosion. This research by means of anodizing on pure aluminum foil in the phosphate solution,and constant dc low voltage method to the anodize oxidation, build lotus-leaf-like alumina membrane. The appearance and the performance of the alumina oxide film were characterized and the contact Angle is 152.24°.The self corrosion potential of the Superhydrophobic film is shifted positively by 0.1 V in 3.5wt%NaCl solution.and the corrosion current density is decreased by 3 orders 0f magnitude,thus improving the resistance to corrosion of aluminum foil effective.
  • Preparation of superhydrophobic film on copper substrate and its anticorrosion behaviors under dry/wet alternative environment
    CAO Huaijie,CHEN Shougang,LIU Ying
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 226-230. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.044
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    In this study, the superhydrophobic film with a water contact angle above 150° was realized on copper substrate by electrodepositing micro- and nanostructured copper followed by modification of 1-dodecanethiol. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy result with the impedance value of about 106.1 Ω·cm2 which increases by 2.4 order of magnitude than bare copper in the low frequency region, and the potentiodynamic polarization measurements with a anodic polarization current density of about 1.02×10-8 A/cm2, which indicate that the film shows excellent corrosion resistance performance. The superhydrophobic film treated under dry/wet alternative conditions to simulate marine tidal range zone environment has the lowest anticorrosion property compared with the anticorrosion behaviors in dry and wet conditions. The results of the elelctrochemical tests demonstrate that the film still presents good anti-corrosion ability after dry/wet alternative 28 cycles, with nearly integral morphology and slightly smaller impedance.
  • Basic research of printing silver conductive lines by droplet ejection
    XIAO Yuan,JIANG Long,CHEN Lan,LUO Jun
    功能材料. 2016, 47(11): 231-236. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2016.11.045
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    In view of the problems of limited wire width, and great difficulty and high cost of ink preparation existing in the process of preparation of flexible conductive lines by current screen printing and inkjet printing technology, a method based on droplet ejection technology combined with chemical deposition for forming conductive lines is proposed. Using built double nozzle pneumatic droplet ejection device, on-demand jet experiment is carried out with a concentration of 1.96 mol/L of silver nitrate and 1.31 mol/L of ascorbic acid solution. On this basis, experiment of forming silver lines with different sedimentary sequence in A4 copy paper is conducted, and square resistance measurement and microstructure research of formed silver conductive lines with different sedimentary sequence are conducted. Results show that a complete dynamic process and morphology change of droplets forming of two materials are obtained by using high-speed cameras. Results of square resistance measurement show that with the increase in sedimentary sequence, the mean square resistance of silver conductive lines decreases from 2.659 to 0.045 Ω/□, the standard deviation of square resistance decreases from 2.563 to 0.022 Ω/□. SEM pictures of conductive lines with different sedimentary sequence show that with the increase in sedimentary sequence, the hole inside silver conductive lines reduces, the number of particles of silver increases.
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