30 March 2023, Volume 54 Issue 3

    

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Focuses & Concerns(The Project of Chongqing Press Fund in 2022)
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  Research progress on materials, structure and preparation technology of articular cartilage scaffolds

  LIU Tian, WANG Zhen, CHU Bin, CHEN Changsheng, ZHAO Xiaowen, XING Lu, ZUO Jiasheng, WANG Song, LIU Weiqiang

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3001-3011. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.001

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  Cartilage is a kind of translucent tissue whose main function is to transmit and absorb stress as well as reduce friction. Due to the complexity of structure and function, damaged cartilage is difficult to repair and regenerate. The treatment of cartilage defect is still a major clinical problem. With the vigorous development of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering artificial cartilage technology is expected to play an important role in the field of cartilage repair and treatment. In this review, the anatomical structure and functional characteristics of different layers of natural articular cartilage have been firstly introduced. Then, the latest progress of artificial cartilage tissue engineering technology has been summarized from the aspects of artificial cartilage scaffold construction materials, structural design and preparation technology. Finally, the main problems and future development directions of artificial cartilage scaffolds have been discussed. This review may provide reference for relevant research in the future.
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  Innovative applications of degradable plastics in packaging

  CHEN Lei, WANG Ziqing, LIU Shengdong, HUANG Wanjun, ZHAO Li, MIN Yonggang, LIU Yidong

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3012-3018. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.002

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  With the release of the domestic plastic restriction order, degradable plastics have become a current research hotspot. The cost of packaging bags made from widely used degradable plastics such as PLA, PBAT and other plastic masterbatches is high, and it cannot well adapt to the existing market rules. The PBS plastic was foamed and adhered to the paper material by using TPU and starch to prepare a new type of degradable packaging bag. This new type of degradable packaging bag has a resilience of 153 N on one side and a degradation rate of 52.6% in 45 days. It is low in cost, environmentally friendly and non-toxic. It is a good choice for promoting degradable plastics.
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  Near-infrared(NIR)-II luminescence properties of CaF₂:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺/X(X= Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺)

  LU Zhao, WEI Huixin, ZHAI Chunpeng

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3019-3023. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.003

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  A series of CaF₂:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ nanoparticles were prepared by thermal decomposition method, the NIR-II luminescence performance were optimized through changing the doping concentration of Yb³⁺ and Er³⁺. The result shows that when the doping concentration of Yb³⁺ is 20%, and that of Er³⁺ is 2%, the NIR-II luminescence performance is best excited by a 980 nm light source. The nanoparticles also have a good dispersion and the size is uniform. Different alkaline earth metal ions (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) co-doped were further studied. The result indicates that the co-doping of K⁺ or Na⁺ are both in favor of the promotion of NIR-II luminescence performance. Instead, the NIR-II luminescence goes down after the Li⁺ co-doping, because the nanoparticles cannot nucleate well. Compared with the Na⁺, the ionic radius of K⁺ is larger, which is conducive to break the local symmetry of the crystal field. Therefore, the NIR-II luminescence performance is best after the K⁺ co-doping.
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  Tribological properties of coating for fuel cell air compressor foil gas bearing

  ZHANG Shuaishuai, WANG Xiaoli, HU Yanqiang, LI Zhihao, WANG Chenfei

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3024-3028. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.004

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  In order to decrease wear during the start-stop process of the foil gas bearing for the fuel cell air compressor, a self-lubricating soft coating is required on the surface of the top foil. However, the existing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based or epoxy-based soft coating have problems such as high friction coefficient or poor wear resistance. Therefore, in this paper, polyimide(PI)-based solid lubricating coating is prepared on nickel-based superalloy foils. The effects of coating thickness, mass fraction of MoS₂ nanoparticle and temperature on the tribological properties of the coating are studied and compared with commercial PTFE coating. The results show that with the thickness increasing, the friction coefficient of the prepared PI composite coating is basically unchanged at first and then increases, and there is an optimal coating thickness to minimize the friction coefficient. With the mass fraction of MoS₂ nanoparticles increasing, the friction coefficient and wear rate of the PI composite coating first decrease and then increase. When the mass fraction is 2.5%, the friction coefficient of the PI composite coating is as low as 0.173, and the wear rate is as low as 9.14×10^-6 mm³/(Nm). With the temperature increasing, the friction coefficient and wear rate of the PI composite coating first decrease and then increase, and the friction coefficient is in the range of 0.081~0.173, while the wear rate is in the range of 3.77×10^-6~9.14×10^-6 mm³/(Nm). Compared with the commercial PTFE coating, the maximum reduction of friction coefficient of PI composite coating is 43.4%, while the wear rate decreases by nearly two orders of magnitude.
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  Soft magnetic and noise suppression properties of FeCoNiMnY high-entropy thin films

  WU Yuanyuan, ZHU Yingli, LI Xiangcheng, CHEN Pingan, ZHU Boquan

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3029-3033. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.005

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  FeCoNiMnY films were prepared by electrochemical deposition. Their properties were characterized by XRD, VSM, and VNA. The effects of different Y element concentrations on the phase change, soft magnetic properties, and noise suppression were studied. The results show that element Y increases coercivity (from 12.09 kA/m to 21.7 kA/m) caused by grain growth. In addition, the lattice distortion induced by the addition of element Y increases the resistivity of high-entropy films (up to 336 μΩ mm). The maximum power loss ratio of FeCoNiMnY high-entropy films could reach 0.84 at 6.1 GHz. The above results indicate that the FeCoNiMnY noise suppression sheet has great potential in anti-EMI applications at gigahertz frequencies.
Review & Advance
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  Research progress of Co₃O₄/C composite supercapacitor materials

  HU Wenquan, WU Wenlong, LI Xiang, WANG Xiaoliang, MENG Chao, WANG Ming, YANG Shaobin, WANG Xuelei

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3034-3041. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.006

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  As a supercapacitor material, Co₃O₄ has attracted much attention due to its advantages of high theoretical specific capacity, low price and cost, non-toxic environmental protection and abundant reserves. However, it is still a huge challenge to prepare Co₃O₄ supercapacitor material with excellent electrochemical performance. The electrochemical performance of Co₃O₄ supercapacitor material was improved by compounding with carbon material with outstanding electrical conductivity. In this paper, the synthesis methods of Co₃O₄/C composite supercapacitor materials are reviewed, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are summarized, and the factors affecting the electrochemical performance of Co₃O₄/C composite supercapacitor materials are analyzed. Finally, the problems and development prospects of Co₃O₄/C composite supercapacitor materials are pointed out.
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  Research progress of crosslinking agents for self-assembly of 3D graphene

  LEI Xue, LIU Ning, BI Hui, FENG He, ZHANG Zhijun, WAN Dongyun

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3042-3051. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.007

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  3D graphene not only maintains the excellent properties of 2D graphene, but also has the advantages of low density, high porosity, large specific surface area and so on. However, with the continuous development of graphene-based composites, there is an urgent need to inject new functional components on the basis of 3D graphene structures to achieve different applications. The introduction of crosslinking agents makes macroscopic 3D graphene with special structure and excellent performance, as well as a variety of application prospects. This paper reviewed the recent advances for preparation of 3D graphene based on crosslinking reagents, respectively from crosslinking mechanism, crosslinking agent, and effect of crosslinking agent on properties of 3D graphene. Finally, existent challenges and prospects involved crosslinking reagents were also discussed, providing references for subsequent studies.
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  Research progress in the preparation of tetrapyrrole based organic porous materials and their application in battery

  LI Chunhua, HAO Xinmeng, SHANG Hong

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3052-3059. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.008

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  An organic porous material based on tetrapyrrole compounds has the advantages of adjustable porosity, modifiable skeleton, uniform active site, etc. Due to their controllable electronic structure, the performance of tetrapyrrole organic porous materials has attracted widespread attentions in terms of electron and ion transport in various electrochemical energy storage devices. In this paper, the classification of tetrapyrrole porous materials and their preparation strategies were summarized, and the performance in improving the electrochemical properties of battery were reviewed.
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  Research progress of biomass foam materials

  YUAN Wenbin, CAO Ming, DU Guanben, ZHOU Xiaojian

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3060-3070. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.009

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  China is rich in agricultural and forestry biomass resources, but the low utilization rate results in great waste. With the depletion of petrochemical resources, biomass materials have increasingly attracted attention. Various biomass substitutes have been gradually explored and studied, and more kinds of green environmentally friendly foam materials are widely used because of their lightweight and excellent nature. This paper mainly introduces the preparation of foam materials by replacing non-renewable petroleum resources with biomass materials (starch, lignin, cellulose, vegetable oil, tannin), and summarizes the main foaming mechanism, research progress and potential application fields of various types of foams.
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  Research status and prospect of 4D printing stimuli-responsive shape memory smart materials

  QI Xin, LI Hao, CHEN Wengang, ZHANG Wei, GAO Peng, WANG Yuan

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3071-3078. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.010

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  4D printing technology is a variable characteristics rapid prototyping technology, which is mainly based on 3D printing. It additively manufactures the desired object with intelligent materials. The molding firmware can be stimulated by the external environment, in terms of its shape, structure or function of the time dimension changes. Since the technology was proposed, it has attracted the attention of a large number of scholars. With the continuous deepening of research on 4D printing technology, this technology plays a significant advantage in the interdisciplinary integration. This paper first reviews the research status of shape memory intelligent materials in 4D printing, and then elaborates the application research of 4D printing technology based on shape memory intelligent materials in the fields of medical, bionic, military and life product manufacturing. Finally it looks forward to the potential applications and challenges of 4D printing shape memory intelligent materials in the future development.
Research & Development
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  Dielectric properties of Sr/Nb-doped (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.94Ba_0.06TiO₃ ceramics

  LU Ronghua, JI Hongfen, MA Xianlei, PAN Ziyue, YANG Zhiqiang, PANG Lixia

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3079-3086. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.011

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  Sr, Nb-doped BNBT lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method. Crystal structure, surface morphology and dielectric properties of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dielectric spectrometer. Results indicated that BNBT ceramics exhibit a pure perovskite structure, and BNBT-3SN, BNBT-3SN-3Sr and BNBT-3SN-1Nb ceramics reveal a small amount of second phase in addition to the main phase perovskite structure. The distribution of grain size was uniform. The dielectric stability for BNBT-3SN ceramics were improved to a range of 40-406 ℃, because the dielectric peak T_s of BNBT ceramic shifted toward a lower temperature and the degree of dispersion was enhanced by SrNb₂O₆-doping. At high temperature, it was found that all the samples exhibited grain boundary conduction mechanism through impedance spectroscopy research. The conductivity of BNBT-3SN ceramics can be modulated by Sr and Nb doping through adjusting the concentration of oxygen vacancy. Sr doping could decrease the activation, increase the oxygen vacancy concentration and improve the electrical conductivity. However, Nb doping could reduce the oxygen vacancy concentration by a compensating effect, thus resulting in a decrease of electrical conductivity.
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  Preparation of amorphous CoFe(OH)_x electrocatalytic materials by the stencil method

  ZHOU Zhiyu, CHEN Junxue, LI Yibing, JIANG Xuexian

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3087-3091. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.012

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  The development of transition metal electrocatalysts with efficient and durable activity of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is important for clean hydrogen production. In this paper, amorphous binary metal hydroxides CoFe(OH)_x were prepared by the template method. The phase structure and micromorphology of the catalyst were characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction instrument (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), and laser Raman confocal microscope Raman spectrometer (Raman). The catalytic performance of the catalyst in the oxygen precipitation reaction was investigated by the standard three-electrode system in an alkaline solution of 1 mol/L KOH with a saturated N₂ atmosphere. Because of the presence of a large number of defects and reactive sites in the amorphous structure as well as intermetallic synergy, the overpotential of CoFe(OH)_x/65 was 288 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm² by electrochemical testing. In addition, it showed good OER stability without significant weakening during 14 h of stable operation.
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  Preparation of GR@Ni composite electrode and its electrochemical properties

  YAN Shenglong, QIAO Zhijun, ZHANG Zhijia, YU Zhenyang, GOU Jinlong, WANG Wenqiang, PANG Zhiheng

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3092-3098. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.013

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  The porous graphene/nickel composite electrode was prepared by nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS), high-temperature sintering and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The effects of sintering temperature and gas flow rate on the properties of composite electrodes were clarified. The results show that the catalytically grown graphene can be uniformly coated on the porous nickel film after sintering at 850 °C with C₂H₂ flow rate of 2 mL/min. As a result, 3DPNGNs composite as an anode for SIBs exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance in terms of high specific capability (260 mAh/g at 100 mA/g after 100 cycles), excellent cycling stability (84％ after 500 cycles) and an impressive specific capability (150 mA/g at 1 000 mA/g after 500 cycles).
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  Theoretical calculation of elastic properties of cubic Mg₃P₂

  QIN Zhenxin, SHI Xiaobo, LI Shina

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3099-3105. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.014

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  In this paper, on the basis of density functional theory (DFT), the elastic properties of cubic Ia3 phase of magnesium phosphide (Mg₃P₂) were studied theoretically by first principles calculation and elastic theory. The independent elastic constants and elastic compliance constants of Mg₃P₂ in cubic Ia3 phase are obtained by using two methods of calculating elastic constants, namely energy-strain (E-S) and stress-strain (S-S). By comparing the elastic constants of single crystals calculated by the two methods, it is shown that the S-S method is in better agreement with the literature values of previous researchers. Therefore, the polycrystalline elastic modulus of cubic Ia3Mg₃P₂, such as elastic modulus E and shear modulus G, are obtained on the basis of the S-S method, as well as a series of physical parameters such as B/G, Poisson's ratio and anisotropy factor. It is shown that cubic Ia3Mg₃P₂ satisfies the mechanical stability condition of cubic phase, which proves that it is a structure in mechanical stability state. At the same time, the calculated physical parameters show that cubic Ia3Mg₃P₂ has the characteristics of toughness. In order to further analyze and verify the characteristics of the materials, we calculated the Vickers hardness. By analyzing the calculated anisotropy factors and the 3D surface images of elastic modulus, linear compression coefficient and shear modulus, which represents the dependence of the elastic properties on the crystal direction, both show that the degree of anisotropy of cubic Ia3Mg₃P₂ is weak, and the latter is more intuitive. In addition, Debye temperature of Ia3Mg₃P₂ and sound velocity in different directions are also calculated in this paper. The results show that the interatomic force of Ia3Mg₃P₂ is weak, and the longitudinal wave propagates the fastest along the direction [111] and the shear wave propagates the slowest along the direction [110] under the condition of zero temperature and zero pressure.
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  Preparation and properties of TDA-HDA/expanded graphite composite phase change materials

  ZHANG Wanxin, SUN Zhigao

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3106-3112. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.015

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  Fatty amines as organic phase change materials have the characteristics of high phase change enthalpy, non-toxic and low corrosion, stable chemical properties and so on, which have a wide application prospects in the fields of medium-low temperature phase change energy storage such as building envelope. Tetradecylamine-hexadecylamine/expanded graphite (TDA-HDA/EG) composite phase change materials were prepared by using expanded graphite with its high thermal conductivity as porous medium to adsorb tetradecylamine-hexadecylamine (TDA-HDA) binary eutectic phase change materials, where the mass fractions of expanded graphite is 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. And the densities is 600, 700, 800 and 900 kg/m³. The properties of TDA-HDA/EG were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, DSC, step-cooling curve, thermal conductivity tester and TG tester. The experimental results show that when the mass fraction of EG is 10%, it can completely adsorb TDA-HDA binary material, whose enthalpy of phase transition is about 226.7 W/g, and the melting and solidification temperatures are 27.48 ℃ and 21.86 ℃, respectively. The enthalpy of phase transition of TDA-HDA/EG is about 90% of that of TDA-HDA (249.0 W/g), and the thermal conductivity of TDA-HDA/EG can be increased to 373%-500% of that of TDA-HDA. When the density of TDA-HDA/EG reaches 800 kg/m³, the increase of thermal conductivity of TDA-HDA/EG reduces with the increase of its density. The thermal stability of TDA-HDA/EG is good during thermal cycling. The infrared spectrum results show that there is no chemical reaction between the binary material and EG. The TG test results show that the phase change material is stable in the normal temperature range, which is suitable for the temperature range of building envelope.
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  Preparation and performance study of stainless steel fiber felt-loaded molybdenum disulfide

  GAN Shuping, WANG Yian, LIN Hua, XIAO Ling, YANG Peiwen

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3113-3122. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.016

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  The molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) was loaded on the stainless steel fiber felt (SSFF) by hydrothermal synthesis method to prepare SSFF-MoS₂ in this study. The effects of (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O concentration, molybdenum-sulfur atomic ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature on the electrochemical performance of SSFF-MoS₂ were investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), fully automatic specific surface, porosity analyzer (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were physically characterized to reveal the differences between SSFF-CK and SSFF-MoS₂ prepared under optimal conditions. The results show that SSFF-MoS₂ prepared at a reactant concentration of 0.005 mol/L, a molybdenum-sulfur atomic ratio of 1∶4, a reaction time of 24 h and a reaction temperature of 180 ℃ had a stronger current response, lower internal resistance and higher exchange current density. The physical characterization results show that MoS₂ was successfully loaded on the surface of SSFF, and the specific surface area of the SSFF-MoS₂ composite prepared under optimal conditions was 2.14 times that of SSFF-CK. This study is expected to use SSFF-MoS₂ as cathode for microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to improve the cathode performance.
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  Preparation and properties of acicular nickel wire self-healing polyurethane

  JIANG Rijia, ZHENG Xiangyu, ZHOU Xing

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3123-3127. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.017

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  Acicular nickel wire was prepared by hydrothermal method, and their internal structure and microstructure was studied by XRD and SEM. The results show that the main component of the sample is nickel, the diameter of the nickel wire is 1.16 μm, and each nickel wire is composed of 200 nm acicular nickel nanoparticles. Then, the mechanical properties, self-healing properties and electrical conductivity of self-healing polyurethane modified by acicular nickel wire were studied by doping nickel wire as conductive filler and reinforcing material. The results show that the mechanical properties of the self-healing polyurethane doped with nickel wire are improved by 52%, the self-healing efficiency is up to 78%, and the resistivity is reduced to 4 Ω·mm. Comprehensive analysis shows that the incorporation of nickel wire not only enhances the mechanical properties of the self-healing polyurethane, but also improves the electrical conductivity of the self-healing polyurethane.
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  Dynamics of transverse domain wall movement in CoFeB nanostrips driven by spin waves

  JI Yue, WANG Xu, ZHANG Delin, JIANG Yong

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3128-3133. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.018

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  CoFeB has the large saturation magnetization and low damping constant, which makes it a suitable material to fabricate the memory devices by controlling domain wall moving. In this paper, we investigate the kinetic interactions between spin waves and transverse domain walls in CoFeB nanostrips by means of micromagnetic simulations. The simulation results show that the speed and direction of domain wall movement are not only influenced by the spin wave frequency, but also closely related to the applied magnetic field strength and nanostrip's width. When the spin wave frequency is low, the domain wall is difficult to be driven. As the spin wave frequency increases, the domain wall starts to move in the direction opposite to the propagation of the spin wave. With the increase of the strength of the applied magnetic field, the velocity of the domain wall moving in the reverse direction increases and then decreases until it becomes forward. When the spin wave frequency is higher than 7 GHz, the domain wall moves in the same direction as the spin wave propagation, and the velocity of the domain wall shows a multi-peak feature with the spin wave frequency, with the maximum velocity obtained to be 384 m/s. When the domain wall moves forward, its velocity gradually increases with the increase of the strength of the applied magnetic field. As the width of the nanostrip increases, both the mass of the domain wall and the inhomogeneity of the effective field increase, causing the maximum velocity of the domain wall to increase and then decrease. The use of CoFeB nanostrips can effectively improve the domain wall velocity, and the strength of the applied magnetic field and the width of the nanostrip have a significant effect on the domain wall velocity, which provides a new way to optimize the device performance.
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  Study on durability of recycled aggregate pervious concrete under different freezing-thawing media based on weibull distribution

  QIAO Hongxia, SU Rui, LI Qiong, SUN Xin

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3134-3142. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.019

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  In order to explore the durability change rule of recycled aggregate permeable concrete (RPC) under different environment, three kinds of recycled aggregate replacement rate (, 30%, 50%) and four kinds of freeze-thaw medium (H₂O, 3.5%NaCl, 5%Na₂SO₄, 3.5%NaCl+5%Na₂SO₄) were used as variables to carry out freeze-thaw test. The mass loss rate and relative compressive strength loss rate of RPC were measured regularly. RPC was sampled and analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the relative compressive strength loss rate of RPC under freeze-thaw test, the Weibull function was used to predict the life of RPC. The results show that under the same environment, the mass loss rate and relative compressive strength loss rate of RPC increase with the increase of recycled aggregate replacement rate. Under the same recycled aggregate replacement rate, 3.5%NaCl, 5%Na₂SO₄ and 3.5%NaCl+5%Na₂SO₄ accelerate the freeze-thaw damage of RPC, and 3.5%NaCl+5%Na₂SO₄ has the most serious influence on the mass loss rate and the relative compressive strength loss rate of RPC. From SEM analysis, it can be seen that the internal pores and the number of erosion products of RPC are significantly different due to the changes of cycles and freezing-thawing media. NaCl and Na₂SO₄ play a mutually reinforcing role in the erosion and failure of RPC. According to the life prediction results, the reliability degradation duration of RPC-0 in H₂O is the longest, which is about 4 675 h. The reliability degradation duration of RPC-50 in 3.5%NaCl+5%Na₂SO₄ solution is the shortest, which is about 2 200 h. It indirectly shows that NaCl and Na₂SO₄ have serious corrosion on RPC.
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  Study on mechanics and durability of iron tailings recycled concrete

  TAO Yaping, LAI Tianwen

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3143-3148. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.020

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  Using C30 concrete as recycled coarse aggregate and iron tailing sand instead of natural river sand, recycled concrete with different iron tailing sand replacement rates (0, 25 wt%, 50 wt%, 75 wt% and 100 wt%) was prepared. The effects of different iron tailings replacement rate on the mechanical properties, micro morphology and durability of recycled concrete were studied. The results showed that the compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of recycled concrete increased first and then decreased with the increase of iron tailings sand replacement rate, and the mechanical properties of recycled concrete with 50 wt% iron tailings sand replacement rate were the best. Adding an appropriate amount of iron tailings could fill the cracks and pores between recycled concrete aggregates, improved the structural compactness of recycled concrete and improved the microstructure of concrete. The carbonation depth of recycled concrete with 50 wt% iron tailings sand replacement rate after 28 d of carbonation treatment was 4.1 mm, and the carbonation resistance was the best. After 80 freeze-thaw cycles, the relative dynamic elastic modulus of recycled concrete with 50 wt% iron tailings sand replacement rate was 94.53%, the mass loss rate was -0.11%, and the frost resistance was the best. It can be seen that when the replacement rate of iron tailings sand is 50 wt%, the mechanical properties, micro morphology and durability of recycled concrete can be effectively improved.
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  Preparation of MoS₂/Mo_xN heterostructures and their electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance

  HUANG Shicheng, HAO Weiqian, HUANG Zuo, ZHANG Ruijia, ZHANG Beiwei, ZHOU Yulong

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3149-3155. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.021

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  Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanosheets are a promising electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution material that is expected to replace noble metal materials. The disadvantage of molybdenum disulfide is poor electrical conductivity and high energy barrier for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). To overcome this shortcoming, we introduce Mo₂N, which is simple to prepare and has good conductivity, as a matrix. By the hydrothermal method, MoS₂ nanosheets were uniformly grown on the surface of Mo₂N particles, which on the one hand increased the conductivity of the material, and on the other hand, the MoS₂/Mo_xN heterostructure formed by MoS₂ and Mo₂N effectively enhanced the desorption of H₂O, thereby improving the HER performance. The structure, morphology and properties of MoS₂/Mo_xN were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical workstation. The experimental results show that MoS₂ nanosheets grow uniformly on the surface of Mo₂N particles to form a heterostructure, and the material obtained by hydrothermal treatment for 12 h has the best performance. MoS₂/Mo_xN was used as the working electrode, and the carbon rod and Ag/AgCl electrode were used as the counter electrode and the reference electrode, respectively, for the HER test. The overpotential is only 248 mV at -10 mA/cm², the Tafel slope is 93.5 mV/dec, and the stability is superior.
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  Preparation and study of CaCl₂·6H₂O/expanded graphite composite phase change material

  HU Mingyu, WU Qiong, HU Jiale, LI Dongxu

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3156-3161. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.022

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  A composite phase change material was prepared by means of porous matrix adsorption method with CaCl₂·6H₂O as a phase change material, and expanded graphite as a carrier of the phase change material. The properties, composition and structure of the materials are studied by tests. The results show that the maximum adsorption capacity of CaCl₂·6H₂O in the composite PCM is 90%. The phase transition temperature and latent heat of the CaCl₂·6H₂O/EG composite PCM are 29.78 ℃ and 128.43 J/g, respectively. The CaCl₂·6H₂O in CaCl₂·6H₂O/EG can be tightly adsorbed in pores or adhered on the flakes of EG, so the phase transition temperature, latent heat of the CaCl₂·6H₂O/EG and the structure of CaCl₂·6H₂O can keep stable during the thermal cycles test. The chamber test shows that the test chamber with CaCl₂·6H₂O/EG partition wall can effectively reduce the maximum temperature, greatly delay the time to reach the maximum temperature and significantly slow down the temperature fluctuation of the chamber. Therefore, CaCl₂·6H₂O/EG materials are of great significance for building energy saving.
Process & Technology
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  Influence of rare earth Y doping on the thermoelectric properties of PrBa_1-xSr_xCo₂O_5+δ ceramic

  WANG Jiao, WANG Feifei, HAO Haoshan, WANG Yuan, LIU Shaohui

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3162-3166. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.023

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  Rare earth Y doped PrBaCo₂O_5+δ thermoelectric ceramics were prepared by traditional ceramic. The effects of rare earth Y doping on the crystal structure and thermoelectric properties of PrBaCo₂O_5+δ oxide thermoelectric ceramics were studied by XRD and thermoelectric performance testing system. The test results show that Pr_1-xY_xBaCo₂O_5+δ thermoelectric ceramics are double-layer perovskite structure. Within the test temperature range, the Seebeck coefficients of Pr_1-xY_xBaCo₂O_5+δ (x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) thermoelectric ceramics are positive, indicating that the conductive carrier of the thermoelectric ceramics is a hole, which is a p-type semiconductor. Rare earth Y doping can significantly improve the conductivity of Pr_1-xY_xBaCo₂O_5+δ thermoelectric ceramics. On the contrary, the Seebeck coefficient of Pr_1-xY_xBaCo₂O_5+δ thermoelectric ceramics decreases. Pr_0.5Y_0.5BaCo₂O_5+δ thermoelectric ceramics have a maximum power factor of 79.4 μW/(m·K²) at 1 073 K.
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  Preparation and properties of silicone thermal conductive composites based on modified carbonnanotubes

  WU Zhijun, ZHOU Xiaosong, LIU Canqun

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3167-3173. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.024

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  Carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were functionalized by 3, 4-difluorophenylbicyclohexylethylene (ECFB) liquid crystal, and the silicone nanocomposites were prepared by using ECFB-MWCNTs as the filler of silicone resin. The non-covalent bonding between ECFB and MWCNTs was completely revealed using various characterization methods such as UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermal conductivity meter were used to characterize the properties of the samples. The results show that ECFB liquid crystals are beneficial to improve the dispersion of MWCNTs in silicon composites and effectively improve the thermal conductivity of silicon nanocomposites. When the mass fraction of carbon nanotubes is 11 wt%, the thermal conductivity of ECFB-MWCNTs/silicone composite is 0.8101 W/(m·K), which is 5.3 times that of pure silicone rubber and 2.3 times that of the same ratio of MWCNTs/silicone material. It also shows that the modification of carbon nanotubes by liquid crystal has a broad application prospect in nanocomposite thermal conductive materials.
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  Preparation and performance analysis of polyester fiberglass composites for construction

  SUN Yapo

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3174-3178. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.025

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  In this paper, unsaturated polyester resin was selected as the matrix material, glass fiber as the reinforcing phase, and polyester glass fiber composites with different glass fiber doping (0, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt% and 20 wt%) were prepared by molding process. The effects of glass fiber on the micro morphology, thermal stability, tensile properties and bending properties of the composites were analyzed. The results show that the glass fiber and unsaturated polyester in the polyester glass fiber composites are mainly physical effects, and the glass fiber can be closely combined with the polyester substrate after doping, and the distribution is directional. The decomposition temperature of polyester glass fiber composites first increases and then decreases with the increase of glass fiber doping, and the heat resistance improves. T_50% of the composites with 15 wt% glass fiber doping reaches the maximum value of 368.47 ℃. The mechanical properties test shows that with the increase of glass fiber doping, the tensile strength and impact strength of polyester glass fiber composites first increase and then decrease, and the fracture elongation and bending strength continue to decrease. The mechanical properties of 15 wt% glass fiber doped polyester glass fiber composites are the best, with the maximum tensile strength of 26.1 MPa, the fracture elongation of 2.6%, the maximum impact strength of 8.1 MPa and the bending strength of 30.5 MPa.
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  Up-conversion photoluminescence of (La_0.88Yb_0.10Ho_0.02)₂W₂O₉ phosphor and dual-mode thermometry

  GONG Changshuai, XUE Xuyan, FENG Xiaowen, WANG Jiantong, WANG Bowen, WANG Xuejiao

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3179-3186. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.026

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  In this work, Yb-Ho co-doped La₂W₂O₉ nanocrystals were prepared by co-precipitation followed calcination method. The precursors and the calcination products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and fluorescence spectroscopy (PL/PLE). The upconversion luminescence including power/temperature dependent emission, decay kinetics of the main emission, emission color, underlying UC mechanism, and luminescence thermometric performance were systematically investigated. The results show that (La_0.88Yb_0.1Ho_0.02)₂W₂O₉ phosphor has the strongest emission at 654 nm under 980 nm laser excitation, corresponding to the ⁵F₅→⁵I₈ transition of Ho³⁺ ions. The up-conversion luminescence of the phosphor was studied in the temperature range of 298-548 K. It is found that the obtained phosphor can be used as dual-mode thermometry via fluorescence intensity ratio mode (FIR) and fluorescence lifetime mode (FL). The fluorescence intensity ratios of the strongest emission of ⁵F₅→⁵I₈ (654 nm) to that of (⁵F₄,⁵S₂)→⁵I₈ (544 nm) and (⁵F₄,⁵S₂)→⁵I₇ (759 nm) transition respectively were used for temperature measurement. The maximum absolute sensitivity (S_A) and relative sensitivity (S_R) of I₆₅₄/I₇₅₉ were 266×10^-4 and 3266×1010^-4/K. The maximum absolute sensitivity (S_A) of I₆₅₄/I₅₄₄ was 81×10^-4/K, and the maximum relative sensitivity (S_R) was 3427×10^-4/K. With the increase of temperature, the luminescence color of the phosphor changed obviously from green at room temperature to orange-red at high temperature. In addition, the fluorescence lifetime of the main emission of the obtained phosphor was applied for thermometry. In the range of 298-548 K, the fluorescence lifetime of the main emission shows an exponential decrease trend with the increasing temperature. The maximum values of S_A and S_R measured by FL mode are 997×10^-4/K and 1184×10^-4/K, respectively.
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  Effects of pulse width on the structure and properties of MoS₂ films deposited by pulse magnetron sputtering

  DAN Min, CHEN Lunjiang, HE Yanbin, WAN Junhao, ZHANG Hong, ZHANG Kejia, YANG Yin, JIN Fanya

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3187-3193. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.027

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  To meet the solid lubrication requirements for the connection modules in the first-wall shielding cladding of the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER), MoS₂ coatings with low friction are deposited on the A286 nickel-based alloy by unipolar pulsed magnetron sputtering. The effects of processing parameters on the microstructure, morphology, and mechanical properties of the coatings are studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and in situ nanomechanical tests and the tribological properties under ambient conditions are determined by ball-on-disk wear tests. The preferred orientations of the MoS₂ coatings change from (002) to (100) and then back to (002) as the bias voltage is increased. The grain size increases initially and then decreases but the grain size shows a different trend with duty cycles at different pulsed bias voltages. Sample S-2 has better bearing capacity and elasticity and the resilience of the optimal coating is 63.45 GPa and hard-elastic ratio is 0.80. When the contact Hertz stress is 1 500 MPa, the coating shows the smallest average friction coefficient (0.054) and wear rate (2.11×10^-5 mm³/(Nm)), which is only 5.49% of the substrate.
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  Improving performance of binary sugar alcoholnanocapsules by doping silicon carbide

  SHAN Shaofei, ZHANG Guangping, MO Songping, JIA Lisi, CHEN Ying

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3194-3200. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.028

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  Mannitol and inositol, as sugar alcohol phase change materials with high latent heat, have wide application prospects in medium temperature thermal energy storage. The phase change temperature of binary sugar alcohol can be adjusted by changing the proportion of the sugar alcohol components, thus the temperature range of application is wider than that of one-component sugar alcohol. There are some problems such as leakage, oxidation and supercooling during the thermal cycles of sugar alcohols. Micro/nanoencapsulation of sugar alcohols and addition of nucleating agent are effective measures to solve the problems. In this paper, silicon carbide doped mannitol and inositol binary sugar alcohol nanocapsules were prepared. Phase change characteristics and thermal stability of the nanocapsules were studied by differential scanning calorimeter, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analyzer and thermal cycling test, and the influence of silicon carbide was discussed. The results show that the nanocapsules have high phase change enthalpy, high encapsulation rate and high energy storage efficiency. The thermal decomposition temperature is higher than that of the binary sugar alcohol. The supercooling degree of the nanocapsules decreases by 32.2 ℃ compared with the binary sugar alcohol after thermal cycling.
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  Effect and simulation of rare earth strontium alu minate on heat storage process of wood-derived composites

  WANG Mingjie, WAN Qian, HE Zhengbin, YI Songlin

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3201-3207. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.029

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  Heat storage technology (TES) can effectively improve the thermal performance of building materials. Phase change materials used for TES have high heat storage and good biocompatibility, but low thermal conductivity and low heat transfer efficiency. By TES technology, new wood-derived composites with different SAED content were prepared with delignin wood (DW) as the carrier, polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the heat storage material, and SrO·Al₂O₃:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ (SAED) as the thermal conductivity material. Meanwhile, the influence of SAED content on the thermal properties of wood-derived composites was investigated. Combined with the actual process, the heat transfer model of the heat storage process is established and solved. The results show that the thermal conductivity and heating rate of 40%SAED/PEG/DW are 57.14% and 29.76% higher than that of pure PEG/DW, respectively. The model was used to solve the pure PEG/DW, 20%, 30% and 40% SAED/PEG/DW heat storage process, and the standard error SE was 1.35 ℃, 1.92 ℃, 1.73 ℃ and 1.35 ℃ respectively by comparing the actual value and the simulated predicted value. The prediction errors PE are 2.82%, -0.41%, -0.19% and -0.55%, respectively. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measured results, which can effectively predict the temperature change of the heat storage process and guide the actual production.
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  Catalyst-free preparation of carbonmicrocoil arrays and enhanced microwave absorption performance

  WANG Zhijun, LIU Xinglong, WU Zhiqing, CAO Ruozhao, LIU Hao, TAO Feng

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3208-3216. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.030

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  The efficient and low-cost preparation of light and high-performance carbon-based absorbing materials is a great challenge. In this study, carbon microcoil arrays were successfully fabricated through a catalyst-free strategy using vascular bundles in waste tea as templates. The carbon microcoil arrays consist of carbon micron coils arranged in orientation, including a hierarchical porous structure composed of macropores channels, slit spiral pores, and micropores on the surface of the carbon microcoil. This unique porous array structure reflects good impedance matching, which is conducive to the incident electromagnetic wave fully entering the absorber. Increasing the interaction area of electrical coupling and magnetic coupling, as well as the reflection and scattering loss path of the electromagnetic wave, is conducive to the absorption loss of electromagnetic wave. Moreover, oxygen-rich functional groups on the surface of carbon coils provide rich polarization centers and enhance the polarization loss of microwave absorption. The results show that the carbon microcoil array is a kind of light and strong absorbing microwave absorber, and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth (fe) can reach 5.5 GHz when the filler ratio is 10 wt%. While the filler ratio is 15 wt%, the maximum reflection loss (RL_min) is -45.09 dB. Therefore, the prepared carbon microcoil arrays are regarded as light and strong microwave absorbers, and their preparation method can expand to other biomass materials. The catalyst-free preparation method of vascular bundle-based carbon coil arrays also can be applied to other biomass.
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  Preparation and durability experimental analysis of epoxy resin modified cement concrete

  LIANG Xuejie

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3217-3223. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.031

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  Aiming at the problems of insufficient flexural strength and low durability of cement concrete, this paper prepared concrete with different content of epoxy resin (0%, 3 wt%, 6 wt%, 9 wt%) by using epoxy resin as doping phase, and analyzed the influence of epoxy resin on the mechanical properties, micro appearance and durability of cement concrete. The results show that the doping of epoxy resin accelerates the hydration reaction, reduces the number of cracks and pores, and improves the density of concrete. The compressive strength and flexural strength both increased first and then decreased with the increase of resin doping. The compressive strength and flexural strength of the concrete with 6 wt% epoxy resin doping reached the maximum values of 43.8 and 7.9 Mpa respectively when cured for 28 d, which increased by 18.70% and 29.51% respectively compared with the concrete without resin doping. The chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete decreases first and then increases with the increase of resin doping amount. The chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete with 6 wt% epoxy resin doping content for 28 d is the lowest of 7.7×10^-8 cm/s, and the chloride ion corrosion resistance is the best. When the number of freeze-thaw cycles reaches 80, the concrete with 6 wt% epoxy resin doping has the lowest mass loss rate of -0.13%, the highest relative dynamic elastic modulus of 94.86%, the lowest wear amount of 0.66 kg/m², and the wear amount reduction rate of 46.77%. It has excellent durability.
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  Cr³⁺, In³⁺, and Sb³⁺ doped BiVO₄ for electrocatalytic generation of hydrogen peroxide via the water oxidation reaction

  XIE Yinqiong, XIA Lixin, LU Zhujing, LIAN Xin, GUO Wenlong, LIU Xi

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3224-3230. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.032

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  Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as an environmentally friendly chemical has been used in a wide range of applications. Compared with the traditional anthraquinone method, the electrocatalytic preparation of H₂O₂ via the two-electron water oxidation reaction (2e^- WOR) has the advantages of simple reaction process, few toxic by-products, and in-situ synthesis. In this work, BiVO₄ thin films doped with different concentrations and different kinds of metal ions (Cr³⁺, In³⁺, and Sb³⁺) were prepared by the spin-coating method. The performances of these films for electrocatalytic synthesis of H₂O₂ via the WOR were systematically measured. The results show that the doping of Cr³⁺ improves the current density of BiVO₄, where the current density of the 3% Cr:BiVO₄ electrode is about 29 mA/cm² at 3.08 V vs RHE; the doping of In³⁺ and Sb³⁺ increase the selectivity of BiVO₄ for the 2e^- WOR.
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  Mechanical properties and microstructure analysis of AlTiCrNiTa/(AlTiCrNiTa)N multilayer coatings prepared by magnetron sputtering

  HE Hengji, ZHAO Sha, LIU Chunhai, LIU Sujuan, YI Jun, CHANG Hong

  Jorunal of Functional Materials. 2023, 54(3): 3231-3236. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2023.03.033

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  A multilayer coating with AlTiCrNiTa high entropy alloy layer and (AlTiCrNiTa)N high entropy alloy nitride layer alternately modulated coating was prepared on Zr-4 substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering with flexible and adjustable flow rate of N₂. By means of field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), automatic scratch and nanoindentation, the microstructure, crystal structure, nanohardness and bonding strength of multi-layer coatings with modulation periods of 2, 4, 8 and 20 were analyzed. The experimental results show that the multi-layer coating is composed of amorphous AlTiCrNiTa and FCC (AlTiCrNiTa)N, and the nanohardness of the coating decreases first and then increases with the increase of the number of layers, reaching 52.31 GPa when the modulation period is 20. In addition, the bond strength of all multilayers to the substrate is greater than 100 N.