28 February 2022, Volume 53 Issue 2

    

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Focuses & Concerns (The Project of Chongqing Press Fund in 2021)
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  Research progress ofultra high conductivity graphene copper composites

  DING Yi, WANG Haitian, SUN Yupeng, ZHANG Yu, LIAO Qingliang, PANG Zhen, ZHU Zhixiang, CHEN Xin, CHEN Shu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2001-2006. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.001

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  Ultra high conductivity copper refers to copper matrix composites with conductivity higher than 100% IACS at room temperature. In the copper matrix composites, the choice of reinforcement would have a significant impact on the conductivity of the composites. In recent years, with the further study of carbon nanotubes and graphene, carbon nanomaterials with good intrinsic properties have gradually become a hot topic. In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, many emerging fields, such as aerospace, fine metal parts, sensors and so on, put forward higher requirements for the conductivity of materials, and the demand for ultra-high conductivity copper is also increasingly urgent. In this paper, the development status of ultra-high conductivity copper is reviewed, including application material system, gain mechanism, research status and future application prospect.
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  Study on visible light degradation performance of bismuth tungstate doped by cesium and strontium

  LI Dongmei, WANG Ziliang, YANG Lei, LIU Jinyan, YANG Huimin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2007-2011. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.002

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  Bismuth tungstate doped with 1% Sr or Cs is hydrothermally synthesized. XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, XPS, UV-Vis and EIS are used to characterize the morphology and crystal structure of the prepared catalysts, and their catalytic performance are valued through catalytic degradation of acid fuchsin. The results indicate that doping of Sr and Cs does not affect the phase structure of bismuth tungstate. The arrangement of nanosheets becomes more regular after doping, the diameter of nanospheres becomes smaller, and the specific surface area of the catalyst increases. Since the radius of Cs⁺ (167 nm) is greater than that of Sr²⁺ (118 nm), the lattice mismatch of Cs-Bi₂WO₆ is higher than that of Sr-Bi₂WO₆, resulting in the band gap reduces, the absorption shifts to red, and the oxygen deficiency increases. Therefore the photocatalytic degradation performance of Cs-Bi₂WO₆ is significantly higher than those of Sr-Bi₂WO₆ and Bi₂WO₆.
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  Research progress on the preparation of starch-based flocculants and wastewater application

  ZHANG Hao, ZHENG Yaoyao, WANG Haitao, CHANG Na

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2012-2018. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.003

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  Starch is a kind of natural polymer material with a wide range of sources, low price, and biodegradable. It contains multiple easily modified hydroxyl groups in the molecule. A variety of starch derivatives can be obtained through modification. Starch and its derivatives are used as flocculation matrix. The preparation of different flocculants can effectively flocculate pollutants and is not easy to produce secondary pollution. Through etherification, esterification and graft copolymerization of modified starch, colloidal substances and soluble pollutants in water can be removed, and it can be used to treat textile printing and dyeing wastewater with complex components. At present, textile printing and dyeing mostly use anionic dyes that are easy to dye. It contains more ionic dyes of this type, and modifying starch into a cationic flocculant with strong flocculation is the hope to solve the problem of printing and dyeing wastewater discharge. The research status of starch-based flocculants at home and abroad is reviewed, and the factors influencing the flocculation effect of the preparation method, type, mechanism, surface charge, molecular weight and the external environment during flocculation are described. It points out that the modification of starch flocculant should be explored to be more effective. The pretreatment method and the initiation system of the company can realize green flocculation, improve the flocculation effect, and solve the problems of large amounts of sludge produced by flocculation.
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  Preparation and performance research of Cu/LDPEanti-tarnish packaging films for silver

  XIONG Kangkang, QIAN Jing

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2019-2025. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.004

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  The copper/low-density-polyethylene(Cu/LDPE) anti-tarnish packaging films for silver are successfully prepared by extrusion casting method with the copper powder as the effective ingredients. The thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV-vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), as well as barrier properties, optical properties, mechanical properties, and silver flake chromatic aberration tests are used to study the effect of different content of copper powder with an average particles size D50 of 10.11 μm on the properties of the films. The results show that the copper powder content has a greater impact on the mechanical properties and anti-tarnish properties of the films. With the increase of the copper powder content, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the film gradually decreases, while the chromatic aberration on the surface of the silver flakes packaged in the films first decreases and then remains unchanged after the 3×10^-6 H₂S corrosion test. The tensile strength and elongation at break decrease by 6% and 16%, respectively, and the chromatic aberration of the corresponding silver flake decreases by 96% compared with pure LDPE when the content of copper powder is 8 wt%.
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  Catalytic ozonation of sulfamethoxazole using HFO/D201

  MENG Guanhua, DING Suyun, LIU Baohe, ZHANG Linsen, CHEN Jiaoyu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2026-2032. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.005

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  The ion exchange-in-situ precipitation method is used to load hydrated iron oxide (HFO) on D201 anion exchange resin to prepare catalyst HFO/D201, and catalytic ozone oxidation degradation experiments on SMX are performed under dynamic test strips. The effects of initial solution concentration, pH, flow rate, catalyst and ozone dosage on the removal rate of SMX are investigated, and the reaction mechanism is discussed. The results show that both increasing the dosage of ozone and catalyst, and reducing the flow rate and concentration of SMX can increase its removal rate. When the pH is close to the zero point charge of HFO/D201, the catalytic effect is the best. Under the condition that the ozone dose is 1.85 mg/L, HFO/D201 dosage is 0.8 g/L, the concentration of SMX is 10 mg/L, the flow rate is 4 mL/min, and pH is 5.25, the removal rate of SMX is 92.67%, 57.75% higher than ozonation system. Through the addition experiment of tert-butanol and p-benzoquinone, it is inferred indirectly that in the process of HFO/D201 catalyzed ozonation SMX, there are both ·O^-₂ oxidation and direct oxidation of ozone. Phosphate addition experiment confirms that the degradation reaction mainly occurred on the surface of HFO/D201.
Review & Advance
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  Development of low-concentration formaldehyde adsorption materials

  ZHANG Xinyu, YAO Jinze, WU Xingbei, TU Shi, XIA Qibin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2033-2042. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.006

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  Indoor air quality is directly related to human health. As one of the pollutants strictly controlled by indoor air quality standards, indoor formaldehyde shows an extremely low concentration but can cause serious harm. For the treatment of large air volume with low concentration formaldehyde, adsorption technology is one of the mainstream technologies, and the adsorption material is the core of the technology. The latest research progress on the removal of indoor low-concentration formaldehyde by adsorption is summarized. Firstly, the performance of carbon-based adsorbent, silicon-based adsorbent and new adsorbent for indoor formaldehyde removal is analyzed. Secondly, the modification method of each adsorbent is introduced. Then, the adsorption principle of HCHO on each adsorbent is elaborated. Finally, the effect of water vapor on the performance of the adsorbent under working conditions is studied.
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  Study on external influencing factors of gallium based liquid metal as lubricant

  YIN Fuqiang, ZHAO Yuchen, LI Zhaochun, LI Tianjie

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2043-2049. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.007

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  Liquid metal is a new type of functional material, which is a kind of amorphous and liquid metal and can be liquid at room temperature. Gallium based liquid metal is one of the safe and non-toxic liquid metals, which has good fluidity, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, conductivity and so on. Because of its excellent performance, it has been used in many fields. At present, the domestic research on gallium based liquid metal as lubricant is still in its infancy. This paper introduces the lubrication mechanism of gallium based liquid metal and the external factors affecting the lubrication performance of gallium based liquid metal, and puts forward several problems to be solved when gallium based liquid metal is used as lubricant.
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  Review on the lithium-ion batteries made by nonwovens

  DUAN Shiwen, LIU Ya, GU Na, ZHUANG Xupin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2050-2056. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.008

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  Battery separators are one of the core components of lithium-ion batteries, which are gradually improved and innovated with the development of lithium-ion batteries. As the most commercially available polyolefin-based microporous separators are subject to performance limitations, it is urgent to develop new processes to prepare battery separators with excellent comprehensive performance and optimize the industrial structure of the separators. This article reviews the lithium ion battery separators prepared by nonwoven technology in recent years, including melt-blown, spunbond, wet-laid and electrospinning, evaluates the performance and preparation process of battery separators, lists specific preparation processes, and prospects the development of lithium-ion battery separators.
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  Heat transfer enhancement mechanism and preparation technology of wood-based thermal conductive composite

  TAO Xin, LIANG Shanqing, FU Feng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2057-2065. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.009

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  The wood-based thermal conductive composite is a kind of material with enhanced thermal conductivity, which is made of wood raw materials of different scales as matrices and introduced the thermal conductive units through different processing technologies. The wood-based thermal conductive composite has high thermal conductivity, which could promptly transfer excess heat from the thermal source to the surroundings. There are lots of advantages and significances if wood-based thermal conductive composite is applied to the indoor decorations field like the wooden heating floor and wood products. Not only the advantages of natural renewable wood resources such as low density, easy processing and cost-effectiveness could be exploited to the full, but also non-renewable resources are reduced. Moreover, it is important to achieve the improved efficiency and high-value utilization of wood resources. Indeed, the thermal conductivity of wood is low which is affected by moisture content, porous structure and chemical composition and its heat transfer is anisotropic. Owing to the enhancement of heat transfer medium, decrease of the interface thermal resistance, and strengthening of the surface heat transfer layer, the heat transfer property of wood-based thermal conductive composites is improved. There are three preparation technologies which are impregnation treatment, recombination and compounding, and surface treatment. Commonly, wood veneers are firstly carbonized to form a complete thermal conductive carbon skeleton and then immersed into the polymer or thermal conductive resin. Moreover, microwave puffed treatment can form three-dimensional network cracks in the wood, increasing the filling space of the thermal conductive units especially low melting points alloy. Recombination and compounding is to add a certain proportion of thermal conductive units and adhesives into wood units such as wood veneer, shavings, fibers and flours, etc., then hot pressing or melt extrusion into wood-based boards. The surface treatment gives the wooden substrate a thermally conductive layer. When depositing metal on the wood surface by the method of electroless plating, the heat transfer property of the wooden substrate improved on account of the thermal conductivity of free electrons in the metal is stronger than that of the phonons in wood. Similarly, surface finishing thermal conductive coatings can make the heat transfer performance of the wooden substrate better. At present, the research of wood thermal conductive composite stays at the laboratory research stage and has not yet formed industrialized production or applications. The improvement effect and the optimal proportion of thermal conductive units, and the balance between the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties are current research focus. In the future, the optimization of the preparation method, the construction of the heat transfer prediction model, the enhancement of interface combination, and the expansion of multiple functions will be the next research direction. In conclusion, the effect factors and the theoretical calculation formula of the thermal conductivity of wooden materials are outlined, the heat transfer enhancement mechanisms and preparation technologies of wood-based thermal conductive composites are summarized, and the future research direction and application fields are prospected.
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  Research progress on gas sensitive properties of novel two-dimensional MXenes

  YANG Ru, WU Meng, XIA Qixun, ZHOU Aiguo

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2066-2072. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.010

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  MXenes, a novel family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides, as two-dimensional materials, have large specific surface areas and diverse surface terminations. The surface of MXenes can adsorb gas molecules, which can change the conductivity of MXenes. Hence, MXenes can be used as novel gas sensitive materials. This paper reviews the gas sensing properties and applications of MXenes (Ti₃C₂ MXene, V₂C MXene, Mo₂C MXene and etc.) from the theoretical and experimental perspectives, summarizes the gas responses of different MXenes, analyzes the gas sensitive mechanisms, concludes the advantages and disadvantages of MXenes as gas sensitive materials and outlooks the future applications of MXenes in the area of gas sensors.
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  Research progress in the preparation and properties of sound absorbing materials

  LIU Yang, HUO Youjia, DU Yuankai, HU Xiang, ZHANG Weicheng, ZHAO Pei, YOU Feng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2073-2079. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.011

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  In recent years, the development of sound-absorbing materials has advanced rapidly, and been widely used in traffic buildings and other areas. In this paper, the characteristics and research progress of sound absorption materials are reviewed, and the basic principle of sound absorption is discussed. In addition, starting from the preparation of sound absorbing materials, this paper mainly introduces the research progress of the sound absorbing characteristics and material structure of porous, resonant and composite sound absorbing materials. It is a key research direction that how to use the improvement of the internal structure of the material to achieve efficient noise reduction in the field of sound absorbing materials. Finally, the problem about how to correlate the damping loss factor of acoustic materials with the acoustic coefficient is put forward. And the sound absorption effect is studied based on the correlation. So the acoustic performance can be controlled by the design of material damping factor.
Research & Development
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  Synthesis of CuFe₂O₄ catalysts and catalytic performance for NH₃-SCR

  SUN Zhonghao, ZHANG Huiru, MI Xue, ZHAO Yi

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2080-2086. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.012

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  The metal-organic framework material Cu-MIL-101(Fe) is synthesized by microwave method, and then the CuFe₂O₄ catalyst is prepared by calcination using this as the precursor. The effect of reaction temperature, catalyst dosage, GHSV, SO₂, H₂O and other factors are investigated on the catalyst NH₃-SCR catalytic performance. The test results show that the CuFe₂O₄ catalyst can maintain a NO removal efficiency of more than 90% in a wide temperature range of 250-450 ℃, and the catalyst does not change significantly before and after the reaction. At the same time, the in situ DRIFTS spectrum results show that the CuFe₂O₄ catalyst has both L-H and E-R reaction mechanism in the NO removal process.
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  Preparation and properties of SiO₂ aerogel thermal insulation packaging material

  WANG Guanglin, YANG Fuxin, CHAI Li, WANG Jinyang, CHEN Zuguo, LI Shaojing

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2087-2093. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.013

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  In order to improve the thermal insulation performance of packaging materials, low density polyethylene (LDPE) is modified with SiO₂ aerogel (SA, Silica Aerogel) as modifier, and the packaging films with excellent thermal insulation properties are prepared by curtain coating method. The effects of SiO₂ aerogels with different concentrations on the mechanical properties, hydrophobicity, thermal stability and thermal conductivity of the films are studied, and the thermal insulation experiments are designed to verify the thermal insulation performance of the films. The result shows that the silica aerogels with the addition of 6 wt% has the best comprehensive properties with thermal conductivity of 0.07 W/ (m·K), and has good mechanical properties, barrier properties, hydrophobic properties and thermal stability. These results provide an experimental basis for their application in food packaging.
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  A new wet preparation method of nano-silver and its toxic behavior

  LU Xize, JIANG Yufan, LI Yinghua, HAO Jiayan, TAN Wenyu, REN Xiaoyu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2094-2100. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.014

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  In view of the uneven particle size distribution and poor stability in the current preparation methods of nano-silver (AgNPs), sodium citrate and absolute ethanol are utilized as reducing agents in this study, and sodium citrate and polyethylene pyrolidone (PVP) are used as protective agents to prepare nano-silver. In addition, the characteristics of the prepared nano-silver are characterized by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, Zeta potentiometer and other techniques. The results show that the nano-silver particles are spherical and face-centered cubic structure, and small particle size distribution range, average particle size around 49.3 nm and uniform dispersion are observed. Then, the indoor exposure culture method is used to explore the toxic effect of different concentrations of nano-silver on Achromobacter denitrificans. The results of the study show that AgNPs can inhibit the growth and nitrogen degradation of Achromobacter denitrificans, and the inhibitory effect becomes stronger as the concentration of AgNPs increases. The principle of toxicity is that small particles of nano silver can directly enter the bacterial body, causing bacterial metabolism disorders, while the nano silver attached to the cell surface will destroy the surface structure of the cell membrane, causing the surface membrane to rupture and the intracellular substance to leak.
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  Preparation of perovskite type catalyst LaCoO₃ and its photocatalytic degradation of acid red B

  NIU Ziyan, LIANG Jiaxiong, LI Wei, HAO Linghuang, YAO Shunyu, FU Mengyuan, QIAO Fengrui, WANGJin, LIU Zhenmin, WANG Xiaoxiao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2101-2106. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.015

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  In this paper, four perovskite type composite metal oxide lanthanum cobaltate catalysts with different ratios are prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The ratios of La(NO₃)₂, Co(NO₃)₂ and citric acid are 1∶1∶3, 1∶1∶4, 1∶1∶5 and 1∶1∶6, respectively. The structure and properties of the catalyst are characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. Acid red B is used as the research object. Xenon lamp is used to simulate the degradation of acid red B dye wastewater under sunlight. The results show that the degradation rates of acid red B by the four catalysts are more than 80%, while the LaCoO₃ catalyst with the ratio of 1∶1∶6 has the best degradation effect on acid red B, and the degradation rate reaches 88.52% after visible light irradiation at 20 ℃ for 1 h. It is found that lanthanum cobaltate catalyst with large specific surface area has the best photocatalytic degradation effect on acid red B, on the contrary, the degradation effect of lanthanum cobaltate catalyst with small specific surface area is poor. The degradation of acid red B by four ratios of lanthanum cobaltate catalysts accords with the first-order reaction kinetic equation.
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  Preparation of peanut shell nano-cellulose superhydrophobic aerogel and its application on cotton fabric

  CHEN Kouqin, WANG Liming, HAO Huimin, LING Hangli, XU Wei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2107-2113. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.016

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  Using peanut shell powder as the raw material, the nanocellulose is extracted from it by chemical mechanical method. Using the sol-gel method, methyltrimethoxysilane is added to the peanut shell nanocellulose suspension to modify it, and finally, the nano-cellulose superhydrophobic aerogel is prepared by freeze-drying method. The nano-cellulose aerogel and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are finished on the cotton fabric by spraying method, and the superhydrophobic aerogel and superhydrophobic cotton fabric are analyzed and characterized respectively. The results show that the prepared nano-cellulose aerogel has a three-dimensional sheet-like structure with super-hydrophobic properties. After finishing the super-hydrophobic cotton fabric, its super-hydrophobic properties are significantly improved, and the water contact angle (WCA) can reach 160°. Furthermore, it also has good anti-fouling performance and self-cleaning performance, while the efficiency of oil-water separation reaches 82.2%.
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  Effect of sputtering power on Mo doped ZnO (MZO) transparent conductive thin films

  LI Zhaoyang, CHEN Yiyi, LEI Jinkun, LI Jiwen, XIONG Mei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2114-2122. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.017

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  Mo is considered as one of the potential dopants for improving the properties of ZnO materials. Each Mo atom can contribute four free electrons to ZnO crystal for the large valence difference between Mo⁶⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions (+4). In this paper, MZO transparent conductive films with different sputtering power are prepared by RF magnetron sputtering. The effects of sputtering power on the surface morphology, microstructure, microstructure and photoelectric properties of MZO films are studied. The results show that the MZO films prepared by different powers all grow preferentially along the (002) direction. In MZO lattice, Mo atoms exist as Mo⁶⁺. And the band gap of MZO film is 3.41. In addition, RF power has great influence on the surface morphology, crystal structure, electrical and optical properties of MZO thin films. The MZO thin films under 150 W sputtering power have the best photoelectric comprehensive properties, which have a particle size of 70.93 nm, an average transmittance of 81.85% in the visible range and a resistivity of 9.2×10 Ω·cm. Meanwhile, the refractive index and extinction coefficient of MZO thin films are measured by ellipsometer. The complex dielectric function, dissipation factor and energy loss function of MZO films at different power are calculated. Finally, the dispersion characteristics of MZO thin films are analyzed according to the effective single oscillator theory.
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  Synthesis of Co/Ni/C@CNTs by a MOFs-based composites-derived technique with improved microwave absorption performance

  DUAN Pengtao, ZOU Zhongqiu, DING Yue, LIU Wei, ZHANG Xuebin, SU Hailin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2123-2129. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.018

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  ZIF-67 composites are prepared by grinding ZIF-67, melamine with Ni²⁺ solution, which are then successfully transformed into Co/Ni/C@CNTs composites after controllable high-temperature annealing. As-obtained composites are mainly composed of micron-sized flaky porous carbon frameworks. And Co, Ni nanoparticles are uniformly distributed in the porous carbon, and short CNTs are also observed on the surface of porous carbon. The results show that flaky carbon and CNTs possess positive effect on the construction of conductive networks and enhancement of conduction loss, when low filling ratio of MAMs is chosen. Co/C, Ni/C interface structure and defects in carbon are conducive to the improvement of polarization loss. And magnetic Co, Ni nanoparticles benefit both magnetic loss and impedance matching. Therefore, the effective absorption bandwidth of optimal sample can reach 5.6 GHz, when the filling ratio and matching thickness are only 20 wt% and 1.7 mm, respectively. This research may not only promote the research on the structure design and control of MOF-derived materials, but also shed new light on the development of carbon-based lightweight MAMs with wide absorption frequency range.
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  Research on the enhanced interfacial charge-carrier transfer of AgBr-WO₃/GO and its visible-light photodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

  WANG Shuang, DU Qian, TAN Li, KUANG Pengpeng, FU Xiaoqi

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2130-2134. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.019

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  AgBr-WO₃/GO composite is synthesized for visible-light catalyst by in-situ method. The as-prepared AgBr-WO₃/GO exhibits stronger visible-light absorption than that of WO₃ and WO₃/GO. The apparent rate constant k for AgBr-WO₃/GO photocatalytic degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol is 0.677 /h, and more than 94% of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol removed after irradiated for 4 h, which is obviously super than that of WO₃ and WO₃/GO. The experimental results show that the enhanced carrier transfer between Ag, AgBr, WO₃ and GO significantly improves the catalytic activity. The as-prepared AgBr-WO₃/GO has a well photochemical stability and reusability.
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  Preparation and properties of reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes transparent conductive films

  WANG Yuzhou, GUO Jinhui, SUN Shaojuan, KANG Mingqing, LI Pengcheng, YU Xiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2135-2139. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.020

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  In this paper, natural plant polyphenol-tannic acid (TA) is used as the reducing agent of graphene oxide (GO), and the green reduction and functionalization of GO are realized through the "one-step method". Subsequently, the TA reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are combined to jointly construct a RGO/SWCNT conductive film with a three-dimensional structure. The transparent conductive film (TCF) has good electrical conductivity (when the light transmittance is 75.1%, the surface resistance is 36.1 Ω/sq), low roughness (the roughness of the film is only 5.45 nm), excellent flexibility (after 1 000 cycles of bending, the sheet resistance of the film remains unchanged) and good interfacial adhesion (the adhesion factor of the film is all > 0.9). The composite film has good performance and can be applied in the field of flexible wearable devices.
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  Effect of Li⁺ ions doping on the luminescence properties of NaY(WO₄)₂:0.07Yb³⁺/0.025Er³⁺ upconversion phosphor

  WU Kunyao, XI Zengzhe, LI Zhao, ZHANG Jin, LONG Wei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2140-2145. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.021

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  A series of Li⁺ ions (0.00, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09 and 0.11 mol) doped NaY(WO₄)₂:0.07Yb³⁺/0.025Er³⁺ upconversion phosphors are prepared by high temperature solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence emission spectroscopy and fluorescence decay curve are used to characterize the phase, morphology and luminescence properties of the prepared samples. The results show that the crystal has high crystallinity and is a pure phase structure. At the excitation wavelength of 980 nm, as the content of Li⁺ ions increases, the spectral emission intensity first increases and then decreases. When the doping amount reaches 0.09 mol, the spectral emission intensity reaches the maximum, and the samples emit green light. By comparison, it is found that the emission intensity and fluorescence lifetime of the up-conversion phosphor doped with Li⁺ ions are significantly stronger than that of the non-doped Li⁺ ions. This is mainly due to the small ion radius of Li⁺, which can better dissolve into the matrix lattice. It has a good compensation effect on the charge of the host lattice. The doping of Li⁺ changes the local crystal field environment around the Er³⁺ and Yb³⁺ ions, resulting in a decrease in the local position symmetry around the active ions, which enhances the upconversion luminescence. Green light emission occurs at 531 nm and 553 nm, and there are energy level transitions of Er³⁺:²H_11/2→⁴I_15/2, ⁴S_3/2→⁴I_15/2. There is a red light between 650-680 nm, and there is an energy level transition of Er³⁺:⁴F_9/2→⁴I_15/2. Both the emission of green light and red light belong to the two-photon process.
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  Glucose oxidase and catalase co-immobilized by carboxyl modified porous magnetic chitosan microspheres

  LIU Youcai, CAI Jun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2146-2155. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.022

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  The number of active groups on the molecular chain of chitosan is limited. In order to further increase the amount of chitosan enzyme and the biocatalysis stability of immobilized enzyme, in this study, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaric anhydride (GA) are used as surface modifiers to prepare carboxyl functionalized porous magnetic chitosan microspheres (PMCSM-COOH), and Glucose oxidase (GOD) and Catalase (CAT) are successfully immobilized. The results show that GOD relative enzyme activity reaches the highest value of (131.91±0.58)% when the mass ratio of PMCSM-COOH/GOD/CAT is 100/9.34/10.78. Compared with the free enzyme, the temperature stability, acid-base stability and storage stability of the co-immobilized enzyme are improved, and the affinity with the substrate is also enhanced. After repeated use for 10 times, the co-immobilized enzyme still retains a high relative enzyme activity of (79.16±1.98)%. The secondary structure of free enzyme and immobilized enzyme show that the relative α -helix content of immobilized enzyme is higher than that of free GOD, so that immobilized enzyme has better structural rigidity and stability than free enzyme.
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  Preparation and characterization of Ni@SiO₂/TiO₂ composite supported on coal gasification slag

  JIAO Yurong, ZHANG Xurui, ZHANG Ya, LIU Xia, GONG Ying, LIU Huijin, XIANG Yulin, GAO Wenwen

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2156-2161. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.023

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  The coal gasification slag (CGFS) is modified with hydrofluoric acid (HF), and then the nano-Ni particles are prepared by the liquid-phase reduction method, and then SiO₂ is obtained by the hydrolysis of TEOS, which is wrapped on nano-Ni particles to obtain Ni@SiO₂ material. Finally, using butyl titanate (TBOT) as the titanium source, Ni@SiO₂/TiO₂ is loaded on the modified coal gasification slag by the sol-gel method to prepared CGFS-Ni@SiO₂/TiO₂ photocatalyst. The composition and structure of the catalyst are analyzed by XRD, FT-IR, DRS, SEM and EDS. The photocatalytic properities of materials are investigated by degrading malachite green (MG) solution. The conclusion can be drawn from the experiment. The photocatalyst CGFS-Ni@SiO₂/TiO₂ has high photocatalytic activity and recycling utilization rate. The degradation rate of 1 mg/mL CGFS-Ni@SiO₂/TiO₂ for 50 mL, 10 mg/L MG solution reach 98.1% within 140 min at 80 ℃ and pH=7, and its degradation rate can still be higher than 85% after 6 cycles.
Process & Technology
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  Influence of thermal oxidation on the performances of industrial n-TOPCon solar cells

  CHEN Wenhao, WANG Wenjie, YU Yuanyuan, CHEN Penghui, ZHENG Bo, YUAN Shengzhao, WANG Yimao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2162-2166. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.024

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  N-TOPCon solar cells can achieve excellent electrical performance by the phosphorus-doped polysilicon passivating contact structures, due to its excellent passivation quality. In the industrial manufacturing process, the key to obtain high performance mass production n-TOPCon solar cells is to achieve the matching and optimization of the passivation structures on both sides. For the front emitter formed by boron diffusion, thermal oxidation process is often used to optimize the passivation quality before the deposition of the passivation films. The possible influence of the thermal oxidation process on the passivation structure of n-TOPcon solar cells and its electrical performance is investigated in detail. It is found that thermal oxidation process can optimize the passivation quality of heavily boron doped surface, while it is harmful to the lightly boron doped surface. Meanwhile, thermal oxidation will lead to the decrease of passivation quality of the doped polysilicon passivating contact. At the same time, n-TOPCon cells without peroxide treatment can obtain higher electrical performance gain after lighting injection annealing process. In the end, mass production of N-TOPCon solar cells with an average efficiency of 24.02% and a maximum efficiency of 24.34% is achieved by using an oxidation free process.
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  Effect of inserting NiCr alloy layer on the thermal stability of SnO₂/Ag/SnO₂ multilayer transparent conductive film

  ZHENG Silong, ZHU Bailin, YI Changhong, WANG Chongjie, WU Jun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2167-2173. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.025

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  SnO₂/Ag/SnO₂(SAS), SnO₂/Ag/NiCr/SnO₂(SANS) and SnO₂/NiCr/Ag/NiCr/SnO₂(SNANS) are prepared by magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The relationship between atmospheric and vacuum annealing temperature and the structure, morphology and transparent conductivity of the multilayer film are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Hall effect measurement system and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. With the increase of annealing temperature, the crystallinity and transparent conductivity of the films first improve and then degrade. The roughness decreases at first and then increases. The thermal stability of films is improved by inserting NiCr layer, and the thermal stability of films is the best when thick NiCr layer is inserted on both sides of Ag layer. The films have better thermal stability in vacuum environment than in atmospheric environment. After vacuum annealing at 450 ℃, the average transmittance (400-800 nm) of the SNANS (1 nm NiCr) film is 90.31%, the resistivity is 8.21×10^-5 Ω·cm, and the figure of merit is 3.87×10^-2/Ω^-1.
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  Study on preparation and performance of anisic acid/catechin modified polypropylene antibacterial film

  WANG Jinyang, YANG Fuxin, CHEN Chenwei, WANG Guanglin, CHAI Li, CHEN Zuguo

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2174-2181. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.026

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  In order to better preserve the nutritional value of food and extend the shelf life, using green and safe plant extracts anisic acid and catechins as the main antibacterial raw materials, and polypropylene (PP) as the main base material, modified film is prepared by unifor mLy mixing with titanic acid coupling agent, and granulating and casting. The effect of changes in the content of anisic acid and catechins on the antibacterial properties, mechanical properties, and microstructure of polypropylene films is studied. The results show that when 3% mass fraction of anisic acid and catechin are added, the antibacterial effect is the best. Compared with the control group, the OD value of E. coli decreases by 30% at 24 h, and the dry weight of black mold is reduced by 48% at 72 h, demonstrating good antibacterial properties. And the mechanical properties and microscopic results have not changed significantly. Through the test of orthogonal experiment, the film still has continuous antibacterial property in a certain period of time. Compared with traditional food additives, plant extracts not only maintain antibacterial properties, but also improve safety, which can meet the needs of daily food packaging.
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  Synthesis and properties of novel ester monomers and polycarboxylate superplasticizer

  ZHU Xiaofei, LI Xiaodong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2182-2186. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.027

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  A new type of ester functional monomer is synthesized by using polyethylene glycol and acrylic acid, and then polymerized with ethylene glycol monovinyl ether to obtain a slump proof ester ether copolymer polycarboxylate superplasticizer. Through single factor experiments, the effects of acid alcohol ratio, catalyst dosage and reaction temperature on the esterification rate of functional monomer, and the effects of acid ether ratio, initiator dosage, functional monomer dosage and reaction temperature on the performance of water reducer are studied. The results show that the esterification rate of the new ester functional monomer reaches 95% under the conditions of acid alcohol ratio of 2.5∶1, concentrated sulfuric acid dosage of 0.6%, reaction temperature of 140 ℃ and reaction time of 6 h. The optimum synthesis process of ester ether copolymer polycarboxylate superplasticizer is as follows the ratio of acid to ether of 3∶1, the amount of initiator of 0.18%, the amount of ester functional monomer of 25% of the amount of large monomer, the reaction temperature of 35 ℃, and the holding time of 2 h. After the synthesized ester ether copolymer polycarboxylate superplasticizer is used in cement, the initial fluidity of cement paste is 260 mm, the fluidity is 270 mm after 1 h, the water reduction rate is 27%, and the 28 d compressive strength of C40 concrete reaches 45 MPa, which could effectively improve the mud resistance and mechanical properties of concrete.
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  Synthesis and antibacterial activity of Ag₂S quantum dots by Meyerozyma sp.

  ZHANG Xiaoxue, SUN Weiliang, ZHANG Youde, WU Chao, DENG Guozhi

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2187-2192. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.028

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  Silver based nanomaterials have excellent bactericidal potential and can be used as antibacterial agents. Therefore, it is of great significance to synthesize silver sulfide nanomaterials by a simple, environmentally friendly and economical method. In this paper, silver sulfide quantum dots are biosynthesized using silver nitrate and sodium sulfite as precursors, and their possible antibacterial properties are revealed. Meyerozyma sp., a heavy metal tolerant fungus screened from soil of Daqing Oilfield, is used. Silver sulfide (Ag₂S) quantum dots are biosynthesized by reducing silver nitrate and sodium sulfite. The synthesized silver sulfide (Ag₂S) quantum dots are characterized by UV-vis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inverted fluorescence microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antibacterial activity of silver sulfide (Ag₂S) quantum dots is studied by disk diffusion method and drop plate sterilization. The results show that the silver sulfide (Ag₂S) quantum dots synthesized by Meyerozyma sp. are monoclinic α -Ag₂S crystals with the highest absorption peak at 410 nm. With the increase of the concentration of silver sulfide quantum, the diameter of the inhibition zone increases, and the antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria increases. The inhibition rate of silver sulfide (Ag₂S) quantum dots against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli reaches 100% at 30 min and 90 min respectively. The inhibition rate of bacillus was 99.9% within 2 h. The possible antibacterial mechanism of silver sulfide (Ag₂S) quantum dots against bacteria is analyzed by SEM. The results show that silver sulfide (Ag₂S) quantum dots inhibit and damage the cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive bacillus, and show significant antibacterial activity, which may be due to the small particle size of silver sulfide (Ag₂S) quantum dots. It attaches to the surface of the cell membrane of bacteria, causing damage to the cell membrane, and penetrates the cell membrane, destroying the DNA and proteins therein and leading to cell death.
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  Comparative study on corrosion behaviors of Mg-xAl-Zn(x=3,6,9) alloys

  WANG Junpeng, ZOU Jinchao, HUANG Zhiquan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2193-2196. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.029

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  The corrosion performance of AZ series magnesium alloys (AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91) with different Al content in 3.5% NaCl solution is compared in order to find suitable corrosion-resistant materials. The microstructure is characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). In 3.5% NaCl solution, its corrosion resistance is tested by polarization curve, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and immersion experiment. The results show that the corrosion behavior of AZ series magnesium alloys is pitting corrosion first and then surface corrosion. The polarization resistance (RP) of AZ61 is as high as 288.88 Ω·cm², the corrosion current density is as low as 0.0026 mA/cm², and the average corrosion rate is 2.86×10^-4 g/(h·cm²). AZ61 has better corrosion resistance. As the Al content increases, the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys first increases and then decreases. The increase in corrosion resistance is attributed to the coarsening and continuity of the β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase.
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  Effect of sintering process on conductivity of sheet copper conductive ink

  YE Yuhao, XU Xiaoxue, GUO Xingxiang, LU Yunmei, LI Wei, DING Chang, SUN Shizhao, YAN Hui

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2197-2202. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.030

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  In order to solve the problem that low cost copper-based conductive ink is easily to be oxidized while sintering in air or at low temperature, which limits its wide application in flexible electronic devices, the influence of sintering process on its conductivity is studied. Conductive ink is prepared by dissolving micron-sized copper flake into mixed organic solvent. The pattern is prepared by the method of brush writing and easily operated by infrared sintering in the air. Then the conductivity and applicability of conductive pattern are further improved by the method of spraying ascorbic acid (Vc) aqueous solution on its surface several times and hot pressing to enhance its adhesion and density. Confirmed by XRD that conductive patterns are pure copper peak both before and after sintering. The resistivity testing results show that with the increasing number of Vc aqueous solution spraying, the resistivity is on a downward trend. After 45 minutes of sintering, the pattern's resistivity greatly decreases from 3.7×10² Ω·cm to 1.2×10^-5 Ω·cm. It shows good antioxidant capacity as well in the subsequent sintering process without spraying Vc. The mechanism of the action of Vc in aqueous solution has been confirmed at the sintering temperature of 50 ℃ and pH of 4.0. The pattern resistivity gradually decreases and maintains good stability, which proving that Vc provides a good reducing environment. Confirmed by SEM that the copper plates are more tightly bonded when the conductive pattern is offered with Vc sintering and hot pressing treatment, which contributes to the further improvement of electrical conductivity and adhesion. In room temperature and air, Vc aqueous solution sintering and hot pressing can effectively reduce the resistivity and greatly improve the compactness of the sintered copper based conductive ink patterns, which can be widely used in the field of flexible electronic devices.
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  Optoelectronic properties of p-type ZnO doped with group ⅠA elements based on first principles calculation

  XIAO Yuanbin, ZHAO Yanfang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2203-2208. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.031

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  The lattice structure, electronic structure (energy band structure, density of states) and optical properties of Li, Na, K-doped ZnO wurtzite are calculated by using the first-principles plane-wave super-soft pseudopotential method based on density functional theory (DFT). The results show that when doped with Na and K, the calculated values of cell volume increase slightly, while the cell volume of Li doped ZnO is smaller than that of pure ZnO, which may be caused by the decrease of system energy. ZnO doped with Li and Na forms p-type conductive semiconductor, while K doping does not change the conductive type of ZnO. Meanwhile, it can be seen from the charge distribution results that Li doped ZnO has relatively good p-type conductive performance. In addition, the absorption rate of ZnO doped with Li, Na and K increases significantly in the visible region, and Li doped ZnO has a strong absorption peak near 380 nm, which has a certain reference value for the application of ZnO in optoelectronic device.
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  Researchon stress relaxation performance of GH4090 superalloy cylindrical spiral spring

  LI Shaolong, ZHAO Zhen, DONG Hongli, ZHANG Shiqing, CHEN Zhilai, HUANG Nan, LI Fang, HE Qinsheng, WANG Hong, BAI Yusong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2209-2214. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.032

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  In this paper, the static and dynamic anti relaxation properties of GH4090 alloy cylindrical helical spring for aeroengine at different temperatures are studied. The results show that aging GH4090 alloy spring has no relaxation and creep at room temperature and 300 ℃ under the static anti relaxation test, and the stress relaxation rates at 350 ℃ and 400 ℃ are 1.08% and 1.09%, respectively. Under the dynamic anti relaxation test, the aging GH4090 alloy spring has no relaxation at room temperature, and the stress relaxation rate is 3.23% at 350 ℃. The stress relaxation rate of the deformed GH4090 alloy spring at room temperature and 350 ℃ is 3.30% and 16.85%, respectively. The relaxation rate of GH4090 spring increases with the increase of temperature, and the change of relaxation rate of deformed GH4090 alloy spring is especially obvious.
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  Construction of CdS nanorods and two-dimensional MoS₂ heterojunction for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B

  HUANG Hao, LEI Yonglin, LIANG Yao, YANG Han, LIU cheng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(2): 2215-2220. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.02.033

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  Using ammonium molybdate as molybdenum source and thiourea as sulfur source, binary planar CdS / MoS₂ heterojunction was prepared by hydrothermal method. The heterojunctions were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, PL and UV-vis techniques. The results showed that the heterojunction (the mass fractions of MoS₂ were 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively) can effectively improve the visible light absorption intensity of CdS. The photogenerated carriers and holes were effectively separated, thus the composite catalyst exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance. The performance of CdS/MoS₂-10% was the best . The photocatalytic degradation of 10 mg samples to 20 mg/L Roda min B can reach 99%. The catalytic activity of the binary CdS/MoS₂ heterojunction did not decay significantly in the five-cycle experiment.