28 February 2021, Volume 52 Issue 2

    

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Focuses & Concerns (The Project of Chongqing Press Fund in 2020)
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  Application of wood functional materials in clean energy

  ZHANG Yuxin, ZHANG Yifan, XIONG Ziyan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2001-2008. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.001

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  At present, energy shortage and environmental pollution are major challenges in today's society. Therefore, the demand to improve and develop clean energy has become quite urgent. In recent years, wood functional materials, as a research hotspot, have been applied in many fields of clean energy. Wood functional materials are a kind of materials that are optimized by technologies of wood functional improvement, such as physics, chemistry, and biology. Through these technologies, some defects of wood are overcome. Meanwhile, some functions of the wood are enhanced or endued to meet the needs of use. In order to promote the application of wood functional materials in clean energy, this paper summarizes the research and applications of wood functional materials in biomass energy, electric energy, solar energy and other ones, and provides references for further research.
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  Biochar-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen production by electrolysis of water

  GAO Li, YING Zhi, HUANG Yajun, YU Xiaoyuan, LIU Xinyu, HE Changchun, ZHANG Cheng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2009-2017. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.002

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  In recent years, low-cost biochar have been used as electrocatalysts for electrolysis of water and that is reviewed in this paper. The basic principle of hydrogen production by electrolysis of water, preparation of biochar-based electrocatalysts are introduced firstly. Then the effects of carbonization temperature, activation, heteroatoms doping and metal and/or metal compound loading on the microscopic composition, properties and catalytic activity of the electrocatalysts are analyzed in order to provide a reference for the preparation of biochar-based electrocatalysts. Finally, it is pointed out that efforts can be made in the future in the selection of biomass raw materials, the regulation of the electronic structure of electrocatalysts and optimization of preparation methods, and theoretical calculation guidance, for improving the long-term stability and catalytic activity of biochar-based electrocatalysts, especially in OER and neutral electrolyte in the electrolysis process.
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  Research progress of metal ion doped TiO₂ photocatalyst and its characterization technology

  OU Yujing, SHI Junqing, ZHAO Dan, ZHENG Yi

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2018-2024. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.003

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  Photocatalytic technology is favored in the field of environmental protection, while TiO₂ photocatalyst has the advantages of stable chemical properties, low toxicity, and cheapness, but the large band gap and high electron-hole recombination rate. In order to improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂, metal ion doping modification of TiO₂ is one of the most effective methods. The research progress of metal ion doping modified TiO₂ at home and abroad in recent years is reviewed. The mechanism of transition metal doping, rare earth metal doping and co-doping modification is analyzed. And the current characterization technology of metal doped TiO₂ is reviewed. It is therefore anticipated that this review can provide a novel perspective to understand the fundamental aspects of photocatalysis and inspire the development of new photocatalysts with superior performances.
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  Research progress of phosphates and phosphate-based composites in secondary batteries

  HOU Zhaoxia, LI Siyao, WANG Kai, QU Chenying, WANG Xiaohui, WANG Jian, WANG Meihan, HU Xiaodan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2025-2033. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.004

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  Secondary battery is one of the most main energy storage device, and shows great superiority in the green environmental protection, energy density, life cycle and so on. Therefore, secondary batteries have been widely used in a series of modern electronic products, such as the mobile phone and notebook computers, etc. At present, secondary batteries have also been introduced into some of the new industry, such as the new energy vehicles and energy storage, so higher and higher demands are put forward for its performance. Electrode material as one of an important part in batteries plays the pivotal role for the battery's performance. Metal phosphide with its low cost, high theoretical capacitance and low working potential, is a kind of promising secondary battery anode candidate material. Here, the preparation methods of metal phosphide are introduced, and the progress, existing problems and improving methods for phosphide and phosphorus based electrode materials are summarized. Furthermore, the future development of metal phosphide is discussed.
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  Synthesis of tourmaline-containing functional copolymer and its fibre

  HU Yingmo, AN Wenfeng, ZHANG Dandan, LI Miaomiao, HAO Xiangyang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2034-2038. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.005

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  The tourmaline-containing functional copolymer is synthesized via copolymerization of styrene, vinyl acetate and polymerisable organic tourmaline modified with KH-570, and the copolymerized conditions are optimized. The experimental results show that the mechanical performances of the tourmaline-containing functional copolymer are optimums while the volume fraction of styrene is 20% and the dosage of modified tourmaline is 10 mg/mL, its tensile strength attains 3.34 MPa, modulus of elasticity reaches to 226 MPa, the far infrared emissivity of functional copolymer is about 0.95, and its negative ion release quantity trends to linear increase with the dosage increasing of modified tourmaline. It exhibits an excellent mechanical performances and negative ion release, far infrared radiation performances, and the tourmaline-containing functional fibre could be fabricated by means of wet spinning.
Review & Advance
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  Research progress of flexible electrode materials at home and abroad

  WU Weizhipeng, ZOU Hua, NING Nanying, TIAN Ming

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2039-2049. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.006

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  In recent years, with the rapid development of flexible wearable devices, tactile feedback devices, energy harvesters and other fields, dielectric elastomers (DE) and supercapacitors (SC) has attracted much attention, due to energy increase, high energy storage efficiency, and compactness, having a very wide range of applications. Since the performance of the flexible electrode directly affects the power generation and driving efficiency of DE and the energy storage efficiency of SC, it is an important part of DE and SC. Here, based on the different types of flexible electrode materials, this article first introduces several typical electrode materials and their properties, such as carbon electrodes, metal electrodes, and composite electrodes. Then, the preparation method of the electrode is described. Then, the application of DE and SC assembled from flexible electrode materials in various fields is summarized, and the problems and challenges faced by electrode materials are analyzed. Finally, the development trend of flexible electrode materials is prospected.
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  Research progress in the application of lithium sulfur battery separator

  DU Zongxi, WANG Bing, HUA Chao, DU Xuan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2050-2056. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.007

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  Lithium sulfur battery has a series of problems such as poor conductivity of positive active material, shuttle effect, growth of lithium dendrite, and so on, which limits its commercial development. In this paper, the working principle and performance defects of lithium sulfur battery are expounded. The research status of separator modification is introduced, and the main ideas and mechanism of membrane modification are summarized from the aspects of functional modification materials and electrospinning production technology.
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  Research progress of magnetoelectric properties of I-Ⅱ-V group-based novel diluted magnetic semiconductor

  LI Yue, CHEN Ting, YE Yan, DING Shoubing, WU Zhimin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2057-2065. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.008

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  The diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) is a new type of semiconductor material with both semiconductor and magnetic properties, which has distinctive magnetooptical and magnetoelectric functions. Firstly, we report the research progress of diluted magnetic semiconductors and their classification. Then the advances of magnetoelectric properties for the Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅴ-based DMSs in experiment and theoretical calculation are mainly reviewed, including fabrication, magnetic, origin mechanism of ferromagnetism, magneto-transport and optical properties. The origin mechanism of ferromagnetism for some DMS materials has been confirmed, and the highest Curie temperature in some new DMS materials has been comparable to that of (Ga,Mn)As. Moreover, some difficult problems of traditional DMS have been overcome. Finally, we prospect the development and application prospect of the Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅴ-based new diluted magnetic semiconductors.
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  Research progress of organic molecular thermoelectric materials

  REN Lu, GAO Peng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2066-2077. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.009

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  Thermoelectric material is a kind of energy converting materials that is used in both high-tech fields such as military and aerospace, and civil aspects such as power generation from industrial waste heat and energy supply for wearable devices. The broad application potential have attracted worldwide attention. Organic thermoelectric materials (OTEM) have gradually become a hot research field because of their advantages such as non-toxic, bendable, small size, lightweight and facile preparation. Researches show that the thermoelectric properties of OTEM can be effectively controlled by molecular design and doping. Among the OTEMs, the molecular OTEMs is less developed compared with polymeric OTEMs. However, the small molecules with the features of easier purification and higher crystallinity are indispensable in the research of OTEMs. This review provides an overview of the development of existing small molecular OTEMs and future outlooks.
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  Progress of cellulose based carbon materials and their applications in supercapacitors

  LI Danni, BAI Qiuhong, SHU Yu, BAI Lin, CHEN Bang, LI Cong, SHEN Yehua, UYAMA Hiroshi

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2078-2084. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.010

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  In recent years,energy depletion and environmental pollution have become increasingly serious,and the development of new sustainable energy sources and/or novel energy storage and conversion system is imminent for us. As an electrochemical energy storage device,supercapacitors have many advantages,such as large capacity,high power density, and long life,fast charging and discharging, and have gradually become a research focus. Cellulose is a kind of natural polymer compound widely existing in nature, including cellulose derived from plants and bacterial cellulose. It has the characteristics of green, rich, environmentally friendly,sustainable and low cost, and cellulose have been considered as important candidate for preparation of porous carbon due to unique advantages and high carbon content. Because of its unique pore structure and large specific surface area,the application of cellulose-based carbon materials and their composites in supercapacitors has become a major research main direction. The specific capacitance and energy density of the carbon material can be significantly improved by adjusting the pore structure and surface modification of the carbon material,or by combining carbon material with other materials with good electrochemical performance,so as to improve the supercapacitive performance of biomass carbon materials. In this paper,the preparation methods of cellulose based carbon materials,the properties regulation method of carbon materials and their applications in supercapacitors are summarized. Finally,the future research and development of cellulose-based carbon materials are prospected.
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  Research progress of luminescent fiber

  GAO Han, CHI Xiang, SONG Xiaoxue, WANG Dong, CHENG Wanli

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2085-2097. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.011

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  In recent years, due to the increasing depletion of non-renewable resources, as well as environmental crisis and other issues, the research and utilization of luminescent materials have received widespread attention. As a kind of luminescent material, luminescent fiber has its unique properties. Luminous fiber has many advantages such as non-toxic, harmless, bright color, soft material, excellent anti-aging property, and sustainable luminescence. Luminous fibers are divided into fluorescent fibers and luminous fibers, and luminous fibers are divided into self-luminous type and light-storing type. The luminescent fiber realizes the cycle function of automatically absorbing light-storing light-emitting light. It not only solves the problem of environmental protection but also conforms to the principle of sustainable development. The development of luminous fiber is the need to cope with the scarcity of resources and to realize the sustainable development of the chemical fiber industry. It is also the need to realize energy saving and emission reduction and develop a low-carbon economy. The application fields of luminous fiber materials include but are not limited to luminous printed fabrics, luminous textile applications, toys and embroidered artwork, functional clothing, anti-counterfeiting, and so on. The author sorts out and summarizes the representative results of luminescent fiber materials, mainly including the classification and application of luminescent materials, introduction and preparation methods of luminescent fibers, characteristics and applications of luminescent fibers, and the existing problems and future development of the field. The direction is forecasted.
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  Review of heteroatom-doped carbon materials as catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

  WEI Jiawei, LI Ping, QIANG Fuqiang, WANG Huanlei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2098-2108. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.012

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  Oxygen reduction reaction exists in many kinds of energy storage devices, such as air cells and fuel cells. Commercial platinum carbon is usually used as the catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. However, its disadvantages associated with high price and toxic limit its further development. Carbon based materials are considered to be the best substitute for platinum carbon catalyst, which has attracted the interest of many researchers. Due to the different physical and chemical properties of carbon atoms and heteroatoms, when the heteroatoms are incorporated into the carbon matrix, defects and active sites can be formed in the matrix, and then the conductivity and oxygen transport capacity can be improved, thereby improving the catalytic ability of carbon materials for oxygen reduction reaction. Therefore, this paper firstly introduces the mechanism of oxygen reduction reaction, and then introduces the preparation of various heteroatom doped carbon based oxygen reduction catalysts as well as their advantages and innovations.
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  Research progress of photocatalytic materials based on type Ⅱ and Z-scheme Ag₃PO₄-based heterojunction

  DU Chunyan, SONG Jiahao, TAN Shiyang, YANG Lu, ZHANG Zhuo, WANG Shitao, YU Guanlong, YU Lie

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2109-2117. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.013

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  Solar photocatalysis technology is widely applied to control environmental pollution. In the field of photocatalysis, silver phosphate (Ag₃PO₄) has gradually become a research hotspot for its high quantum efficiency, non-toxicity, and small band gap. However, in the photocatalytic process, pure Ag₃PO₄ is prone to photo-corrosion with poor stability, which severely limits its practical application. In this present paper, based on type II and Z-scheme, the type, preparation method, structural characteristics and photocatalytic mechanism of Ag₃PO₄-based heterojunction photocatalytic materials are mainly introduced. The latest progress in the degradation of organic pollutants by Ag₃PO₄-based heterojunction photocatalytic materials in recent years is also reviewed. Finally, the further researches on Ag₃PO₄-based heterojunction photocatalytic materials are prospected.
Research & Development
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  Synthesis of CoZn_xZr_xFe_2-xO₄ magnetostrictive nanomaterials by using spent Li-ion batteries as raw materials

  DUN Changwei, XI Guoxi, HENG Xiaoying, LIU Yumin, CHEN Ye

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2118-2123. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.014

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  Cobalt ferrite substituted with Zn²⁺ and Zr⁴⁺ are prepared by sol-gel auto-combustion method using spent Li-ion batteries as raw materials. The crystal structure, morphology, magnetic properties and magnetostrictive properties are explored. The results show that the substituted samples are spinel structure and the morphology of the samples changes compared with cobalt ferrite. With the increase of zinc-zirconium substituting amount, the saturation magnetization, maximum magnetostriction coefficient and maximum strain derivative of the samples firstly increase and then decrease. At the substituting amount x=0.050, the saturation magnetization and maximum strain derivative of the sample at a lower magnetic field strength are 87.56 Am²/kg and -1.81×10^-9 A^-1m, respectively. It is beneficial to the application of ferrite magnetostrictive materials on the pressure sensors and actuators.
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  Study on arc ablative properties of W-Cu composites at different voltages

  NI Zifeng, FENG Yi, ZHAO Hao, ZHOU Zijue, QIAN Gang, ZHANG Jingcheng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2124-2130. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.015

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  Complete W-Cu composite powder is prepared by electroless plating method, and then W-Cu composite material with uniform distribution and good interfacial bond is prepared by hot-pressing sintering method. Arc ablation experiments carried out on W-Cu composite materials under different voltages of 2, 4, 6 and 8 kV show that with the increase of voltage, the breakdown current increases, the discharge distance between electrodes increases, the breakdown intensity decreases, and the arc burning time increases. Scanning electron microscope and 3D laser confocal microscope are used to observe the changes of the ablative morphology of the material surface under different voltages. It is found that with the increase of voltage, the ablative area increases, the convex height of the surface increases, and microcracks appear in the ablative area under 8 kV voltage. Raman spectroscopy shows that CuO is formed on the surface of the material after ablation. Arc ablation mechanism of W-Cu composites mainly includes melting, splashing and oxidation of Cu.
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  Flow and heat transfer characteristics of Cu/Al core-shell nanofluids in rectangular microchannels

  WANG Jingkai, ZHAO Lei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2131-2135. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.016

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  Cu/Al powders has been prepared by displacement method and Cu/Al nanofluids based on DI-water/ethylene glycol with diffenert nanoparticle mass fraction are prepared. The microstructure and morphology of the Cu/Al powders are investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The stability of nanofluids is tested using light absorption method and the thermal property analyzer is used to measure the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. The prepared hybrid nanofluids are used to flow through rectangular microchannels. The effects of mass concentration on the heat transfer performance are studied. The analysis results show that this method can prepare the novel core-shell Cu/Al powders. Using CTAB as dispersing agent, the Cu/Al nanoparticles have excellent dispersion stability with the mass concentration of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5% and the thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids increases with the increase of nanoparticle mass fraction. The largest growth rate of the heat transfer coefficients runs up to 39.6% at a mass faction of 0.5% compared with the results of base fluid in rectangular microchannels, and the heat transfer performance of nanofluids is more strengthened.
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  Investigation of the electrical conductivity of N-Sco-doped SnO₂ based on the first-principle

  LI Haotian, WANG Jingqin, SUN Shaoqi, ZHANG Zhe, LIANG Yuting, ZHU Yancai

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2136-2140. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.017

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  Based on the first principle of density functional theory and the plane wave supersoft pseudopotential method, the supercells of N and S doping and N-S co-doping SnO₂ are constructed by the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) method. The theoretical results show that both N and S doping and N-Sco-doping can make the band gap of SnO₂ smaller and band close, while N-Sco-doping has the best effect. Among them, new energy levels are introduced into the mixing of S atom and N atom in the middle of the enthalpy change,valence band, and the orbitals of S atom and N atom are hybridized with Snorbital, which makes the electron transfer intensified. The valence band top is occupied by the 3p orbitals of the S atom and the N atom and the 2p orbitals, so there are more hole carriers, and the valence band top is moving up. When N and S atoms are co-doping, the orbital hybridizationis the most obvious, and the electrical performance becomes better.
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  Effects of Co dopping on structure and hydrogen-permeation properties of Nb₉₅W₅ solid solutions

  WEI Tiantian, WU Chenxi, ZHANG Yanli, WANG Zhongmin, GE Yu, WANG Feng, YAO Qingrong, DENG Jianqiu, ZHOU Huaiying

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2141-2146. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.018

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  Alloying is an effective method to solve hydrogen embrittlement of ⅤB metals (Nb,V,Ta). Effect of Co dopping on structure and hydrogen-permeation properties of Nb_95-xW₅Co_x(x=1, 2, 3, 5) have been investigated in this work. The results indicate that as-melted Nb_95-xW₅Co_x samples are all solo Nb-bcc solid solutions. The degree of lattice shrinking-distortion of these samples is affected by dopping amount of Co. Co-rich NbCo soluton structure is precipitated at grain boundaries and intracrystalline defects of Nb solid solution based on the matrix (Co-poor region). Co-dopping resultes in the decrease of hydrogen solution and the increase of hydride formation enthalpy, which benefit H-diffusion and the improvement of hydrogen-permeation properties of Nb_95-xW₅Co_x alloys. Nb₉₀W₅Co₅ alloy has lower absolute value of hydride formation ehthalpy (-22.3 kJ/mol), higher hydrogen-diffusion coefficient (1.57×10^-9 cm²/s), the maximum values of critical load (78.4 N) and larger displacement amount (0.9 mm). The improvement of hydrogen embrittlement resistance of Nb_95-xW₅Co_x samples can be attributed to solution strengthening caused by Co-dopping.
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  Study on preparation and modification of mineralized silk fibroin/polylactic acid vancomycin composite

  REN Huajie, GAN Fangjin, LIAN Xiaojie, HUANG Di, NIU Baolong, LI Fen, ZHANG Quanyou, LI Zhijun, HE Zhimin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2147-2152. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.019

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  The use of mineralized collagen/polylactic acid composite materials for repairing cancellous bone defects has made progress, but at the same time, the mechanical properties and controlled release of drugs need to be further improved. In this study, mineralized silk fibroin with a particle size in the range of 5-20 μm is prepared by the principle of biomineralization and compounded with polylactic acid and vancomycin. By controlling the cooling rate, the crystallization process of polylactic acid molecules is changed, thereby adjusting the properties of the composite material. Two kinds of crystalline SF/HA/PLA1 and non-crystalline SF/HA/PLA2 mineralized silk fibroin/polylactic acid composites are prepared and its effect on micro-morphology, drug release, mechanical properties and degradation rate is studied. The results show that different crystallization time will change the micropore size of the material between 10-90μm. The drug release rate of SF/HA/PLA2 material in 10 days is 64.3%, which is less than 73.4% of SF/HA/PLA1 material. SF/HA /PLA2 material is tough, and it will not be destroyed when the deformation is greater than 5%, showing better mechanical properties. SF/HA/PLA1 is brittle and breaks after reaching 1MPa. The degradation rate of SF/HA/PLA1 after 30 days is about 5.5%, and the degradation rate of SF/HA/PLA2 is about 7.8%. In this paper, the control of the preparation conditions of mineralized silk fibroin/polylactic acid-loaded vancomycin material is expected to be better suitable for the reparation of infectious bone defects and broaden its clinical application in orthopedics.
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  Study on thermal properties of porous aluminosilicate ceramics for energy storage

  GUAN Yunxu, YANG Qirong, HE Zhuoya, LIU Ting, WANG Liwei, ZHAO Kang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2153-2160. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.020

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  The combination of experiments and molecular dynamics simulations is used to study the properties of porous aluminosilicate ceramics. First, the Material Studio software is used to establish the SiO₂∶Al₂O₃chemical molecular ratio of 3∶1, 2∶1, 3∶2, 1∶1, 2∶3, 1∶2, 1∶3 porous aluminosilicate models. Forcite, VAMP and other modules in the software are used to calculate the model's thermal conductivity, density, constant pressure specific heat capacity, porosity and specific surface area data. The results show that as the proportion of Al₂O₃ increases, the density, constant pressure specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, specific surface area and porosity all increase. Among them, the overall change of constant pressure specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity shows a piecewise linear increase trend, but constant pressure specific heat capacity and pore rate increases slowly. At the same time, in the experiment, the corundum powder (Al₂O₃), diatomaceous earth (SiO₂) and soluble starch are mechanically mixed into a ceramic embryo body. After firing into a porous ceramic, the internal pores of the porous ceramic are observed by SEM. It is found that the thermal properties changes caused by the internal structure changes of porous ceramics and the molecular dynamics simulation results are mutually verified.
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  Preparation and interfacial modification of high nickel LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ lithium battery cathode material

  WANG Entong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2161-2165. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.021

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  High nickel LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ (NCM811) ternary cathode materials with blank and surface modification are prepared by high temperature solid state method and deep doping modification process. SEM, XRD and EDS are used to test the surface morphology, lattice structure and element distribution in the secondary spherical particles of the blank and surface modified NCM811 cathode materials, and the materials are assembled into a semi battery to study the electrochemical performance. The results show that the depth doping of Al and Zr has a significant effect on the primary particle growth of NCM811 cathode material, which could change the surface morphology of primary particles and cause the shift of material peak position. Al and Zr doping is mainly concentrated in the surface layer of the secondary spherical particles. The distribution is gradient and the surface diffusion thickness can reach 1 μm, which was much larger than the ordinary low temperature coating process (diffusion thickness<0.3 μm). The deep doping modification of Al and Zr elements causes the first discharge capacity of the NCM811 cathode material to decrease by 1.8 mAh/g. The 5 C rate discharge retention rate increases 1.6%, the 50-lap cycle capacity retention rate increases by 9.7%, and the cycle stability of NCM811 cathode material is greatly improved.
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  Preparation of Co-MOF derived Co-N-C catalyst and study of its oxygen reduction performance

  YUAN Huifang, WANG Chenxu, PENG Banghua, WANG Gang, DAI Bin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2166-2172. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.022

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  Metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) compounds have excellent oxygen reduction (ORR) properties as non-noble metal catalysts, and have shown wide application prospects in electrochemical energy conversion, such as metal-air batteries and fuel cells. It is of great significance to develop an efficient and inexpensive catalyst comparable to the noble metal platinum catalyst to solve the ORR slow kinetics problem. In this work, metal organic skeleton material ZIF-67 is selected as carbon source and nitrogen source. Among them, cobalt divalent ion, 2-methylimidazole and polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) are used to rapidly synthesize catalysts in situ at room temperature. PEI not only avoids the agglomeration of ZIF-67 but also increases the nitrogen content of catalysts. The prepared nano-material Co-N-C (ZIF-67+PEI) catalyst has better ORR performance, stability and methanol resistance than commercial Pt/C in alkaline electrolyte.
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  Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermet/AgCuTi/40Cr brazed joint

  XU Dapeng, LI Zhendong, XIONG Meilu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2173-2179. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.023

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  Ti(C,N)-based cermet/AgCuTi/40Cr brazed joint was successfully formed by brazing Ti(C,N)-based cermet and metal 40Cr by using active filler metal AgCuTi in vacuum brazing furnace.The microstructure of the brazed joint of Ti(C,N)-based cermet/AgCuTi/40Cr was analyzed by SEM,EDS and XRD,and the mechanical properties of brazed joint was studied,the optimum process conditions of Ti(C,N)-based cermet and metal brazing were obtained,and the effects of brazing conditions (brazing temperature and holding time) on the shear strength and microstructure of brazed joints were analyzed.The results showed that the microstructure of Ti(C,N)-based cermet was precise with obvious core ring structure.The microstructure of brazed joint was uniform without defects. The brazing filler metal was well wetted with the base metal on both sides, and an interfacial reaction layer was formed on both sides.The best brazing process was brazing temperature 900 ℃ and holding time 20 min, and the maximum shear strength of brazed joint reached 265 MPa.The reaction products of brazed joint from ceramic side to metal side were Cu₃Ti₂+Ni₃Ti,Ag(s.s)+Cu(s.s) and CuTi/40Cr.
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  Effect of anodic oxidation voltage on surface morphology and hydrophilicity of β-type Ti-12Mo-3Nb titanium alloy

  TANG Ping, JIANG Shaoqun , XU Lijuan, WANG Gang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2180-2184. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.024

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  Preparing TiO₂ nanotube array on the surface of medical titanium alloy is an effective method to improve its biocompatibility. In this paper, TiO₂-based nanotube arrays were prepared on the surface of a new-type low-cost β-type bio-titanium alloy Ti-12Mo-3Nb by anodic oxidation in NH₄F-contained glycerol aqueous solution (0.5wt.%). The effects of anodizing voltage (20V-50V) on the formation process, morphology and hydrophilicity of TiO₂-based nanotube arrays were investigated. The results show that partition oxidation phenomenon exists on the surface of Ti-12Mo-3Nb alloy, and the extent of partition oxidation increases with the increase of oxidation voltage. The TiO₂-based nanotube arrays which are existed in the area enriched in Mo and Nb element look like a "honeycombed" the diameters of the nanotubes are small and do not change significantly with the oxidation voltage. The TiO₂-based nanotube arrays which are existed in the area not enriched in Mo and Nb element grow in two ways. One is stacked nanotubes growing layer by layer from top to bottom (like cone-shaped tower) and another is nanotubes growing perpendicularly to the surface of sample. The morphology of TiO₂-based nanotube arrays is affected by the comprehensive effect of the formation and dissolution rate of nanotubes and the diffusion rate of F^- under electric field. After 25-50V anodizing treatment, the hydrophilicity of Ti-12Mo-3Nb titanium alloy is greatly improved. The micro-nano composite structure on the alloy surface enhances hydrophilicity, and appropriate increasing of the oxidation voltage will increase the micro-nano composite structure. The contact angle of the Ti-12Mo-3Nb alloy anodized at 50V for 3h can be as low as about 14.5°.
Process & Technology
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  Fabrication of gold nanoparticles doped DVB foam microspheres for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target

  LIU Xiaolin, ZHANG Qingjun, ZHANG Yong, FANG Yu, ZANG Lin, LUO Xuan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2185-2190. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.025

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  Gold nanoparticles doped DVB foam microspheres are prepared by suspension polymerization with divinyl benzene (DVB) as foam skeleton material, gold nanoparticles as doping material, dibutyl phthalate as solvent, poly (4- vinyl phenol) (PVP) as dispersing agent and 5wt% polyethylene glycol (PEG) as water phase. Scanning electron microscope, X-ray energy spectrum, Fourier-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray computed tomography are used to characterize the chemical structure of DVB foam microspheres, the doping amount and dispersion of gold nanoparticles in the DVB foam microspheres. The results show when the dispersant content is 5 mg/mL, the gold nanoparticles are uniformly distributed in the foam without obvious sedimentation or agglomeration. The gold content is 5.2%, which is close to the theoretical value (5%). The gold nanoparticles doped DVB foam microspheres have potential applications in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) physical experiments.
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  Preparation and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of Fe₃O₄-reduced graphene oxide/polybenzoxazine composites

  LI Xiaodan, TANG Ying, LIU Xiaoqing, Luo Zhiqing, TANG Wei, FENG Jiacheng, LIU Xiaoping, HU Xinyu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2191-2197. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.026

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  In this paper, rGO loaded Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with both conductive and ferromagnetic properties are synthetized. Through benzoxazine resin curing with the nanoparticles, the amphoteric electromagnetic shielding composite with high conductivity and high permeability is prepared. It is found that the nanoparticles have the best conductivity and magnetic conductivity when the amount of ammonia water is 3 mL, and when the ratio of GO and FeCl₃·6H₂O is 5 wt%, the loading efficiency of Fe₃O₄ on rGO reaches the highest. Nanoparticles could catalyze the curing of BA-a and crosslink with it. With the increase of nanoparticles, rGO is connected end-to-end in the matrix, and a complete conductive path is gradually formed, so the conductivity is continuously improved. Meanwhile, the permeability of the composite also increases with the increase of nanoparticles, which improves impedance matching characteristics, reduces surface reflection and improves absorption of the composite. At low frequencies, the composite material shows high magnetic shielding effect, and the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the composite material reaches a maximum of 24 dB when the amount of micro-aggregate is 2.5 wt%. The ternary composite also has high thermal stability.
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  Preparation and properties analysis of plasma-induced nitrogen doped TiO₂ nanotubes

  WANG Liming, ZHANG Shuang, MENG Shuya, AO Dong, GUO Yani, ZHAO Yi

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2198-2203. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.027

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  Nitrogen-doped TiO₂ nanotubes (N-TiO₂) are prepared by anodizing and plasma methods on titanium substrates and characterized and analyzed by SEM, XRD, EIS, etc. The effects of nitrogen-doped power, nitrogen-doped time and bias voltage on the performance of the N-TiO₂ nanotubes are evaluated by response surface method. The photoelectrocatalytic properties of N-TiO₂ nanotubes are investigated with 10 mg/L reactive scarlet solution as the target degradation agent. The results show that the surface morphology and crystal structure of TiO₂ nanotubes are not changed after nitrogen-doped by plasma, and its photoelectrocatalytic performance is better. The optical absorption is red shifted. With nitrogen-doped power of 10 W, nitrogen-doped time of 90 s, and bias voltage of 20 V, N-TiO₂ nanotubes has the best photocatalytic performance for reactive scarlet degradation, and the decolorization rate of reactive scarlet is photoelectrocatalytic to 98.7% in 100 min. The relative error is 1% between the modeled and observed values.
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  Effect of heavy rare earth elements addition on the glass forming and mechanical properties of Cu₅₀Zr₄₆Al₄ alloy

  XIE Hanxi, LI Dongmei, LIU Xiaoping, TANG Benzhen, GUO Xiaolong, YU Peng, XIA Lei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2204-2210. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.028

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  Rare earth elements are important additives to improve the forming ability and properties of amorphous alloys. A series of Cu_50-xZr₄₆Al₄RE_x (RE=Dy, Tb, Gd; x=0, 1, 2, 3, 4) amorphous alloys are prepared by copper mold suction casting method. The effects of Dy, Tb, and Gd on the glass forming ability (GFA) and mechanical properties of Cu₅₀Zr₄₆Al₄ alloys are systematically investigated. The experimental results show that with the addition of Dy, Tb, and Gd, the glass transition temperature of the alloy system decreases significantly, while the width of supercooled liquid region ΔT_x increases. The maximum value of γparameter is obtained by adding 1at% Dy, Tb, and 3at% Gd, which indicates that the appropriate addition amount is beneficial to the improvement of glass forming ability. At the same time, the plastic deformation ability of Cu-Zr-Al alloy can be improved by adding proper amount of Dy, Tb and Gd. The results show that there is a close relationship between the glass forming ability and the hardness. The addition of rare earth elements leads to a greater radial inhomogeneity in the hardness of the alloy samples, which is conducive to the improvement of the plastic deformation ability of the alloy.
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  Analysis of influencing factors for preparation of gold nanoparticles by sodium citrate reduction

  REN Linjiao, LI Chenlong, QIN Zirui, XU Peng, JIANG Liying

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2211-2215. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.029

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  The gold nano material is prepared by a chemical reduction method, and with sodium citrate as a reducing agent, chloroauric acid is reduced by heating to obtain an aqueous solution of gold nano particles. Using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, the influence of preparation process parameters on product size and product generation rate is studied. The results show that the concentration ratio of reactants, the order of reactants and the pH of the solution affect the size of the product to a certain extent, and the holding temperature, holding time and stirring rate have a greater influence on the rate of product formation. Here, the related factors influencing the formation process of gold nanoparticles are analyzed.
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  Effect of nano-ZnO particles pollution on nitrification of granular sludge

  FANG Honglian, LEI Jie, WU Rongwei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(2): 2216-2220. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.02.030

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  In this paper, nano zinc oxide particlesare prepared by sol-gel method. The phase and morphology of nano zinc oxide prepared are characterized by XRD, FTIR spectrum and SEM. The dissolution of nano ZnO is detected in the experimental solution. The influence of ZnO on sludge morphology is observed by SEM, and the influence of ZnO on sludge nitration is also studied. The results showed that the powder of nano ZnO prepared is pure and has good crystallinity. The ZnO particles are nanoparticles with good dispersibility. In the experimental solution, with the increase of the amount of nano-ZnO particles, the content of Zn²⁺ in SBR solution gradually increases. When the reaction time is 270 min, the content of Zn²⁺ in the SBR system with 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L and 60 mg/L nano-ZnO particles is 9.6×10^-3 mg/L, 16.3×10^-3 mg/L and 36.1×10^-3 mg/L, respectively. It is observed by SEM that after the addition of nano-ZnO particles, obvious nanoparticle aggregates are found on the sludge surface, and there are many powdery substances on the sludge surface, so it is difficult to find mucos-like extracellular polymers. When the added amount of ZnO particles is 0 mg/L, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen from granular sludge can reach 96.4%. When the added amount of ZnO particles increases to 10 mg/L and 60 mg/L, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen from granular sludge decreases to 82.1% and 59.6%.