30 January 2020, Volume 51 Issue 1

    

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Focuses & Concerns (The Project of Chongqing Press Fund in 2019)
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  Luminescence properties of Tb³⁺ adding ZnMoO₄@SiO₂ green fluorescence materials

  SHI Ruzhu, JU Xiaoxia, WANG Haibo, ZHOU Ming

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1001-1008. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.001

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  The green phosphor ZnMoO₄:Tb³⁺ and SiO₂ coated phosphor sSiO₂@ZnMoO₄:Tb³⁺ with core-shell structure were prepared by chemical coprecipitating method. The effects of reactant concentration, reaction time, mixing method, calcination temperature, calcination time and surfactant types were investigated. The results showed that the luminescence intensity of green phosphors ZnMoO₄:Tb³⁺ was higher than that of those prepared by backdrop mixing method. The excitation peak strength of phosphor ZnMoO₄:Tb³⁺ at 383 nm and 493 nm increased first and then decreased with the increase of Tb³⁺ ion concentration. The TG-TGA analysis showed that the green phosphors had excellent high-temperature resistance and the maximum thermal decomposition rate was 285 ℃. When the addition of surfactant PVP was 5%, the fluorescence intensity was increased by 22%, and the fluorescence intensity of SiO₂@ZnMoO₄:Tb³⁺ was increased by 25% compared with that of the phosphor ZnMoO₄:Tb³⁺.
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  Constructing Z-scheme g-C₃N₄/α-Fe₂O₃ photocatalysts and efficient H₂ generation by visible-light driven

  WANG Yujing, SONG Hemei, ZHANG Xindong, CHAI Shouning

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1009-1015. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.002

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  The graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) photocatalyst has attracted widespread attention owing to its excellent photocatalytic activity for H₂ production. However, there are also some disadvantages for single g-C₃N₄, such as narrow visible light response, high electron-hole recombination efficiency and low quantum efficiency. Herein, an efficient nanocryatalline colloidal Z-scheme g-C₃N₄/α-Fe₂O₃was fabricated rationally by a simple hydrothermal method for H₂ evolution under visible light. NaBH₄ was used as a based fluid to investigate the catalytic performance, and the corresponding generation H₂ rate reached to 30 mL after 10 min under the optimum pH=12, Fe 1% of the mass fraction and 30 ℃ of the solution temperature. The photoelectric response ability of g-C₃N₄/α-Fe₂O₃ was analyzed by means of PL, EIS and PC. The results show that the composite had the lower photoluminescence intensity, higher photocurrent density and smaller charge transfer resistance, indicating the effective separation and rapid transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. The results demonstrate that the Z-scheme carrier transfer pathway endowed g-C₃N₄/α-Fe₂O₃ composite with strong oxidation ability, which provided a greater driving force for photocatalytic cracking of NaBH₄. The main significance of this study gave an new insights into photocatalytic H₂ production and provided a reference for rationally designing and constructing Z-scheme photocatalyst.
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  Preparation of photoresponsive SP-COOH/PAN fiber materials and research on the application of regulating humidity

  LI Chunhao, MENG Rui, NI Yuqiang, ZHANG Ce, WANG Shuai

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1016-1022. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.003

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  A novel photoresponsive SP-COOH/PAN fiber material for regulating humidity was prepared by physically doping N-carboxyspiropyran (SP-COOH) with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and electrospinning technique. The wettability and surrounding humidity of electrospun films could be reversibly adjusted by alternating UV-visible light irradiation due to the photoisomerization of spiropyran molecule. Under UV light irradiation, spiro C-O bond would be broken and SP-COOH molecules exhibited a colored polar ring-opened status, which were easy to form electrostatic attraction with water molecules. Whereas under visible light irradiation, the spiro C-O bond reunited, presenting a colorless, non-polar ring-closed molecule that was less attracted to water molecules. Such polarity transition could reversibly manipulate the wettability of the material surface and then be applied to regulating surrounding humidity. The results show that the variation range of the wettability of the fiber material under the ultraviolet-visible alternating irradiation had a positive relationship with the range of humidity adjustment, and they both became larger as the doping amount of SP-COOH increased. When the doping amount of SP-COOH was 4%, the wettability of the material surface could only change about 3.6° and the range of humidity adjustment was about ± 2.2%. However, the wettability of the material surface could change about 16.0 ° and the range of humidity adjustment was about ± 6% when the doping amount of SP-COOH was 10%. In addition, electrospinning technology was versatile, easy-to-operate and applicable to large-scale surfaces, which was advantageous for the application of such film materials in actual life.
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  Preparation and properties of antibacterial hydrophobic cotton fabrics

  QIAN Fengyi, LI Rong, Ren Xuehong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1023-1027. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.004

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  N-halamine compound GHAPA and fluorine-free hydrophobic agent REPELLAN FF were used to treat cotton textiles with a continuous dip-pad-cure process. The effects of curing temperature and concentration on chlorine content and contact angle were investigated. The treated fabric was characterized by SEM and FT-IR. The breaking strength, hydrophobicity and antibacterial activity of the treated fabric were tested and analyzed. The result showed that treated fabric exhibited excellent hydrophobic performance with water contact angle of 136°. The antibacterial test demonstrated that chlorinated cotton fabrics could kill all of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 within 5 min and 30 min, respectively, which demonstrated excellent antibacterial properties.
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  Preparation and application of methyl eleostearate D-A reaction product catalyzed by UV light

  ZHOUChuang, ZHANG Li, LI Puwang, HE Zuyu, WANG Chao, YANG Yan, LIU Yunhao, JIAO Jing, YANG Ziming

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1028-1034. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.005

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  In this paper, methyl eleostearate was prepared via the transesterification reaction between tung oil and methanol, and then was used to synthesize methyl eleostearate-maleic anhydride (ME-MA) adduct by D-A reaction under UV light. The structure of ME-MA was also identified and characterized by FTIR spectra, UV-vis spectra and 1H NMR. Finally, ME-MA adduct was applied to the polyurethane coatings to study the effect of photoinitiator, reactive diluent and ME-MA adduct on the cured films. The experimental results concluded that the optimum formula conditions were as follows: the photoinitiator was TPO, the reactive diluent was HDDA, the amount of TPO was 5% and the addition amount of ME-MA was 20%. The cured film formation possessed good performance, including the highest gel fraction of 96.5%, tensile strength of 11.3 MPa and elongation at break of 23.2%.
Review & Advance
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  Research progress of three dimensional microstructure simulation and characterization analysis technology

  LI Wei, CHU Zhibing, WANG Huanzhu, LI Yugui, SHUAI Meirong, SU Hui, XUE Chun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1035-1042. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.006

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  The micro-structure of polycrystalline materials determines their macro-mechanical properties to a certain extent. The 3D simulation and characterization of the micro-structure are great significance for predicting and studying the real organizational structure and its evolution law in the materials. In this article, the applications of 3D simulation methods and characterization techniques in material science were summarized, and the basic principles of several commonly used 3D simulation methods and characterization techniques were described. The latest research progress, research hotspots and difficulties were analyzed, and the future research contents and directions in material science were put forward.
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  Research progress of polyaniline based conducting degradable polymers in tissue engineering

  LIU Rongtao, XIAO Tianhua, PANG Yiyu, LI Da, LIAO Songyi, MIN Yonggang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1043-1048. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.007

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  Polyaniline can be used to regulate cell activity under electrical stimulation and promote cell adhesion, growth and differentiation. Polyaniline-based conductive degradable polymer scaffolds have good electrical activity, biocompatibility and degradability, meeting the practical requirements. It is a challenge tostudy the fit between degradation rate and new tissue formation rate for tissue engineering and hasfar-reaching implications for tissue growth and healing. The research status and development direction of polyaniline-based conductive degradable polymers were introduced, and the prospects of conductive degradable polymers in the field of tissue engineering were prospected.
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  Research progress on barium titanate photocatalytic materials

  LI Pengwei, CUI Junhao, GE Yanfeng, WANG Jiansheng, ZENG Xiongfeng, ZHAO Yingna

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1049-1054. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.008

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  In recent years, perovskite-type compounds have become a hot research topic in the field of photocatalysis due to their unique structures. Barium titanate (SrTiO₃) is a typical perovskite-type composite oxide with high stability, non-toxicity, high carrier mobility and high photocatalytic activity. It has low-resistance electron transport structure for semiconductors and the high-efficiency redox capability of small molecules is a photocatalytic material with great development potential and application prospects. In this paper, the structure, preparation method and photocatalytic mechanism of SrTiO₃ materials were introduced, and the modification of SrTiO₃ in the field of photocatalysis was reviewed. Finally, based on the existing research results, a brief analysis of the future development trend of SrTiO₃ photocatalytic materials would help researchers to make further breakthroughs.
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  Key technology and research progress of lithium metal anode

  LUO Yu, HE Guoqiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1055-1062. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.009

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  The latest research progress based on lithium metal anode modification is reviewed. It makes lithium metal become the ideal anode material for the next generation of lithium secondary batteries (such as lithium sulfur and lithium air batteries) due to the theoretical mass specific capacity 3860 mAh/g, density 0.534 g/cm³ and standard reduction potential of -3.045 V. However, the development of lithium metal batteries has been seriously hindered by and volume expansion and the growth of lithium dendrites which is caused by the uneven deposition of lithium ions, and the resulting battery safety risks and reduced cycle life. The modification of lithium anode is analyzed from four aspects: mechanically increasing the surface area of the lithium anode, lithium alloy anode and mixed lithium anode, surface layer of lithium anode, and two-dimensional and three-dimensional substrate. Finally, it is proposed that the industrialization of lithium metal battery should be solved from two aspects of dendrite and volume expansion, and research and exploration should be carried out by combining different modification methods.
Research & Development
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  Research and application of VO₂ phase transition performance under extreme electric field environment excitation

  HE Chang'an, WANG Qingguo, QU Zhaoming, SUN Xiaoning, ZOU Jun, YANG Hongming, LOU Huakang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1063-1068. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.010

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  In order to reveal the field-induced phase change law of V_XO_Y film, the vanadium oxide was applied to the satellite control system to guide the scale production of vanadium oxide. The magnetron sputtering method and the vacuum annealing process were combined to prepare the V_XO_Y film on the Al₂O₃ ceramic substrate. The experimental requirements for instrument accuracy improved the success rate of the experiment. The substrate was subjected to magnetron sputtering coating, further oxidized in a tube furnace to form a uniform surface V₂O₅, and then subjected to high temperature annealing treatment, and the formed film under different annealing conditions was characterized by XRD. The phase transition of V_XO_Y film under electric field excitation was measured. It was verified that Joule heat was not the dominant factor of film phase transformation under electric field excitation. The phase transformation of V_XO_Y film under different compositions was summarized. The different V₆O₁₃ content was studied for the critical phase of VO₂ film. The influence law of the variable voltage could guide the V_XO_Y film to be applied to control systems under extreme environmental equipment such as micro-nano satellites.
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  Research on damage healing performance of aged asphalt mortar

  CUI Yanan, AORIQILENG, YU Qingnian

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1069-1074. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.011

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  In order to research the influence of ageing effect on the matrix asphalt mortar and SBS modified asphalt mortars' self-healing characteristics, in this study, the different influencing factors were chosen from internal conditions and external environment, orthogonal experimental design of “four factors and three levels” was conducted, the UTM-100 Universal Testing Machine was used to carry on damage-healing-re-damage experiment on two types of asphalt mortars, and breaking strain and fracture toughness as self-healing evaluation indexes were selected for further studying. The experimental result illustrates that it was not accurate and complete to take breaking strain as a healing index to analyze matrix asphalt mortar's healing characteristics, while fracture toughness could better represent the healing natures and differences between two types of matrix asphalt mortar under various conditions. Among the four influencing factors, aging degree had the largest influence on the damage healing of two types of asphalt mortars. Under the same experimental condition, SBS modified asphalt mortar could better resist fatigue and cracking, but the healing effect was not obvious compared with matrix asphalt mortar. Under the influence of healing temperature, healing time, aging degree and damage degree, matrix asphalt mortar had a better capacity to heal itself.
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  Photocatalytic adsorption of oxidized paraffin soap by phosphogypsum/fly ash/CaO composite

  JIA Zilong, LIU Zhihong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1075-1081. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.012

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  Phosphorus gypsum, fly ash and calcium oxide were used as raw materials for the adsorbent, analytically pure CeO₂ was used as photocatalytic agents in adsorption process, and UV aseptic lamp was used to provide photocatalytic environment for the test. The test proved that when the mixing ratio of phosphorus gypsum, fly ash and calcium oxide was 1∶1∶2, the adsorption rate of oxidized paraffin soap reached 88.10% under the irradiation of UV aseptic lamp for 1 h with CeO₂ additives of 10 mg. FT-IR and SEM were used to characterize the samples before and after adsorption, and the influences of pH value, temperature, CeO₂ additive amount, adsorption concentration and adsorption time on the adsorption process were studied. The results showed that the optimal adsorption conditions were pH of 7-12 and CeO₂ additive amount of 20 mg. Adsorption equilibrium time was 2 h. The equilibrium adsorption capacity was 119.51 mg/g. The adsorption rate reached 94% at equilibrium. The isothermal adsorption line conformed to the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, and the adsorption kinetics followed the quasi second order adsorption kinetic equation.
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  Solid phase synthesis and luminescence properties of X-ray phosphor powder Gd₂O₂S:Pr,Ce

  WEI Guoliang, YIN Bangyue, QU Zhehao, ZHENG Xinhai

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1082-1087. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.013

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  Using Gd₂O₃:Pr,Ce synthesized by ammonium oxalate coprecipitation method as a raw material, sulfur as a vulcanizing agent and anhydrous Na₂CO₃ as a fluxing agent, Gd₂O₂S:Pr and Gd₂O₂S:Pr,Ce were prepared by solid phase method at 1000 °C in vacuum atmosphere. XRD confirmed that the reaction product was the target product. The prepared Gd₂O₂S:Pr was a hexagonal single phase with a particle size distribution of 1μm-10 μm. Under the excitation of 313 nm ultraviolet light, the main emission peak was at 511 nm, which belonged to the ³P₀→³H₄ transition of Pr³⁺. The intensity of the main emission light changed with the content of Pr³⁺. When the content of Pr³⁺ was 0.80%, the main emission intensity was the largest. The addition of Ce³⁺ could significantly reduce the fluorescence afterglow of Gd₂O₂S:Pr, but reduce the intensity of emitted light at the same time. The amount of Ce³⁺ added should be balanced between afterglow control, fluorescence intensity and lifetime of scintillator.
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  Investigation on low temperature sintering and high frequency EMI suppression properties of NiCoZn ferrite with BIT doping

  LEI Peng, LING Weiwei, ZHANG Wanting, LI Yuanxun, SU Hua, ZHANG Huaiwu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1088-1093. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.014

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  The NiCoZn ferrite with high quality factor and applied in high frequency is the key material for the EMI (electromagnetic interference) filters. However, the high sintered temperature is the main restrictive factor that prevents this ferrite from adapting to the mainstream passive integration method-LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramic) technology. In this paper, a series of low fired (900 ℃) Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (BIT) doped NiCoZn ferrites were prepared, and the influence of BIT amount on the magnetic properties was analyzed. A comparison of the important properties between BIT doped ferrites and high fired (1 100 ℃) undoped ferrite was also carried out. It can be found that a similar value of permeability was also obtained in 6 wt% BIT doped ferrite in contrast with undoped ferrite while the sintered temperature was greatly reduced. Further, the high frequency EMI suppression properties of two filters fabricated by two kinds of ferrites were investigated. The both two filters showed excellent noise suppression performance in the frequency band of 2-40 MHz. In some frequency band, the filter using BIT doped ferrite as differential-mode inductance showed better differential-mode noise suppression ability, and had good potential to be applied in EMI devices development with LTCC technology.
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  Bimodal mesoporous silica functionalized with glucuronic acid as a highly effective adsorbent for bilirubin removal

  XIAO Wenxiang, ZHANG Menghui, DENG Congmin, LIU Zizhuo, LI Hua

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1094-1099. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.015

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  Bilirubin is a bioactive substance that is produced by the aging and abnormal red blood cells phagocytosis and hemoglobin catabolism. In order to accelerate mass transfer, bimodal mesoporous silica with small and larger mesopores was adopted as bilirubin adsorbent substrate. Glucuronic acid was grafted on bimodal mesoporous silica to improve selectivity towards bilirubin adsorption. Effect of equilibrium time, temperature, initial concentrations of bilirubin, human serum bovine and ionic strength on bilirubin adsorption was thoroughly investigated. Experimental results revealed that glucuronized bimodal mesoporous silica was a rapid and highly effective adsorbent for bilirubin removal. The equilibrium time was 15 min and the maximum adsorption capacity for bilirubin was (246.7±8.3)mg/g. The adsorbent showed good selectivity of bilirubin against serum albumin. The adsorption of bilirubin on mesoporous silica could be described by second-order kinetic equation and the Langmuir isotherm equation.
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  Improvement of thermal transferrates of the CPS/PAN phase change composite fibrous membranes by carborundum nanoparticles

  KE Huizhen, LI Yonggui

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1100-1104. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.016

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  The composite fibrous membranes consisting of polyacrylonirtile (PAN) and carborundum nanoparticles (SiC) with the different mass ratios were used as supporting materials. The capric-palmitic-stearic acid (CPS) was selected as solid-liquid phase change materials. And then the CPS/PAN/SiC form-stable phase change composite fibrous membranes (PCCFMs) were developed by physical adsorption method. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and heat transfer test measurement were used to determine morphology, thermal performance, heat storage and release rates of the form-stable PCCFMs loading different mass ratios of SiC, respectively. The SEM images reveal that there was no significant influence on the morphological structure of the CPS/PAN/SiC form-stable PCCFMs by loading different content of SiC. The DSC results show that the SiC additives had no significant impact on the phase transition temperatures and enthalpies of the prepared PCCFMs with the increasing of SiC amounts. According to the data of heat transfer measurement, the melting and freezing time of form-stable PCCFMs were significantly shortened by about 20-46% with the SiC content increasing.
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  Influence research of boundary conditions on acoustic parameters test of porous materials

  XIONG Xinzhong, LIU Xuewen, WU Liang, PANG Jinxiang, ZHANGHewei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1105-1108. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.017

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  The acoustical parameters of the porous material require a mechanical cutting method to match the sample container prior to testing, however the edge of the material after cutting cannot be completely matched to the sample container. Therefore, it is processed by adding a ring. Taking melamine foam as an example, by controlling the boundary conditions of the test material and testing the flow resistivity of the material, the acoustic characteristic parameters of the material were calculated in the software with a suitable acoustic model. Finally,the sound absorption coefficient obtained by the impedance tube test was comparedwith that obtained by AMDesigner simulation. The results show that the value obtained by adding two rings was in agreement with the test value.The value obtained by addingone ring was betterin the low frequency region, and thematerial obtained by cutting had the worst test result. It could provide guidance for more accurate testing of the flow resistivity of porous foam in the future.
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  The physicochemical properties and electroadsorption desalting performance of PPy/AC electrode

  WANG Yue, LI Haihong, WANG Juan, ZHANG Qian

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1109-1114. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.018

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  In order to improve the desalination effect of activated carbon electrode in the electric adsorption desalination experiment, in-situ chemical synthesis method was used to modify activated carbon loaded polypyrrole, and the electric adsorption desalination performance of PPy/AC electrode in potassium nitrate solution was studied. The physicochemical properties and electrochemical properties of activated carbon electrode before and after modification were analyzed by various characterization methods such as SEM, contact angle tester, CV, EIS and GCD. After modification, the average contact angle of the activated carbon electrode decreased from 85.7° to 60.45°, and the wettability became better. The specific capacitance increased from 89.66 F/g to 283.5 F/g, which was increased by 68.37%. The conductivity of the electrode became better and the resistance was decreased. The ion diffusion belonged to semi-infinite diffusion process. After 100 cycles of voltammetry, the specific capacitance was only reduced by 20%, and the electrode had better cycle stability and regenerability.
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  Carbon sequestration functionality of calcium hydroxide - Effect of CO₂ concentration and carbonation time

  SHEN Heming, WU Canbin, LI Zhihua, ZHANG Cong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1115-1119. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.019

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  Mineral carbon sequestration is one of the effective methods to reduce CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. However, a large number of researches focus on improving the efficiency of mineral carbon sequestration, and ignore the secondary utilization of carbonized products. In this paper, the effects of CO₂ concentration and carbonization time on carbonization rate and compressive strength of carbonization product were studied. It was found that the carbonization rate of calcium hydroxide increased gradually with the extension of carbonization time under the same CO₂ concentration. With the increase of CO₂ concentration, the carbonization rate of calcium hydroxide increased continuously. With the extension of carbonization time, the strength of carbonized products increased continuously, but when the carbonization time exceeded 24 h, the strength of carbonized products significantly decreased. High concentration CO₂ environment was unfavorable to the development of strength of calcium hydroxide carbonization products, and the strength of carbonization products gradually decreased with the increase of CO₂ concentration. Through SEM, EDS and XRD analysis, it was found that with the extension of carbonization time, calcite type calcium carbonate layer formed on the surface of calcium hydroxide, which hindered the carbonization process. When the carbonization time reached 28 d, the strength of carbonized products decreased significantly due to the expansion and cracking of calcium carbonate layer.
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  Effect of calcium carbonate whisker on mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced high ductility cementitious composites

  XIA Chaofan, LI Zhihua, ZHANG Cong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1120-1125. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.020

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  To investigate the effect of calcium carbonate whisker on the mechanical properties of steel/PVA hybrid fiber reinforced high ductility cementitious composites (HyFRHDCC), 2% volume content of cheap calcium carbonate whisker was used to replace the dosage of fibers. The compressive and tensile properties of HyFRHDCC with different fiber content were studied. The microstructure of HyFRHDCC was observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the addition of calcium carbonate whisker could improve the tensile strain and pre-peak compressive toughness of HyFRHDCC. The usage of 2% calcium carbonate whisker in 1.5% PVA + 0.25% steel fiber HyFRHDCC could improve the tensile properties of the specimens. When the dosage of PVA fiber was reduced to 1%, HyFRHDCC exhibited a significant strain softening behavior. Micromorphology analysis found that calcium carbonate whisker could improve the strain hardening behavior of HyFRHDCC through microscopic mechanisms such as crack deflection, whisker pull-out and crack bridging.
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  Study on the wear resistance prediction of Ni-SiC nanocoating based on a BP neural network model

  LI Xinyuan, MA Chunyang, ZHAO Xudong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1126-1130. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.021

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  The BP neural network model with a structure of 3×8×1 was established by using artificial neural network technology. The wear resistance of the coating prepared by ultrasonic electrodeposition was predicted by this model. The wear resistance of Ni-SiC nanocoating was tested by a wear test and the microstructure and component of the coatings prepared at different parameters were observed via scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that when the number of hidden layers was 1 and the number of neurons was 8, the root mean square error of the BP neural network model was the smallest, and the minimum value was only 1.24%. The predicted value of the BP neural network model was not much different from the experimental value, and the maximum error was 1.51%. When the concentration of SiC particles was 8 g/L, the current density was 2 A/dm², and the temperature was 40 ℃, the SiC particles were uniformly distributed in the Ni-SiC nanocoating. The nickel grains of the coating were obviously refined, and their diffraction peak became wider and shorter.
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  Microstructure characteristics and mechanical behavior of directionally solidified TWIP steel

  WANG Dan, WANG Xinfu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1131-1135. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.022

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  The mechanical behavior, microstructure characteristics and strain rate effect of TWIP steels prepared by directional solidification were investigated and compared with common TWIP steel with equiaxed grains. The directionally solidified samples (DS samples) showed a typical columnar grain microstructure, and the dendrite spacing increased but the morphology became simple when decreasing the withdrawal rate. The DS samples exhibited higher mechanical properties along the axis, in comparison with common TWIP steel sample. Especially, the elongation and product of strength and elongation of DS120 was increased by 30% and 22.8%, compared to the common TWIP steel. The elongation and product of strength and elongation decreased with the increased strain rate, however, the former was much less insensitive to strain rate relative to the later, meaning that the former could keep a high energy absorption capability in high-velocity impacts.
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  Preparationof cathode material Na₂MnPO₄F/C for lithium ion batteries by biomass carbon source and its electrochemical properties

  LI Wei, LIU Zheng, AI Huiting, ZHOU Hanzi, LYU Yiju, ZHANG Shufen

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1136-1142. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.023

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  In this paper, Na₂MnPO₄F/C cathode material was prepared from bagasse as a biomass carbon source. The Na₂MnPO₄F/C cathode material was prepared via ball milling and in situ pyrolysis. The preparation conditions of the cathode material were analyzed by characterization with Raman spectroscopy and the optimum preparation conditions of Na₂MnPO₄F/C were 15% carbon source and 600 °C calcination temperature. The materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS and electrochemical measurement techniques. The results show that the material had good crystallinity, and the carbon material was well coated on the surface of the Na₂MnPO₄F polyfluorinated anion material, and did not affect the material structure. The battery was assembled into a button cell for electrochemical performance test. The results show that the electrochemical performance of Na₂MnPO₄F/C material was better than that of Na₂MnPO₄F material. At 0.1 C, the specific capacity of the first ring of Na₂MnPO₄F/C material was 8.71 m Ah/g, while that of Na₂MnPO₄F material was 1.94 m Ah/g. Carbon coating by in-situ pyrolysis could effectively improve the electronic conductivity of the material and increase the capacity.
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  Study on high temperature products and interaction mechanism of praseodymium arsenic and iron ternary system

  LUO Jinxiao, HUANG Run, FU Chenghui, LI Yulian, ZHANG Jinzhu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1143-1147. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.024

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  In this study, bismuth and arsenic were sealed in industrial pure iron cylinders according to different atomic ratios, and the temperature was raised to 1273 K and kept warm for 20 hours according to a certain heating program. Optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the interaction of Pr-As-Fe at high temperature. The results showed that the binary compounds PrAs and Fe₂As and the α-Fe solid solution with saturated arsenic were the main products of the interaction of Pr-As-Fe at high temperature, and a small amount of Fe₁₇Pr₂ compounds formed. With the increase of atomic ratio, the amount of PrAs decreased, while the amount of α-Fe solid solution of Fe2As and saturated arsenic increased. In the Pr-As-Fe ternary high temperature system, the amount of arsenic atoms affected the diffusion of iron atoms, and the amount of diffusion of iron atoms increased as the ratio increased.
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  Effect of sintering temperature on properties of single-tube loess ceramic support

  ZHOU Guangrui, TONG Zhi, LIU Ting, WANG Jiayue, YAN Xiao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1148-1154. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.025

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  Single-tube Luochuan loess ceramic supports were prepared by the rolling molding method and solid particle sintering method using loess with the median diameter of 38.78 μm as aggregate. The effect of sintering temperature on the properties of single-tube ceramic membrane supports was mainly studied. The thermal stability, flexural strength, pure water flux, acid/alkali resistance, analysis of crystal phase composition and observation of surface morphology of loess-based ceramic membrane supports were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, three-point bending method, mercury intrusion method, self-made pure water permeability measurement device, mass loss method, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. It is found that the sintering temperature could indeed affect the performance of the loess ceramic support. When the sintering temperature was 1 100 ℃, as-prepared support had a good performance with the porosity of 20.08%, the flexural strength of 32.46 MPa, the pure water permeability of 893 L/(m²·h·MPa), the weight loss rate of acid /alkali corrosion of 0.42% and 0.24%, and the average pore diameter and the median pore diameter of 4.68 μm and 2.68 μm, respectively. Under the conditions of 1100 ℃ as sintering temperature, the support exhibited the best performance with an optimum addition amount.
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  Study on a kind of ultrasonic transmission composite material

  ZHAO Xizhen, XIAO Guoqing

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1155-1159. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.026

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  In this paper, a kind of ultrasonic transmission composite material is studied. Epoxy resin is used as adhesive material, metal powder with small acoustic impedance is added to improve the ultrasonic conductive performance, liquid rubber CTBN is added to toughen and modify, mercaptan curing and fatty amine accelerator are added to shorten the curing time, and a kind of composite material with good adhesive viscosity, good toughness, short curing time and ultrasonic penetration is developed functional composite materials with strong overactivity. It provides a solution to the problem that the transmission channel of the real-time monitoring system of ultrasonic rail breaking is cut off and the monitoring function cannot be played.
Process & Technology
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  Preparation and properties of carbon fiber/cotton fiber/polypyrrole flexible composites

  LIU Ke, ZHONG Zhicheng, CAO Jing

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1160-1164. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.027

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  Flexible supercapacitor, as a kind of energy storage device, has the advantages of high power density, short charging time, long cycle life and high specific capacitance, which can meet the needs of wearable devices.Flexible electrode material is the key factor determining the development of flexible supercapacitor, anddetermines the main performance indicators of capacitors.Carbon fiber/cotton fiber blended yarn with 20wt% carbon fiber content was prepared by blending method.Polypyrrole particles were grown on carbon fiber/cotton fiber blended yarn by electrochemical deposition method, and 20wt% carbon fiber/cotton fiber/polypyrroleflexible composite was successfully prepared.The morphology, polypyrrole deposition and capacitance properties of the composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical workstation.The results showed that in 20wt% carbon fiber/cotton fiber/polypyrrole flexible composites, the diameter of polypyrrole particles was 30-60 nm, the deposition was uniform and the chemical activity is high.At 1.02 mA/cm² current density, the maximum specific capacitance of the composites reached 1.28 F/cm², and its high specific capacitance was attributed to the unique structure of the electrode.The composite materials had good flexibility, mechanical stability and charge-discharge cycle life. After 6,000 bending cycles, the capacitance retention rate was still over 80%. It could be used as an electrode material for flexible wearable supercapacitors.
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  Development and properties of surface conductive paper

  LI Hongbin, FANG Guigan, HAN Shanming, JIAO Jian

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1165-1170. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.028

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  The preparation and formation characterization of carbon fiber paper were carried on in this paper. The results showed that the appropriate beating degree of plant fiber was abtained at 45-50° SR for a relatively good formation of carbon fiber paper. In the condition of carbon fiber content 5%, the burst index of carbon fiber paper could be reach to 5 kPa·m²/g or up, tear index could be reach to 8.0 mN·m²/g, and breaking length was about 6 km. The better formation could be gained in the condition of 4 mm length of carbon fiber. Under the same applied voltage condition, when the carbon fiber content increased from 5% to 10%, the resistance value dropped sharply. When the carbon fiber content was continued increasing, decreasing trend of the resistance value slowed down. The different electrical requirements of carbon fiber paper could be achieved by adjusting the content of carbon fiber.
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  Preparation and magnetic properties of porous Ni-Mn-Ga-Co magnetic shape memory alloys

  LIN Zongde, ZHANG Yunpeng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1171-1175. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.029

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  Firstly, Ni-Mn-Ga-Co alloy powders with different particle sizes were prepared by ball milling. Then, porous Ni-Mn-Ga-Co magnetic shape memory alloy with foamed structure was successfully prepared by 3D printing technology. Microstructure, phase structure, phase transformation and related magnetic properties of the alloy were studied by means of SEM, DSC and XRD. The results showed that the alloy powders with different particle sizes obtained by ball milling and sieving were irregular in shape. Ni-Mn-Ga-Co alloy powder had a non-modulated tetragonal martensite structure at room temperature, and its characteristic peak was very obvious. The DSC curves of Ni-Mn-Ga-Co alloys showed wide-peak phase transition, and the addition of Co had little effect on the initial martensitic transformation temperature (Ms), but the Curie temperature (Tc) of Ni-Mn-Ga-Co alloys had a significant increase. The maximum saturation magnetization of the magnetic alloys prepared by sintering with 50-100 μm alloy powder was 68 Am²/kg. The smaller the particle size of the alloy powder, the higher the density of the sintered porous Ni-Mn-Ga-Co magnetic shape memory alloy. When the particle size of alloy powder was less than 50 μm, the density could reach 90%, and when the particle size of alloy powder was 50-100 μm, the density was only 75%. Compared with the alloy powder with smaller particle size, the magnetic alloy produced by the alloy powder with larger particle size had higher magnetic induction strain capacity, which was because the foam structure could effectively reduce the internal and external constraints, thereby improving the induced strain of magnetic field.
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  Structure and hydrogen-permeation properties of Nb₉₀W₅M₅ ternary solid solutions

  TANG Jinliang, WANG Zhongmin, YAN Xiaofeng, WANG Feng, YAO Qingrong, DENG Jianqiu, ZHOU Huaiying

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1176-1181. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.030

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  Alloying is an effective way to solve hydrogen embrittlement of pure Nb. Phase structure, hydride formation enthalpy, hydrogen diffusion coefficient (D_H) and mechanical properties of Nb₉₀W₅M₅ (M=Co, Ni, Mo, Ti) alloys have been investigated by XRD, SEM, PCT analysis, electrochemical method and three-point bending test respectively. The results indicated that all Nb₉₀W₅M₅ samples were solo Nb solid-solution phase (Nb-bcc) and the degree of lattice distortion of these samples was affected by atomic radius of doped element. Bigger crystal cell-volume distortion contraction and the smallest lattice parameter was observed in Nb₉₀W₅Co₅sample, where Co-rich NbCo solid solution structure was precipitated at grain boundaries and intracrystalline defects of Nb solid solution. Nb₉₀W₅Co₅sample had lowerabsolute value of hydride formation (-22.3 kJ/mol), higher hydrogen-diffusion coefficient (1.57×10^-9 cm²/s), and higher critical load (78.4 N). Such good bending mechanical properties and hydrogen penetration propertieswererelated to its special microstructure characteristics caused by multiple doping.
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  Rapid preparation of high strength and low density graphite ceramic composite thermal insulation material based on SLS

  WU Haihua, REN Chaoqun, CHEN Kui, SUN Yu, LI Yafeng, HUANG Caihua, YE Yongsheng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1182-1188. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.031

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  In this paper, high strength graphite ceramic composite thermal insulation materials were prepared by selective laser sintering. The effects of post-treatment processes such as secondary curing, vacuum pressure impregnation, carbonation and high temperature sintering and the composition of materials on their density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity were studied. It is found that the density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of graphite ceramic composite thermal insulation materials could be controlled by adding appropriate amount of silicon powder and expandable graphite. The comprehensive properties of graphite ceramic composite thermal insulation materials could be changed by adopting appropriate post-treatment process. Finally, it realized the unification of many performance indexes, such as low density (＜1.2 g/cm³), high compressive strength (>10 MPa), low thermal conductivity (＜2 W/(m·K)) and high temperature resistance (>1 650 ℃), which met the needs of industrial applications.
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  Preparation of N doped SrTiO₃/TiO₂ nanorods heterojunction and their photocatalystic activity

  LI Yuyao, LI Zhi, WANG Yunyun, ZHANG Yifei, CAO Xiaoyu, GUI Jiayue, FENG Bo, DUAN Ke, ZHOU Jie

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1189-1195. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.032

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  Highly ordered N doping SrTiO₃/TiO₂ nanorods heterojunction arrays (N-STO/TNR) were prepared on FTO conduction glass by hydrothermal reaction and impregnation method. The surface morphology, crystal structure and valence states of elements were analyzed by SEM, XRD and XPS. The photoelectric properties of heterojunction were tested by FL, UV-DRS, EIS and MS. Finally, the photocatalystic activity of heterojunctions was researched under visible light with methyl orange as the simulating pollutant. The results indicated that the photogenerated carriers were separated due to heterostructure of SrTiO₃/TiO₂, meanwhile, N doping extended the spectral response to visible light region. N-STO/TNR showed excellent photoelectric performances due to the synergetic enhancing effect of coupled semiconductor and modified energy level. The photocatalystic efficiency of N-STO/TNR was 5.7 times that of original TNR.
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  Synthesis and characterization of cellulose nanocrystal/epoxy resin composites

  LU Linna, LI Yonggui, LU Qilin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1196-1201. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.033

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  Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) was prepared from microcrystalline cellulose by the oxidation of ammonium persulfate, which was grafted with diethylene triamine in N, n-dimethyl formamide (DFM) to prepare aminated cellulose nanocrystal (ACNC). The epoxy resin composites were obtained by compounding CNC and ACNC solution with epoxy resin, respectively. CNC and ACNC acted not only as reinforcing agents, but also as curing crosslinking agents in epoxy resin composites. Properties of the composites were characterized by universal mechanical testing machine, dynamic thermomechanical analysis, environmental scanning electron microscope and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that when the addition amount of CNC and ACNC was 0.1%, the mechanical strength of the epoxy resin composite was the highest. CNC and ACNC could not only improve the mechanical properties of epoxy resin, but also significantly improve its flexibility. The reinforcing effect of ACNC on epoxy resin was higher than that of CNC whereas toughening effect of CNC on epoxy resin was stronger than that of ACNC.
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  Study on preparation of dissolving pulp fibers reinforced cushioning material and its properties

  MA Zeyu, KONG Weiwei, LI Minheng, ZHANG Dongwei, SHI Yan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1202-1206. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.034

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  With the increasingly stringent requirements of environmental protection, application of degradable cushioning packaging materials from plant sources and its development have attracted wide attention. Therefore, commercial dissolving pulps from three different plant sources were used as raw materials in this work, and preparation of pulp fibers reinforced cushioning packaging material was studied by molding followed by regeneration based on its dissolution in NaOH/urea aqueous solution. By measuring dimensions in radial and thickness directions, shrinkage in radial and thickness directions of molding materials before and after drying with different agent were compared. Morphology of cross-section was observed by scanning electron microscopic (SEM), and mechanical properties of pulp fibers cushioning materials was analyzed by stress-strain curves drawn from tensile test. Cushioning property of ultimate materials was compared by vibration cushioning test. The results showed that materials from dissolution in 7%NaOH/12%urea aqueous solution and regeneration by 99.5%CH₃COOH were softer and easy to regenerate. Materials from hardwood dissolving pulp fibers were hard, and those from softwood dissolving pulp fibers and bamboo dissolving pulp fibers showed better cushioning property. Both radial shrinkage and shrinkage in thickness direction of cushioning materials from bamboo dissolving pulp fibers with starch were smaller than that of others, moreover their elongation was the largest, up to 35%.
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  Research on preparation of poly-aluminum chloride by aluminum ash and waste hydrochloric acid

  DU Kaifeng, LYU Shuaishuai, NI Hongjun, WANG Xingxing, CHEN Linfei, LI Zhiyang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1207-1213. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.035

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  Poly-aluminum chloride was prepared from aluminum ash and waste hydrochloric acid by acid dissolution method. The effects of raw material ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, curing temperature and curing time on the properties of poly-aluminum chloride were investigated. Infrared spectroscopy analysis was carried out on the poly-aluminum chloride prepared under the optimum process parameters. The results show that the optimum process parameters for the preparation of poly-aluminum chloride from aluminum ash and waste hydrochloric acid were as follows: the ratio of aluminum ash, waste hydrochloric acid and water of 20:55:80, reaction temperature of 85℃, reaction time of 3.5h, curing temperature of 80℃ and curing time of 42 h. In this condition, the alumina mass fraction of the prepared poly-aluminum chloride reached 8.15% and the alkalinity degree of the prepared poly-aluminum chloride reach 35.6%. Infrared spectroscopy indicated that the polymeric aluminum and hydroxyl structures were presented in the prepared poly-aluminum chloride.
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  Molecular dynamics study on thermal conductivity of graphene/pentaerythritol phase change composite materials

  GONG Xuefei, YANG Qirong, YAO Erren, LIU Ting, GUAN Yunxu, ZHANG Yuan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2020, 51(1): 1214-1220. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2020.01.036

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  Low thermal conductivity is a major disadvantage that limits the practical application of energy storage materials. Graphene with highly thermal conductivity can be used as a thermal conductive filler to effectively improve the thermal conductivity of energy storage materials. In this paper, the thermal conductivity and internal interaction of graphene/pentaerythritol (GE/PE) solid-solid phase change composites were simulated by reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics method and Materials Studio software with graphene (GE) mass fraction of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3%.The results show that the addition of graphene could effectively improve the thermal conductivity of pentaerythritol. With the increase of GE mass fraction, the thermal conductivity, interfacial thermal conductivity and interaction energy of GE/PE composite phase change material were gradually increased, and the trend amplitude was consistent. The overall increase in thermal conductivity was attributed to the change of graphene structure. It could provide guidance for experimental research on graphene to improve thermal conductivity of pentaerythritol.