30 August 2019, Volume 50 Issue 8

    

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Focuses& Concerns(TheProjectofChongqingPressFundin 2018)
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  One-step synthesis of silver nanowires and its application progress

  WANG Jiamin, WEI Jian, CHEN Tiantian, ZHANG Hao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8001-8008. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.001

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  In this paper, the research progress and hotspots of silver nanowires in recent years were reviewed. Firstly, the synthesis mechanism of silver nanowires prepared by one-step method was briefly introduced. Secondly, the influencing factors in the synthesis of silver nanowires were introduced, including the effects of capping agents and reducing agents on the synthesis of silver nanowires in different solvents. It also included the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, control agent, stirring speed and other factors on the synthesis of silver nanowires.Finally, the research and development direction of silver nanowires in related application fields were prospected.
Focuses& Concerns(TheProjectofChongqingPressFundin 2019)
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  Thermal properties test of phase change slurry added titanium dioxide nanoparticles and dispersants

  CHEN Hongbing, GONG Yutong, ZHANG Xiaokun, LI Siqi, WANG Congcong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8009-8013. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.002

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  Based on previous experimental studies on phase change slurry, hydrocarbon phase change slurry with mass fraction of 30% were selected as base liquids, and several groups of phase change fluids with nanoparticles and SDBS were prepared as additives and dispersants. By changing the mass fraction, particle size of nanoparticles and mass fraction of dispersant, the thermophysical properties and stability of different phase change slurry varying with temperature were analyzed. It was concluded that the thermal properties and stability of hydrocarbon phase change fluids were best when adding 20 nm titanium dioxide nanoparticles with mass fraction of 0.1% and SDBS dispersant with mass fraction of 0.1%. It provided a reference for the preparation of phase change slurry with nanoparticles and their application in the field of solar low-temperature heat storage.
Focuses& Concerns(TheProjectofChongqingPressFundin 2020)
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  Photovoltaic performance of P₂Mo₁₈/MEB composite film electrode

  YANG Yaobing, HAN Dandan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8014-8018. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.003

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  The composite film electrodes consisting of Dawson-type phosphomolybdate (P₂Mo₁₈) and methylene blue (MEB) were fabricated by layer-by-layer (LBL) assembled method. The film electrode was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that P₂Mo₁₈ and MEB were well assembled into homogeneous and smooth composite films and growed evenly. Photovoltaic measurement of the film electrode conducted by the electrochemical workstation demonstrated that the P₂Mo₁₈/MEB composite film electrode exhibited higher photocurrent and power conversion efficiency (η) than the MEB-only electrode. The incorporation of P₂Mo₁₈ into MEB electrode enhanced photovoltaic performance of film electrode.
Focuses& Concerns(TheProjectofChongqingPressFundin 2021)
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  Nd-Fe-B magnetic properties modified by grain boundary diffusion method of LiF and TbF₃ mixed binary system

  YANG Youming, YANG Shimin, LIU Donghui, YU Xi, NIU Fei, LI Liu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8019-8026. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.004

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  Using the LiF and TbF₃ mixed binary systems as diffusion source, the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets with different thickness after grain boundary diffusion were studied. The results showed that under the optimum diffusion condition, the coercivity of 6 mm magnets increased from 1.05×10⁶ to 1.71×10⁶ A/m and that of 10 mm magnets increased from 1.05×10⁶ to 1.52×10⁶ A/m. The demagnetization curves still had a high square degree, and the remanence and magnetic energy product were not apparently reduced. From SEM images demonstrated that grain boundary diffusion and surface diffusion jointly affected the distribution of heavy rare earth element Tb in the magnet, which was the reason why the magnets gained a great coercivity increment.
Focuses& Concerns(TheProjectofChongqingPressFundin 2022)
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  Magnetic property changes of Co(OH)F nanocrystals induced by F-doping

  HU Jie, MA Fengcang, LI Wenxian, LIU Xinkuan, LI Wei, LIU Ping

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8027-8031. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.005

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  Cobalt hydroxide fluoride was obtained by a simple hydrothermal method. The content of F in Co(OH)F was changed to study the effect of different F content on the magnetic behavior by controlling the amount of reactant NH₄F. The samples were determined as cobalt hydroxide fluoride from X-ray powder diffraction data. Co(OH)F was found to undergo an antiferromagnetic transition at 4 K. Furthermore, at temperatures below 4 K, the observed magnetic reordering is a spin glass phenomenon. After the field cooling process, the exchange bias behavior appeared in Co(OH)F, and the sample with high F content had stronger exchange bias behavior, resulting from the deformation of the crystal and the spin glass behavior on the surface.
Review & Advance
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  Research progress of coal-tar pitch based porous carbon materials

  WANG Haiyang, ZHU Hongzhe, WANG Shoukai, ZHANG Gongduo, SHEN Kaihua

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8032-8039. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.006

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  Our country energy structure is "rich coal, less gas, lack of oil". Developing coal chemical resource utilization technology not only has important strategic significance for national energy security, but also has broad market prospects. Coal-tar, as a by-product of coking in the steel industry, is mainly composed of condensed aromatic hydrocarbons and has a relatively high carbon content. At present, it is mainly based on combustion, which brings a series of energy and environmental problems. Therefore, the efficient use of coal-tar resources is an industry problem that need to be solved urgently. The preparation of functional carbon materials from coal-tar is an effective way to explore the high value-added utilization of coal tar. In this paper, the main technology and application prospects of synthesizing porous carbon materials from coal-tar pitch were introduced. Analysis shows that the specific surface area and pore structure of the carbon material can be controlled by activation or template methods. However, due to the characteristics of coal tar raw materials, a single method is difficult to meet the development requirements of high-performance carbon materials. Therefore, adjusting the molecular structure of coal tar pitch by fine chemical technology, improving the molecular structure to change the physical and chemical properties of coal tar pitch is of great significance for the development of coal-tar pitch based carbon materials.
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  Research progress of flexible base metal oxide supercapacitor electrode materials

  HUANG Jiwei, QIAN Xueren, AN Xianhui, LI Xiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8040-8050. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.007

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  As a new type of electrochemical energy storage device between a conventional capacitor and a battery, the overall performance of the supercapacitor was mainly limited by the electrode material. It is found that transition metal oxides with pseudocapacitance property have attracted much attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage due to their multiple oxidation states, polymetallic ion characteristics and high theoretical specific capacity. In this paper, the structure and energy storage mechanism of flexible supercapacitors were briefly described first. Then, the “binary” and “ternary” flexible composite electrode materials constructed with different numbers of transition metal oxides were summarized. Next, the application of the flexible supercapacitor assembled from the composite electrode materials in the wearable electronic device and the multifunctional flexible device, the energy storage smart window (ESS window), was summarized. Finally, the challenges faced by the transition metal oxide-based flexible supercapacitors in practical applications and the main research directions in the future were proposed.
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  Preparation of flexible supercapacitor electrode

  YU Ting, ZHOU Yali, GUAN Xiaoping, LEI Xiping

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8051-8064. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.008

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  With the potential technological application of flexible supercapacitors in various fields, including but not limited to wearable devices, portable consumer and sensible textiles, new materials, new processing technologies and new designs have been promoted, which have attracted much attention for its wide applications. In particular, the electrodes with high conductivity, large surface area and required flexibility are essential for the preparation of such supercapacitors, which determined the application of the entire device. In this article, the types of flexible electrode materials for flexible supercapacitors were focused on and the current challenges were summarized. It could provide reference for preparing the flexible supercapacitors in the future.
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  Progress in thermal conductivity of polymer nano-graphene nanocomposites

  FU Bozhi, GAO Yangyang, FENG Yuxing, ZHAO Xiuying, LU Yongla, ZHANG Liqun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8065-8075. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.009

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  With the development of electronics, spaceflight and aviation, the integrated circuit develops rapidly, but it is often accompanied by the problem of heat dissipation, which affects the efficiency and the life of instruments. Considering the weight, corrosion resistance, processing technology and cost, polymer composites are the most promising materials for thermal conductivity. However, the inherent thermal conductivity of polymers is very low, so improving the thermal conductivity of polymers is very important for their applications in these fields, which has become a very important research topic in the past two decades. In this review paper, the following two aspects were mainly introduced. The microthermal conductivity mechanism of polymers was analyzed and summarized from three aspects of molecular chain morphology, chain structure and inter-chain coupling. The main research progress in the thermal conductivity of graphene-filled polymer nanocomposites in recent years and the research challenges in the future were highlighted.
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  Preparation and application of carbon nanotubes/conductive polymer composites

  FU Hai, LI Hang, YIN Xiaogang, BAN Daming, GONG Wei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8076-8083. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.010

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  In recent years, researchers turned their attention to the excellent electrical property of carbon nanotubes/conductive polymer composites (CNT/CPs). In this article, its preparation and application were introduced, while more concerns were taken on a balance between the structure required to achieve high performance and the controllable synthesis to effect it. Then opinions on developing high-performance CNT/CPs composites were sought.
Research & Developmen
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  Low-temperature and anti-sulfur catalytic performance of Ni_x-OMS-2 for NO-CO

  LONG Jiaju, HE Hanbing, LI Zhongpu, ZHANG Hui

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8084-8090. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.011

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  In this paper, different proportions of Ni elements were doped in the base of hydrothermal synthesis OMS-2 by pre-incorporation(QI). The Ni_(x)-OMS-2 could be used in the flue gas contained SO₂ and the denitration rate reached more than 95% under the temperature of 100 ℃. Ni_(x)-OMS-2 was characterized by SEM, XRD, BET and XPS, and detected by the gas analyzer. Among the OMS-2 catalysts, Ni species was mainly in the form of metal atoms dispersed in OMS-2 in the catalyst, mainly replacing the K⁺ bit in OMS-2 and a small amount of the Mn⁴⁺ bit, and making the OMS-2 micro short tubular structure become thin, which improved the surface area and the number of mesoporous. Compared with OMS-2 without doping, the denitration rate of Ni_(0.2)-OMS-2 rose to 98% from 86% at 50 ℃, and could still keep a denitration rate of 92% in SO₂ environment.
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  Preparation of superhydrophobic materials by water-soluble fluoropolymer hybrid nano-SiO₂

  HOU Chengmin, LI Na, DONG Haitao, ZHANG Xiaolin, CAO Congjun, XIA Weimin, WANG Mei, KOU Yanping, ZHANG Wei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8091-8096. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.012

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  In order to reduce the use of toxic organic solvents, environmentally friendly water-soluble superhydrophobic materials were prepared. Waterborne epoxy resin poly(glycidyl methacrylate-random butyl acrylate-random-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (P(GMA-r-BA-r-HEMA)) was prepared by radical polymerization heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) and nano-silica modified hybrid assembly, using water as solvent to prepare superhydrophobic materials, and superhydrophobic surface on cotton fabric surface. The hydrophobic properties and solvent resistance of cotton fabrics were investigated by changing the content of amino silica. The results show that the superhydrophobic effect of superhydrophobic treated cotton fabrics was better with the increase of amino silica content when the amount of grafted fluorine was constant. The cotton fabric impregnated with the superhydrophobic material had a good lyophobic effect, the water contact angle was (150±2)°, and the durability time was 83 min. It had good solvent resistance and could withstand water washing, ultrasonic and NaCO₃ solution washing.
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  Preparation of iron cobalt oxide by microwave assisted liquid method and properties of lithium storage

  WANG Fei, RAN Hongbin, WANG Nanwei, LIU Yong, LIU Yadong, REN Fengzhang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8097-8101. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.013

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  Iron cobalt oxide (FeCo₂O₄) precursor was synthesized by the microwave assisted liquid phase method. The calcination temperatures were varied to investigate lithium storage properties of prepared FeCo₂O₄. By using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, prepared materials were characterized. The results show that calcination temperatures which were equal or higher than 900 ℃ could generate pure phase and high crystallinity spinel FeCo₂O₄, and calcined materials were block. FeCo₂O₄ prepared at different calcined temperatures were used in lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical workstation was used to carry out alternating-current impedance and cyclic voltammetry testing, and the LAND test system was used to conduct constant current rate charge and discharge test at the constant temperature. Comparing charge and discharge specific capacities, and coulombic efficiencies of FeCo₂O₄ materials prepared at different calcination temperatures, the results demonstrate FeCo₂O₄ materials prepared at 900 ℃ exhibited optimal electrochemical properties. The reasons were mainly due to the particles prepared at 900 ℃ were uniform and fine, which was benefit to electrolyte infiltration and shortening the lithium ion transmission paths.
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  Preparation of phenolic resin hollow microspheres by self-assembled vesicle template method

  CAI Muhang, XU Nan, LIU Zhu, WEI Changping, CAI Qiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8102-8108. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.014

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  Phenolic resin hollow microspheres were synthesized by using self-assembled vesicles consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in a series of molar ratios as soft template, and water-soluble phenolic resin as precursor. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyzer, and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results indicate that the optimum synthesis conditions for the phenolic resin hollow microspheres were as follows: n(CTAB)/n(SDS)=1.4, the reaction temperature of 70 ℃, the reaction time of 48 h, and the stirring rate of 400 r/min. The diameter of the synthesized microspheres was about 30 to 100 nm. The spherical shell was a multi-layered membrane structure with the thickness about 8 to 12 nm. The structure of samples had a good mesoscopic periodicity.
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  Magnetism and magnetocaloric effects of Ce-doped perovskite oxide Gd₂NiMnO₆

  LI Xiaoxin, LIU Jiao, WANG Ting, XING Ru, SUN Yunbin, TIAN Ye, CHEN Hongwei, ZANG Bao, ZHAO Jianjun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8109-8115. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.015

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  Polycrystalline samples of perovskite oxide Gd_(2-x)Ce_xNiMnO₆(x=0,0.1) were prepared by traditional high temperature solid state reaction. Both samples showed good single phase. T＞T_G samples were pure paramagnetic states. T_C＜T＜T_G was paramagnetic -ferromagnetic coexisting state, in which two samples appeared Griffiths-like phase in the lower temperature zone (T＜T_N) ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic competition and the behavior of spin cluster glass occurred. The maximum magnetic entropy change value ΔS_M occurred when the external magnetic field was 7 T, which was -4.248 and -3.850 J/(kg·K). Their calculated magnetic refrigeration efficiency (RCP) was 301.60 and 265.60 J/kg. Gd₂NiMnO₆ was more suitable for high temperature magnetic refrigeration than Gd_1.9Ce_0.1NiMnO₆ as the potential material. The analysis of the Arrott curve, the recalibration curve and the Loop curve showed that the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transitions of both samples were secondary phase transitions.
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  Preparation of carbon black-ceramic membrane electrode and degradation of wastewater containing diesel oil

  LI Yongming, XIE Shuibo, CHEN Zigeng, ZHOU Junguang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8116-8122. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.016

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  Carbon black-ceramic separation membranes (CTM) were prepared by vacuum filtration and high temperature sintering on Al₂O₃ ceramic substrates. The surface morphology, element and valence distribution of CTM were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared spectroscopy (ATR). It is found that the surface roughness of CTM increased, the pore size decreased, and many irregular particles were attached. XPS peak analysis of aluminum and carbon elements in CTM shows that Al-O-C characteristic peaks appeared in the spectra of aluminum and carbon, which indicated that metal-oxygen-carbonization bonds were formed on the surface of CTM films. The simulated oily wastewater (diesel oil) was treated by electrochemical catalytic oxidation with CTM membrane electrode as anode and titanium plate as cathode. The results show that CTM membrane electrode could effectively reduce the oil content in wastewater. Under the conditions of 10 mm electrode spacing, 6 pH value, 20 mA/cm² current density, 15 g/L Na₂SO₄ concentration and 90 min electrolysis time, the diesel oil and COD removal rates of 200 mg/L oily wastewater solution could reach 91.3% and 84.7% respectively. In the process of CTM membrane electrode degrading oily wastewater, the oil content of solution varied with the reaction time. The relationship between ln(C₀/C_t) and time t was obtained, which conformed to the first-order reaction kinetics.
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  Carbon behavior in mild LaNi₅ alloy for hydrogen storage

  ZHAN Bin, ZHU Hongzhi, LIU Meng, YANG Jinshui, TANG Tao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8123-8126. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.017

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  LaNi₅ is an important candidate material for deuterium/tritium fuel supplying, which shows good hydrogen storage performance. It is easy to poison by impurity gas so that the carbon behavior in mild LaNi₅ alloy using repeated hydrogen absorption and desorption was studied in order to explore the effect of nature carbon impurity. Combined with chromatogram, XRD and ICP, the gas composition and the phase, composing and hydrogen storage properties of LaNi₅ were analyzed. The results show that the carbon gradually transformed to CH₄ during hydrogen absorbing process, and cumulateed in chamber, which did not directly affect the properties of LaNi₅ alloy.
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  Preparation and photoelectric properties of Au/TiO₂ nanotube film by a pre-doping method

  WANG Hui, LIANG Wei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8127-8132. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.018

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  A pre-doping method in which Au nanoparticles (NPs) were introduced as dopants before the formation of a TiO₂ nanotube (TNT) array was proposed in this paper. This method was intended to decorate a TNT array film with Au nanoparticles (Au/TNT), which effectively avoided the problem of blocking the top of the nanotubes by noble metal particles by post-doping methods. Au/TNT array film was fabricated by anodizing the double Au/Ti metal film, which was obtained by successive magnetron sputtering of Au and Ti films onto FTO substrates. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the microstructure and components of the Au/TNT nanotubes array, which revealed the existence of Au in composite film, meanwhile discovered the diffusion of Au NPs from the bottom of the film into the upper TNT array film after anodization and annealing. It was tested that the photocurrent value and the photocatalytic efficiency of the Au/TNT electrode were about 2.0 and 1.3 times of that of the pure TNT electrode, respectively. Therefore, it is obvious that the pre-doping method is feasible and effective for fabricating a high-photocatalytic-efficient Au/TNT electrode.
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  Study on ultrasonic dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets

  ZHANG Bin, CHEN Tijun, WANG Lingyun, YANG Baoqing

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8133-8139. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.019

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  In order to obtain uniformly dispersed, non-contaminated and non-agglomerated GNPs, the agglomerated GNPs were dispersed by ultrasonic treatment technology and the main influencing factors, the effects of ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time in the dispersion process for GNPs, were studied. Characterization, detection and analysis of the morphology, size and structure of ultrasonically processed GNPs were studied by field emission electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis. The results show that prolonging the ultrasonic time or increasing the ultrasonic power could significantly improve the dispersion effect of GNPs, but correspondingly reduce the size of GNPs to a certain extent and generating a large number of edge defects. When the ultrasonic power or ultrasonic time was too large, vacancy defects would even be generated. When the ultrasonic power was 960 W and the ultrasonic time was 4 h, the dispersion effect of GNPs was the best, and the degree of fragmentation was relatively low.
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  Preparation and characterization of different magnetic filter materials

  ZHANG Teng, DIAO Yongfa, ZHOU Fashan, ZHANG Li’an, SHEN Henggen

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8140-8143. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.020

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  By selecting PPS, PTFE, P84, glass fiber, aramid and other five types of bag filter commonly used fiber needle felt, magnetic ferrite nanoparticles wereloaded onto five kinds of fiber filter materials by coprecipitation method to obtain magnetic filter material. SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and other characterization methods were used to analyze the microscopic mechanism and performance difference of five different filter-loaded magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles from the surface loading morphology of the filter material, the degree of crystallization of CoFe₂O₄ and the surface functional groups. The VSM testedthe residual magnetization and coercivity of five different magnetic media. The results show that P84 magnetic filter material hadmore polar functional group CO and larger load surface area, which madethe ferric cobalt nanoparticle load more uniform and magnetic density higher than other fiber filter materials. The residual magnetization and coercivity of the filter material were 0.52×10³ A·m²/kg and 3 940.2 A/m, respectively.This is important for the magnetic material to capture fine particles.
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  Controllable preparation of oriented SnS₂ nanoplates as anode material for sodium ion batteries

  GAO Fei, YANG Kai, ZHANG Zijia, WANG Kangkang, FAN Maosong, LIU Hao, GENG Mengmeng, ZHANG Mingjie, WANG Kaifeng, ZHAO Hailei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8144-8149. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.021

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  Laminar tin disulfide is considered as a promising anode material for Na-ion batteries, because of its high theoretical capacity, as well as natural abundance of sulfur and tin. However, due to the preferential sodiation/desodiation into the layers, it is crucial to investigate the effects of growth orientation on electrochemical performance. In this work, tin disulfide nanoplates with different orientations were prepared via a facile hydrothermal method, using polyethylene glycol as a surfactant to guide the crystal growth orientation. Fast sodium ion diffusion channels were abundant and well-exposed on the surface of (101) plane oriented tin disulfide nanoplates, while the designed microstructure allowed to effectively decrease Na-ion diffusion length in the electrode material. As a result, the optimized tin disulfide (101) nanoplates delivered superior rate capability (367 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g, and 284 mAh/g at a current density as high as 2 A/g).
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  Synthesis and thermal shock resistance of cordierite/anorthite multiphased ceramics using manganese residue

  SONG Mousheng, ZHANG Jie, LI Yong, WANG Ying, ZHANG Dongfang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8150-8155. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.022

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  Using manganese residue, talc, industrial alumina and quartz as the raw material, the cordierite and anorthite ceramics were prepared at 1 140-1 240 ℃ by the solid phase sintering method. The phase compositions and microstructures of products were studied by X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope, and thus the thermal shock resistance and its mechanism of sintered samples were analyzed. It is found that the anorthite phase could be synthesized at 1 160-1 240 ℃, but the cordierite phase could be synthesized only when the sintering temperature reached 1 210 ℃ and above, and the “overburning” would occur once the temperature exceeding 1 220 ℃. The thermal shock testing shows that, with the thermal shock cycles rising, the strength of cordierite/anorthite multiphased ceramics synthesized at 1 210 ℃ decreased firstly, and then gradually rose again. After 30 thermal cycles, the bending strength of composite unexpectedly reached 58.16 MPa with 2.07% increase rate comparing to 56.98 MPa bending strength before thermal shock. Thermal shock was similar to annealing, and the excellent thermal shock resistance of composite could be attributed to the effect of quenching strengthening.
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  Preparation of TiO₂ nanocrystal porous microsphere under low

  LI Weichao, ZHOU Liexing, QIN Yongjian, XIE Kunlin, QIN Lei, CHAI Xijuan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8156-8160. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.023

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  TiO₂ porous microsphere were prepared at a low temperature without template method by using tetrabutyl titanate as copper source and both ethylene glycol and acetone as solvents. XRD analysis shows that with the increase of boiling water treatment time, the crystallization degree of TiO₂ nanocrystal porous microsphere increased gradually. The anatase TiO₂ obtained by boiling water treatment with 120 min had a higher degree of crystallization. The results of TEM and SEM showed that the surface of organic precursor treated with boiling water changed from smooth to rough, and porous structure was formed. The analysis of BET data shows that under the same conditions, TiO₂ porous microsphere prepared by boiling water treatment with 120 min had higher BET specific surface area, larger mesoporous volume and more active sites of surface reaction, which was more favorable for the adsorption of substances. The photocatalytic results show that TiO₂ porous microsphere treated by boiling water with 120 min had better photocatalytic activity, the kinetic constant was 11.29 folds of that of TiO₂ porous microsphere treated by boiling water with 30 min and 1.74 folds of that of P25. This is due to the fact that the mesoporous structure and high specific surface area of TiO₂ microspheres could introduce more active sites of surface reaction.
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  Adsorption properties and mechanism of APTES modified carboxymethyl chitosan microspheres for lead ion

  KANG Xiaohu, BAI Zhishan, WANG Bingjie, YANG Xiaoyong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8161-8169. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.024

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  APTES modified carboxymethyl chitosan microspheres(A-CMCS) for adsorption of lead ions were prepared by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The surface morphology, chemical composition and structure of the adsorbent were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effects of initial solution pH, adsorption temperature and initial concentration of lead ions on the adsorption performance of A-CMCS were studied. The results showed that when the pH was 5 and the adsorption temperature was 303 K, the adsorption concentration of the adsorbent on lead ions reached 275.2 mg/g, and the adsorption amount of the crosslinked microspheres before unmodified was increased by 43%. The adsorption mechanism was studied by adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption model, FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the adsorption process of lead ions by A-CMCS microspheres was a chemical adsorption-based single molecular layer adsorption process, in which the amino group played a leading role in the entire adsorption process.
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  Study on effect of heat treatment temperature on electrochemical

  LI Weiwei, YAO Lu, FENG Yong, GUO Yudi, XI Guoxi

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8170-8177. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.025

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  The Ni-rich cathode material LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ was prepared by coprecipitation method, and 1% TiO₂ was coated on the surface of LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ by impregnation-hydrolysis method. The effect of heat treatment temperature on the electrochemical properties of 1%TiO₂@LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ was studied. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), electrochemical workstation and battery tester. The results show that the cover layer became more uniform and denser with the increase of the heat treatment temperature, but the cation mixing increased after heat treatment at 750 ℃. The thermodynamic stability of the material was improved after TiO₂ surface coated and heat treatment, which was beneficial to improve the cycling performance of samples at high rate discharge. The best electrochemical performance was obtained with the heat treatment at 650 ℃. When coated with the mixture of TiO₂ and Li₂TiO₃, the cycling performance was better than that of the coating coated with pure TiO₂ or Li₂TiO₃.
Process& Technology
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  Effect of the crystal axis of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ crystal on its photoelectric properties

  ZHANG Zhongsai, CHANG Haitao, WANG Zhe, SUN Shishuai, DENG Jiachun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8178-8182. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.026

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  The single crystal of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ was obtained by reverse temperature crystallization. The crystal morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope, the crystal structure was measured by X-ray powder diffractometer, and the crystal spectrum was measured by Raman spectrometer. The direction of the crystal plane was determined by using X-ray single crystal diffractometer and cut along parallel or perpendicular to the c-axis of the crystal. A photodetector was prepared by plating an electrode on the corresponding crystal face after polishing. The light receiving surface of the photodetector was irradiated with laser of different wavelengths and polarization directions. The experimental results show that when the electric field component E of the laser was parallel to the optic axis of crystal, the photocurrent density was two orders of magnitude larger than that of the perpendicular condition. By calculation, the optical responsivity (R), light-dark current ratio (P) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) values of the electric field component E of the laser parallel to the crystal axis of photodetector were 58, 10 and 66 times of the perpendicular condition, respectively. It could be concluded that the crystal axis of the CH₃NH₃PbI₃ single crystal had a great influence on the photoelectric properties of the crystal.
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  Effect of functional agent on the lubricity of blue gel ink

  HUO Xiaowei, LIU Shoujun, XU Qin, WU Zhenjiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8183-8190. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.027

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  The effect of grinding time on the performance of phthalocyanine blue color paste was investigated. The relationship between the performance of color paste and the lubricity of gel ink was discussed, and then the influence of different functional additives on the lubricity of ink was investigated by means of the writing lubricity tester. The results show that when the grinding time was 2.0 h, the apparent viscosity of phthalocyanine blue color paste was the smallest and its dispersion stability was better. The formulated ink had the best lubricating property. The combination of lubricants MOA-9P and PC-3950 could produce synergistic effect. When the color paste system contained 3% DS1900 dispersant (mass fraction), and the ink system contained 20% glycerin, 0.9% MOA-9P and 1.5% PC-3950, the lubricity of gel ink was the best.
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  Study of the wavy linear stretchable supercapacitor

  QI Fangya, ZHAO Chen, WENG Li, MIN Yonggang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8191-8195. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.028

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  Stretchable supercapacitors are widely used in wearable community. It requires not only excellent capacity, but also outstanding stretching stability. Here, stretchable wavy current collectors were designed with commercial available stainless steel wires. Polyaniline was then electrochemically polymerized on the stainless steel wire as the active material. A linear stretchable supercapacitor was assembled with such wavy electrodes and stretchable polymer electrolyte. The stretchable supercapacitor could be stretched by 30% and maintain 89% of its original capacitance after 1000 stretching/releasing cycles.
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  Research on preparation and property of Sb/Al/Zn multi-doped Mg₂Si thermoelectric materials

  MA Qing, LI Shuting

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8196-8200. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.029

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  Sb/Al/Zn multi-doped Mg₂Si-based thermoelectric materials were prepared by spark plasma sintering. The electrical transport properties and thermoelectric properties of the materials were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, Hall effect and standard four-probe conductivity. The results show that Sb/Al/Zn multi-doped Mg₂Si based thermoelectric materials had good thermoelectric transport and thermoelectric properties. With the discharge plasma sintering technology at 880 K, the maximum thermoelectric value of Sb0.5%Zn0.5% doped Mg₂Si was 0.964, which was equivalent to PbTe-based thermoelectric materials. According to temperature-dependent conductivity (σ), Seebeck coefficient (S) and thermal conductivity (κ), the thermoelectric properties and thermoelectric figure (ZT) of doped Mg₂Si thermoelectric materials at 300-900 K were calculated and electron concentration (N) of heterogeneous Mg₂Si thermoelectric materials was determined according to the Hall coefficient.
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  Promoting effect of graphene oxide on the dispersion of pristine graphene in natural rubber

  SONG Chengzhi, XIE Hua, HU Guoxin, GAO Hanyang, LIU Haijun, HU Yuchen

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8201-8204. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.30

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  Because of the large specific surface area and the lack of active groups, pristine graphene tends to self-associate into micro-scale aggregates, making them particularly difficult to be uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix. Graphene oxide has been proved to be amphiphilic and acts as a surfactant. In this study, it proved that graphene oxide could promote the dispersion of graphene in water, and thus improving the dispersion of graphene in the rubber matrix. The well dispersion of graphene could significantly promote the thermal conductivity of the natural rubber.
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  Synthesis and reaction mechanism of zeolite based on blast furnace slag with different morphology

  GAO Wenyan, ASUHA S, ZHAO Siqin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8205-8211. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.031

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  Blast furnace slag is a by-product of blast furnace ironmaking and a kind of complex silicate. After soaked in acid, blast furnace slag becomes silica gel, which can be used as silicon source to synthesize zeolite. In this paper, zeolite with different morphology was synthesized by alkali melting hydrothermal method with blast furnace slag as precursor. The optimum synthetic conditions and reaction mechanism of zeolites were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the ratio of Si to Al in the system was the key factor affecting the structure of zeolites. Zeolite A could be synthesized in the range of n(Si)/n(Al) of 0.4-1.2. Faujasite could be synthesized in the range of n(Si)/n(Al)=1.6-2.0. The coexisting system of zeolite A and faujasite could be synthesized in the range of n(Si)/n(Al)=1.4. The formation of faujasite need several processes, such as solid phase dissolution, nucleation in gel, nucleation growth, secondary crystallization and crystallization completion. The transition from faujasite to zeolite P could be realized by reasonably controlling the crystallization temperature of the reaction system.
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  Preparation and properties of steel fiber and microfiber hybrid reinforced concrete

  CHEN Gao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8212-8216. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.032

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  In this paper, reinforced concrete was prepared by mixing steel fiber with basalt microfiber, polyvinyl alcohol microfiber and glass microfiber. The density, compressive strength and uniaxial tensile properties of concrete samples mixed with steel fiber and microfiber were studied. The impact and analysis of the failure mechanism of concrete fracture were conducted. The results showed that the type of microfiber did not affect the hardening density of concrete materials. The length of microfibers could affect the compressive strength of concrete. After 28 days of test, compressive strength of basalt fiber (SB) and polyvinyl alcohol fiber (SP) concrete were increased by 15. 4% and 14. 6% respectively. Compared with reference ST concrete, compressive strength of glass fiber (SG) concrete was reduced by 2. 1%. The tensile strength of fiber material itself could affect the tensile performance of reinforced concrete, and the tensile strength and ultimate tensile strain of SB and SG concrete were improved. The comprehensive performance of reinforced concrete with mixed basalt fiber and steel fiber was the best. In the process of fracture, the failure mode of steel fiber was pulling out, and the failure mode of basalt fiber was fiber fracture.
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  In-situ synthesis and electrochemical properties of CNC/Fe₃O₄ nanospheres

  ZHANG Yangyang, LI Yalan, XU Min, YUE Jinquan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2019, 50(8): 8217-8220. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2019.08.033

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  Cellulose nanocrystalline/Fe₃O₄ nanospheres were in-situ synthesized with cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC). The particle size, crystallization, magnetic properties and electrochemical properties of CNC/Fe₃O₄ nanospheres were analyzed. The results show that CNC/Fe₃O₄ nanospheres were uniform in size with a diameter of 10-30 nm. The magnetization of CNC/Fe₃O₄ nanospheres was 34.9 emu/g. The specific capacitance of the CNC/Fe₃O₄ was mainly the tantalum capacitor generated by Fe₃O₄. The CNC/Fe₃O₄ nanospheres showed a specific capacitance of 30.14 F/g at 0.03 A/g in 1 mol/L Na₂SO₃ aqueous solution. The specific capacitance retention was about 78.76% at 0.04 A/g after 500 cycles. The diffusion of ions in the CNC/Fe₃O₄ was the Warburg mechanism.