28 February 2025, Volume 56 Issue 2
    

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  • CONTENTS
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 0-0.
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    • Focuses & Concerns
  • Pore corrosion characteristics of basalt fiber-reinforced magnesium phosphate cementitious materials under composite salt-freeze coupled cycling
    QIAO Hongxia, LUAN Shuai, YANG Tianxia, LIU Haoxin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2001-2009. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.001
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    Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) is used in saline soil areas due to its high performance and good erosion resistance, but due to its high brittleness, a large number of microcracks will appear during long-term use of the project, thus affecting the durability and service life of the MPC structure. Basalt fiber (BF) as a new type of fiber was added to MPC to further improve the application effect and tensile properties of MPC in saline soil region. Therefore, freeze-thaw accelerated tests were carried out by adding different volume dosage of BFRMPC in composite salt solution (3% Na2SO4+5% NaCl) to reveal the corrosion deterioration mechanism of BFRMPC with the help of XRD, SEM-EDS energy spectroscopy analysis, and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique of the microfabricated pore structure. The test results show that under the environment of composite salt freezing and thawing coupling, the incorporation of BF can significantly strengthen the corrosion resistance of MPC, and the incorporation of 0.09% by volume of BF makes the most obvious improvement in the strength of MPC and the lowest degree of corrosion. At the same time, the addition of BF attenuates the degradation of the pore space after the erosion of the cement, and the percentage of the gel pores increases by 5.74% and the percentage of the large pores decreases by 26.38% compared with that of the ordinary MPC. The percentage of large pores is reduced by 26.38%.
  • Preparation and properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3- Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-Pb(ZrTi)O3 high-strain piezoelectric ceramics
    GAI Xuezhou, WU Fan, WANG Yuequn, LI Wei, HE Chao
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2010-2017. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.002
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    It is of great practical significance to improve the strain and temperature stability of high-strain piezoelectric ceramics. High-strain piezoelectric ceramics (0.3-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.7Pb(Zr0.42Ti0.58)O3 ((0.3-x)PMN- xPNN-0.7PZT) were prepared by conventional mixed-oxide method. Effects of solid solution amount of Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 on sinterability, crystalline phase, microstructure, dielectricity, ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity and temperature stability were investigated. Results obtained reveal that solution of Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 introduce lattice distortion, improve the sinterability, meanwhile alter the content of rhombohedral and tetragonal near the morphotropic phase boundary. A sample with x=0.06 shows excellent properties with kp=0.682, d33=692 pC/N, Tc=263 ℃, and Ec=880 V/mm. The unipolar strain reaches 0.18% when the electric field is 30 kV/cm at 25 ℃, meanwhile the variation range is less than 15% with the temperature from 25 ℃ to 180 ℃. The depolarization temperature Td is about 260 ℃.
  • Mechanical property and microstructure of silica fume modified full coal gangue coarse aggregate concrete
    JING Hongjun, GUO Meirong, SHAN Junwei, YE Wanjun, GAO Meng, CUI Yuanquan
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2018-2027. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.003
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    In view of the poor mechanical properties of full coal gangue coarse aggregate concrete, through the macroscopic mechanical property test of silica fume modification, this study explores the effect of silica fume on the cube compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of all coal gangue concrete. By using the method of regression analysis, the empirical conversion equation of splitting tensile strength and compressive strength is established, combined with nuclear magnetic resonance technology and scanning electron microscope technology, the effect mechanism of silica fume on the mechanical properties of full coal gangue coarse aggregate concrete is expounded from the microscopic point of view. The test results show that silica fume can improve the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of full coal gangue coarse aggregate concrete, and the mechanical properties of concrete are the best when the content is about 10%. The strength conversion equation is practical. Silica fume mainly refines the harmful holes and multi-harmful holes of concrete, and improves the strength of full coal gangue coarse aggregate concrete. The quantitative relationship between the integral area of different pore radius and the compressive strength of coal gangue concrete is mainly linear, and the harmful hole is exponential. The hydration product structure of silica fume mixed with coal gangue concrete is more stable, which consumes Ca(OH)2 in the interface transition zone. The resulting three-dimensional C-S-H gel and ettringite as a skeleton structure bridge the coarse aggregate of coal gangue and mortar matrix, refine and reduce the internal pores and micro-cracks of concrete, which is the main reason for the improvement of concrete strength. After the strength grade of all coal gangue concrete is raised by low content of silica fume, it can be used in local large and medium repair projects.
  • Effect and mechanism of IPDI/MDI curing agent on the curing reactions of the binder system
    MA Hui, LIU Yucun, CHAI Tao
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2028-2031. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.004
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    The viscosity vs. time curves are measured as a basis for computing the curing reaction rates and pot life, anatomizing the curve changes and curing reaction mechanism in the curing process of single curing agent and compound curing agent, and providing a theoretical framework for binder system curing formulations under room temperature.
  • Theoretical model and experimental analysis of magnetic fluid thermal conductivity
    CHENG Yanghong, SU Zhe, LIU Zhifeng, LI Decai, ZHANG Caixia, XU Jingjing
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2032-2039. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.005
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    As a new type of functional composite material, magnetic fluids have higher thermal conductivity than traditional fluids, and are regarded as a new generation of heat transfer fluids, which have attracted extensive attention of domestic and foreign researchers. However, the existing theoretical calculation models for the thermal conductivity of magnetic fluids are not universally applicable, and cannot accurately predict the thermal conductivity of magnetic fluids at different temperatures. There are differences in applicable conditions and calculation results among the models. Therefore, in order to accurately determine the thermal conductivity of magnetic fluids, this paper designs and builds an experimental system for measuring the thermal conductivity of magnetic fluids based on the transient double hot-wire method, with the average measurement error less than 1.55%, studies the variation of thermal conductivity of commercial aqueous magnetic fluids with temperature under the action of different magnetic field strengths, and quantitatively analyses the applicable temperature ranges of different theoretical models. The applicable temperature ranges of different theoretical models are quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the thermal conductivity of the water-based magnetic fluid (volume fraction 3.7%) increases approximately linearly with the increase of temperature in the absence of a magnetic field. When the temperature increases from 20 ℃ to 70 ℃, the thermal conductivity increases by 47.12%. Secondly, a significant increase in the thermal conductivity of the magnetic fluid occurs in the presence of a magnetic field. At 20 °C and 200 G, the maximum increase in the thermal conductivity of the magnetic fluid compared to the absence of a magnetic field is 81%. Finally, the calculation results and experimental results of magnetic fluid thermal conductivity of Maxwell model, Bruggeman model, Yu & Choi model and Gianluca Coccia model are compared and analyzed. It is found that the theoretical model calculation accuracy is higher in the lower temperature range (20 ℃-35 ℃), which is consistent with the experimental results. The relative error of the results is within 5%, and the theoretical model can be directly used to predict the thermal conductivity of the magnetic fluid. When the temperature increases (>40°C), the deviation between the theoretical calculation results and the experimental calculation results increases. At this time, the theoretical model is no longer applicable, and the accurate thermal conductivity of the magnetic liquid must be obtained through experimental measurement.
    • Review & Advance
  • Advances in the mechanism and regeneration application of biochar adsorption for phosphorus removal
    XIAO Yang, QI Jiufang, LEI Xiaoling, WANG Quanfeng, MA Zilong
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2040-2049. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.006
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    The issue of eutrophication in water bodies is becoming increasingly severe, posing threats to human health and ecosystems. Consequently, the removal of phosphorus from water has become an urgent problem to address. Among the various methods for phosphate removal, the adsorption method stands out due to its maturity and flexibility. Biochar, in particular, has garnered attention among many adsorbents because of its stability and low preparation cost. However, natural biochar has poor adsorption capacity and struggles to perform well in complex adsorption environments, necessitating modifications to enhance its adsorption performance. Modified biochar, with its high adsorption efficiency and low preparation cost, has become one of the key means for removing phosphate from water. Biochar can be modified through physical, chemical, and biological methods to enhance its adsorption performance. However, a single modification method often fails to significantly improve the performance of biochar. This paper reviews the preparation methods, adsorption mechanisms, and regeneration applications of modified biochar, discussing its potential in practical applications and future research directions and providing new ideas and solutions for phosphorus pollution control in water bodies.
  • Research progress on slow-release antibacterial performance of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes
    ZHAO Jinqin, WANG Yanbin, SUN Ke, ALIDAN Ruzahong, GU Shuo, WANG Yupu, SU Qiong
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2050-2057. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.007
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    With the development of science and technology, more and more antimicrobial substances have been discovered, but most of the antimicrobial components of the antimicrobial agents exhibit disadvantages such as high toxicity, short antimicrobial time limit, and high volatility due to their special properties, thus leading to limitations in their applications. Reducing toxicity, prolonging antimicrobial efficacy, and reducing volatility have become key to broadening the application of antimicrobial agents. Encapsulation of cyclodextrins and antimicrobial agents to form a slow-release system improves this physicochemical property. Sustained release is a class of technology that slows the release of a specific active substance into a target medium over a period of time. Based on this, this paper firstly reviews the common preparation methods of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and the role of modified cyclodextrins. Secondly, the slow-release antimicrobial properties and slow-release properties of β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives are described. Finally, the development and application of slow-release properties in medicine and food are systematically summarized, with a view to providing an effective reference for the design and preparation of antimicrobial agents with efficient slow-release antimicrobial properties.
  • Application progress of polydopamine (PDA) as electrode materials for supercapacitors
    CHENG Yuanyuan, HE Xiyan, HE Meiru, QI Hongbin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2058-2073. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.008
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    Nowadays, the severe situation of energy shortage will gradually affect people's production and life, so the development of new energy storage components has become the research focus of scientists. Among them, supercapacitors, as an excellent energy storage device, have attracted much attention, but are limited by their low energy density and low power density, and cannot meet the needs of large-scale practical applications. Therefore, the development of new electrode materials has become one of the methods to solve this problem. As a new material, polydopamine (PDA) has many advantages, such as high carbon rate, high adhesion, multiple functional groups (catechol, amine and imine, large π electronic structure), etc. The use of PDA as an electrode material is a hot topic that has only recently emerged. PDA can be used as a carbon electrode with its own high carbon content. In addition, it contains amine functional groups that can be doped with heteroatoms. Most importantly, it can be used as a binder, not only can firmly adsorb the external materials, but also can modify the internal structure of the composite material, participate in the pseudocapacitance reaction, and increase the specific capacitance of the composite material. In this article, we will introduce the application of PDA as a composite electrode material of one element, two element and ternary element in supercapacitors according to the classification method of PDA and different substances.
  • Functional modification of bacterial cellulose and its research progress in the medical field
    CHEN Linyuan, ZHANG Yibing, LI Jie, CHEN Jing, LI Qingtao
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2074-2083. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.009
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    Bacterial cellulose has a unique three-dimensional network structure with high porosity, mechanical strength and good biocompatibility, which is beneficial for cell growth. It can be an ideal candidate for artificial blood vessels, tissue engineering, and wound excipients, and as well as one of the hotspots in biomedical material research. However, due to the fact that BC itself does not possess functional characteristics such as antibacterial, myogenic, and hemostatic properties, its further application in the medical field is limited. Therefore, by introducing functional polymers, carbon based nanomaterials, and metal nanoparticles into BC through ex-situ and in-situ modification methods, composite materials with enhanced functional properties are obtained. The modified BC materials have shown great potential for application in this field. This review provides a detailed introduction to the preparation and functionalization modification of BC, and summarizes its main achievements in the medical field in recent years, providing reference for the development of low-cost, green, safe, and multifunctional medical materials.
    • Research & Development
  • Preparation and properties of solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte material La1.95Sr0.05Ce2O7-δ
    YANG Chunli, CHAO Zeying, LIU Lu, YU Wenrui
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2084-2090. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.010
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    The electrolyte material La1.95Sr0.05Ce2O7-δ for proton conducting solid oxide fuel cell was prepared by sol-gel method. After Sr2+ doping, the material still has the structure of fluorite, and the doping increases the content of oxygen vacancy. Sr2+ doping effectively reduces the porosity and improves the compactness of La2Ce2O7 proton conductor ceramic samples. The conductivity of La1.95Sr0.05Ce2O7-δ can reach 1.2×10-2 S/cm in a humid hydrogen atmosphere at 700 ℃. Compared with La1.95Sr0.05Ce2O7-δ-La0.9Sr0.1Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ, when Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ-Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ is used as the cathode, the resistance of each part is reduced overall, and the performance is improved. The peak power density of the single cell can reach 207 mW/cm2 at 700 ℃, and the open circuit voltage is 0.813 V.
  • Preparation and antibacterial properties of pH responsive Cu/ZIF-8@Cur nanoparticles
    ZENG Fanxing, XU Chang, DONG Xufeng, QI Min, ZHUANG Xijin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2091-2098. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.011
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    Curcumin is a kind of natural polyphenol with excellent antibacterial properties, but its low stability, poor solubility and rapid metabolism in human body severely limit its application. Based on this, a Cu-doped ZIF-8 bimetallic MOF material was designed and synthesized by a one-pot method for the efficient loading of curcumin (Cu/ZIF-8@Cur) in order to achieve excellent antibacterial properties. Firstly, through UV and IR, curcumin was loaded successfully. Its drug loading efficiency was up to 45.6%, and it had good stability. Secondly, we verified that the composite particle had excellent pH response. When no bacteria were produced (neutral condition), it showed good stability. When the body produced bacteria, the environment became slightly acidic, Cu/ZIF-8@Cur particles slowly released ions and drugs. Cu/ZIF-8@Cur particles showed excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and had a good application prospect.
  • Effect of fluoride on the luminescence performance of Sr4Al14O25: Mn4+ red phosphor
    WAN Jiawen, ZHANG Tao, WU Chengang, XIA Libin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2099-2104. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.012
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    The introduce of fluoride effectively increase the luminescence intensity of Sr4Al14O25:Mn4+. However, the F ions whether incorporate in crystal lattice and the effect mechanism on luminescence performance remains unclear, which restrict the further development and applications of Sr4Al14O25:Mn4+ phosphor. In this study, a series of Sr4Al14O25:Mn4+ red phosphors were prepared using the high-temperature solid-state method. The effect on the structure, morphology and luminescence performance were studied by introducing H3BO3, SrF2 and AlF3. And the influence mechanisms of fluoride addition to the luminescence performance were obtained. The results reveal that the introduction of H3BO3 can produce a pure Sr4Al14O25 phase, and show a smooth surface and uniformly distributed particles. In contrast, the phosphors doped with SrF2, AlF3 and without any addition produce a primary phase of SrAl2O4 with minor Sr4Al14O25, and display an uneven particle distribution and a rough surface. The F ions did not incorporate in the host lattice and only act as a fluxing agent with the introduce of SrF2 and AlF3. The phosphors show optimal luminescence intensity when the introduce quantities of H3BO3, SrF2, and AlF3 are 0.8 mol, 0.6 mol and 0.4 mol, respectively. Meanwhile, the phosphor by addition of H3BO3 exhibits notably higher intensity than the other samples.
  • Preparation of RGO-TiO2 composite material and its photocatalytic degradation performance in wastewater
    LIU Faqiang, XIA Peibei, ZHANG Xinhua, HUANG Lei, WU Yongmei
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2105-2109. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.013
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    RGO-TiO2 composite materials are prepared by hydrothermal method,and their properties are characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, Raman, and photocatalytic testing.The effect of hydrothermal reaction temperature on the morphology,structure, and photocatalytic performance of the composite materials is studied.The results show show that the RGO-TiO2 composite is anatase TiO2 structure, and the phase structure of the composite isn't changed by the change of hydrothermal temperature and the load of grapheme.RGO-TiO2 composite material is a spherical particle with particle size distribution between 200 and 650 nm.TiO2 loaded on the surface of RGO,and when the hydrothermal temperature is 200 ℃, the particles of the composite material are the densest and have the best size uniformity.There is a bonding effect between RGO and TiO2,and GO is reduced to RGO during the synthesis process of RGO-TiO2 composite materials. With Rhodamine B (RhB) solution as the photocatalytic degradation object, the degradation efficiency of composite materials to RhB solution first increases and then decreases with the increase of hydrothermal reaction temperature.When the hydrothermal reaction temperature is 200 ℃, the degradation efficiency of the composite material reaches the maximum value of 93.51% at 180 min.Overall, the optimal hydrothermal reaction temperature is 200 ℃.
  • A first-principles study ofthe influence of pressure and W content on mechanical properties of Mo-W solid solution
    ZHOU Shaolan, LI Zhongsheng, CONG Dalong, RAN Xudong, WEI Yu, CHEN Hanbin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2110-2119. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.014
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    In order to obtain the effect of W content on the mechanical properties of Mo-W alloys under high pressure, this study using first-principle calculation based on density functional theory. The Mo-x%W (x=0-100, 10 as the step size) model was approximated by virtual crystal approximate method, and the elastic constant, volume modulus, shear modulus, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and density of states of Mo-W alloy were calculated at 0, 10, 20 and 30 GPa. The results showed that with the increase of pressure, the lattice constant of Mo-W alloy decreases, while the lattice constant increases linearly with the content of W. Within 0-30 GPa, the mechanical stability of Mo-W alloy is maintained, and the elastic constant and elastic modulus of Mo-W alloy increase with the increase of pressure. With the increase of W content, the bulk modulus of Mo-W alloy increases, while the shear modulus and elastic modulus increase first and then decrease and then increase. The toughness of Mo-W alloy decreases as a whole. When the content of W is 30-40%, the hardness of Mo-W alloy is the highest and the wear resistance is the best. This study provides a theoretical basis for further optimization of Mo-W alloy.
  • Microreactive preparation and properties of ITO nanopowders
    LI Qi, ZHU Guisheng, XU Huarui, ZHAO Yunyun, XU Jiwen, LONG Shenfeng, WEI Tingting
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2120-2125. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.015
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    High-quality indium tin oxide (ITO) powder is crucial for fabricating high-quality ITO sputtering targets. In this paper, ITO nanopowders with uniform particle size and good dispersion were successfully synthesized in a microreactor using InCl3·4H2O, SnCl4·5H2O and ammonia as raw materials. The synthesized powder exhibited a specific surface area of 36.86 m2/g and an average particle size of 22.75 nm. The effects of precursor concentrations, calcination temperature, and reaction temperature on the properties of the ITO powder were investigated, along with its ceramic sintering behavior at 1 400-1 580 ℃. Under sintering conditions at 1 580 ℃ for 4 hours, an ITO ceramic with a relative density of 98.46% was achieved, possessing a resistivity of 3.532×10-4 Ω·cm and exhibiting a pore-free surface and cross-section. The research findings demonstrate that ITO powder particles synthesized via coprecipitation in a microreactor exhibit smaller particle sizes, uniform particle dimensions, and enhanced dispersion, owing to intense collisions and a uniform nucleation process within the microreactor channels.
  • Study on the Influence of Rice Straw Fiber on the Crack Resistance Performance of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures
    CHENG Peifeng, GUO Shuang, LI Yiming
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2126-2134. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.016
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    In order to improve the resistance of pavement to cracking and reduce the negative impacts of using a high amount of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) by incorporating rice straw fibers into reclaimed asphalt mixtures with high RAP content. The research involves conducting Semi-circular bending test and pulling tests at various temperatures to analyze the impact of including rice straw fibers on the cracking resistance of recycled asphalt mixtures. Additionally, principal component analysis is utilized to establish a comprehensive evaluation model for the cracking performance of recycled asphalt mixtures with different dosages of rice straw fibers. Based on the findings, the incorporation of rice straw fiber into recycled asphalt mixtures has been shown to enhance their ability to withstand low-temperature cracking. However, the amount of rice straw fiber added to the mixture will determine how well it disperses and strengthens the mixture. The introduction of recycled asphalt mixture results in a significant enhancement in crack resistance in comparison to the addition of rice straw fiber. The fracture energy before failure exhibited a minimum increase of 34.1%, while the fracture energy after failure showed a rise of 57.39%.
  • Construction and performance study of 3D printed periodontal bone regeneration guide stent
    WANG Di, KANG Junjia, HUANG Ruoxi, ZHAO Jiayu, LIAN Xiaojie
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2135-2142. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.017
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    In the treatment of alveolar bone defects, traditional bone grafting methods often fail due to the growth of soft tissue during the repair process.Therefore, this study designed a double-layer scaffold model with different line spacing, and constructed a double-layer guiding membrane using 3D printing technology to solve the problem of preventing soft tissue from growing in and guiding bone regeneration simultaneously, mainly through the two-step crosslinking of sodium alginate (SA) with α-tricalcin phosphate (α-TCP) and calcium chloride, respectively. In order to further enhance the bioactivity and mechanical properties, nanofibroin fibers (SFF) were synthesized.The printability of the composite bioink was evaluated by Pr value and microfilament collapse, and the morphology and structure of the scaffold were evaluated by SEM, XRD and FTIR, respectively. Finally, CCK-8, ALP and alizarin red were used to evaluate the cell activity and the ability to promote bone differentiation of the composite scaffold. The results showed that when the proportion of α-TCP is 40wt%, the concentration of SFF increased from 0.5wt% to 2wt%, the printability, mechanical properties and osteogenic activity of scaffolds were improved, and the swelling rate and degradation rate were decreased. The scaffolds in this study are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of guiding periodontal bone tissue regeneration.
  • Effect of hydrothermal reaction conditions on the structure and photocatalytic performance of bismuth tungstate
    LIU Tingting, YAN Mengge, CAO Libing, YANG Fanyu
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2143-2150. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.018
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    In this study, the mechanism of the hydrothermal reaction process on the regulation of the structure and photocatalytic performance of bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) by changing the hydrothermal reaction conditions to modulate the morphological structure crystal phase structure, specific surface area and pore size distribution, and optoelectronic properties of Bi2WO6 was investigated. The results showed that the ion diffusion rate in the precursor solution and the growth rate of Bi2WO6 crystals were accelerated with the increase of the hydrothermal reaction temperature, which is favorable for the self-assembly and crystal development of Bi2WO6 nanosheets. But the three-dimensional nanostructures of Bi2WO6 was destroyed due to the rapid process of self-assembly and Oster ripening in high temperature, which led to the decrease in the specific surface area and photoelectronic properties. The crystallization process of Bi2WO6 was affected by hydrothermal reaction time. The recrystallization and agglomeration of crystals were observed because of long hydrothermal reaction time, which led to deterioration of photoelectric properties. The optimized conditions for the preparation of Bi2WO6 were hydrothermal reaction temperature of 160 ℃ and hydrothermal reaction time of 6 h. Bi2WO6 prepared under optimized conditions showed an orthorhombic-phase three-dimensional nano-flower sphere with mesoporous structure, with specific surface area of 56.95 m2/g and band gap energy of 2.77 eV, which showed the best photocatalytic performance to remove the 69.84% of fluvastatin.
  • Functional La@CeO2 nanometer filler introduces PEO polymer electrolyte to construct high-performance all-solid-state lithium metal battery
    LI Jianhui, ZHANG Ziliang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2151-2160. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.019
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    La-doped CeO2(La@CeO2) nano-fillers rich in oxygen vacancies were synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction of lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate (La (NO3)3·6H2O) and cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O), and the obtained nano-fillers were introduced into the polyethylene oxide (PEO) matrix. PEO/LiTFSI/x(0.2La@CeO2) (x=0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) were prepared by solution casting method. The La@CeO2 nano fillers were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS and EPR. The physical properties of CSEs were tested by DSC, TGA and mechanical properties, and the electrochemical properties were also tested. The results show that the surface of La@CeO2 nano-filler synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis contains abundant oxygen vacancy, and the composite solid electrolyte containing 10 wt% 0.2La@CeO2 nanoparticle filler exhibits high lithium ion transport performance, good cycling performance and rate performance. Compared with PEO/LiTFSI filler-free electrolyte, the ionic conductivity at 60 ℃ is 2.5×10-4 S/cm, the lithium ion migration number is 0.55, the electrochemical stability is 4.9 V, the tensile strength is significantly improved, and the composite solid electrolyte has good interfacial compatibility with lithium metal. At a current density of 0.1 mA/cm2, the assembled lithium-symmetric battery can run stably for 1200 hours. At the same time, the assembled LiFePO4|PEO/LiTFSI/10%(0.2La@CeO2)|Li battery maintains a discharge capacity of 145.4 mAh/g after 280 cycles at 0.5 C, with a capacity retention rate of 91.9% and a coulomb efficiency of 97.6%. This study provides a feasible strategy for constructing high-efficiency flexible PEO-based solid polymer electrolytes for the next generation of solid state batteries.
  • Study on silicone rubber superhydrophobic coatings prepared with different solvents and their properties
    DENG Chengfang, JIANG Yuqiao, HUANG Yuling, ZHEN Yuhan, ZHANG Bangwen, JIA Bi
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2161-2166. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.020
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    In this study, we first used α,ω-Dihydroxy polydimethylsiloxane, silica, and γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550)-modified aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) as raw materials. Secondly, we employed a mixed solvent phase separation method to prepare silicone rubber superhydrophobic coatings. We then investigated the effects of the amount of inorganic components and solvents on hydrophobicity. Finally, the coatings were characterized using contact angle measurements, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that KH550-modified particles exhibited excellent compatibility with the silicone rubber coatings, with a water contact angle reaching 155°. Although UV aging occurred, it had little impact on the hydrophobicity of the coating. And after 35 cycles of sandpaper abrasion, the hydrophobicity slightly decreased due to the abrasion of inorganic particles on the coating surface, but it still retained superhydrophobic properties.
  • Construction of S-scheme homojunction of biochar-modified TiO2 anatase-rutile phase and its photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline
    AN Mingze, ZHANG Bingbing, YANG Zhao, CHEN Weijie, WANG Sheng, XUE Bin, QIN Shuhao
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2167-2178. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.021
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    Constructing step-scheme (S-scheme) homojunction photocatalysts with high charge transfer efficiency and abundant active sites is an effective way to enhance photocatalytic performance. In this study, a series of biochar-modified TiO2 anatase-rutile phase S-scheme homojunction catalysts (TBC) were prepared by typical hydrothermal combined pyrolysis method. The characterization of catalyst structure and in-situ XPS testing results indicate that the TBC550 catalyst under optimized conditions was mainly composed of biochar and TiO2 rutile-rutile phase. The S-scheme homojunction of TiO2 anatase-rutile phase constructed with it can promote the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers through the interface of biochar and anatase-rutile. Meanwhile, when light was irradiated on the interface of TBC550 catalyst, under the synergistic effect of built-in electric field, band edge bending, and coulomb force, the photogenerated electrons of oxidation ability and photogenerated holes of reduction ability are promoted to recombine, and the photogenerated electrons of oxidation ability and photogenerated electrons of reduction ability are inhibited, so that the electrons and holes have high redox ability. Furthermore, under ultraviolet, visible, and simulated sunlight irradiation, the photocatalytic degradation rates of TBC550 catalyst for tetracycline (TC) aqueous solution were 96.5%, 78.3%, and 89.1%, respectively, and the stability remained good after 5 cycles. This research work could enrich our understanding of new S-scheme homojunction photocatalysts and provide a promising strategy for the future use of solar driven photocatalysis for the degradation of environmental pollutants.
  • Preparation and thermal properties of polyimide foam
    ZHANG Litong, SUN Liqiang, ZHANG Ruihan, WANG Baichao, ZHANG Hongming
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2179-2185. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.022
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    Polyimide foam was prepared by foaming method. The effects of porosity and pore distribution on the properties of polyimide foam under natural convection were investigated experimentally and numerically. The heterogeneous factor Ψ was defined to evaluate the pore distribution inside the foam. Polyimide foams with different porosity and heterogeneous were prepared. The natural convection heat transfer coefficient of polyimide foam was measured experimentally. By combining Voronoi technique with double-scale generation method, the porous model was established and the heat transfer numerical simulation was carried out. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental results. The results show that under the condition of fixed heterogeneity, the heat transfer performance of foam decreased significantly with the increase of porosity. In the case of fixed porosity, the heat transfer performance of the foam increased significantly with the increase of heterogeneity. The distribution of internal temperature field and flow field can be observed by numerical simulation results. The influence of porosity and heterogeneity on natural convection heat transfer performance was mainly caused by the change of internal permeability.
  • Effect of moisture on the self-sensingproperty of copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete
    ZHANG Liqing, LIU Qiuping, PAN Yannian, XIONG Xinfu, XIONG Jingang, XU Kaicheng
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2186-2194. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.023
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    Copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powders (CSF-UHPC) has the advantages of high electrical conductivity and self-sensing sensitivity, which has a broad application prospect in the field of concrete structure health monitoring. However, concrete structures are often exposed to different humidity environments during service, and changes in moisture content will affect the electrical conductivity and self-sensing property. In this paper, the effect of moisture content on the self-sensing property of CSF-UHPC under different loading conditions was investigated, and the influence magnitude of different factors on its self-sensing property was compared. The results showed that the self-sensing property of CSF-UHPC decrease with decreasing moisture content under all various loading conditions. The reduction rates of fracture change in electrical resistivity, stress sensitivity and strain sensitivity caused by the decrease of moisture content increased with the increase of loading amplitude and loading rate. The maximum reduction rates of fracture change in electrical resistivity, stress sensitivity and strain sensitivity can be up to 75.44%, 76.32%, and 70.96%, respectively, after completely drying. From the results of radar chart analysis, it can be seen that the effects of different environmental factors on the self-perception performance of CSF-UHPC were, in descending order, loading amplitude, moisture content and loading rate.
  • Study on Chloride Ion Permeability of Desert Sand Concrete
    LIAN Ze li, YANG Jiansen
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2195-2200. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.024
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    To inspect the chloride ion permeability of desert sand concrete (DSC) with fine aggregate fully replaced by desert sand, the electric flux method was employed to study DSC with different water-cement ratios. Regression analysis was used to establish a numerical correlation model between DSC electric flux and water-cement ratio. The results indicate that desert sand has a significant micro-aggregate effect, which disperses and homogenizes the cementitious materials in the concrete. This leads to a more uniform distribution of hydration products and a stronger bond in the aggregate interfacial transition zone, resulting in a denser concrete matrix structure and thus lower chloride ion permeability for DSC. Consequently, the electric flux (Q) of DSC and the water-cement ratio (x) follow the function model Q=7572.7636x-537.6053, showing significant correlation at the 0.01 level. According to this model, DSC's chloride ion permeability can be estimated based on the water-cement ratio, allowing for the evaluation of DSC's permeability performance.
    • Process & Technology
  • Analysis of mechanical and durability properties of PVA fiber reinforced fly ash concrete
    LYU Dawei
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2201-2207. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.025
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    The surface modification of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers was carried out using silane coupling agent KH-550.The effect of KH-550 dosage on the microstructure, spectral properties, and water contact angle of PVA fibers were studied. The modified PVA fibers were used as additives to investigate the effects of different V(deionized water): V (KH-550) on the mechanical properties and durability of PVA fiber-reinforced fly ash concrete. The results showed that as the volume ratio of KH-550 increased, the surface of PVA fibers became rougher, and the PVA fibers transitioned from a hydrophobic state to a more hydrophilic state. When V(deionized water)∶V(KH-550)=3∶3, the water contact angle of PVA fibers decreased to a minimum of 65.2°. After KH-550 modification treatment, the interface transition zone of PVA fiber reinforced fly ash concrete was more tightly bonded, the number of pores and cracks was reduced, and the compressive strength and flexural strength were improved. When V(deionized water)∶V(KH-550)=3∶3, the compressive strength and flexural strength of fly ash concrete reached their maximum values of 44.05 and 8.70 MPa, respectively, which were 67.62% and 61.11% higher than untreated concrete. At the age of 28 d, when V(deionized water)∶V(KH-550)=3∶3, the maximum load of fly ash concrete was 194.3 N, the maximum displacement was 7.3 mm, and the minimum chloride ion diffusion coefficient was 1.21×10-8 cm2/s, demonstrating excellent durability performance.
  • Copper surface etched via potassium persulfate and its wettability
    YANG Qingxiang, ZHANG Qianqian, YIN Shiqing, ZHAO Junhong, LI Fengcai, CHEN Zhijun
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2208-2213. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.026
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    In this paper, a simple preparation of a super-hydrophobic surface of copper with chemical etching was developed. Copper (Cu) samples were etched with a mixture of K2S2O8 and NaOH as etching solution to prepare a copper surface with superhydrophobic properties with a contact angle of 165.52°. The super-hydrophobic structure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurement on the samples. The mechanism of the formation of the super-hydrophobic structure was also analyzed. The effect on preparation superhydrophobic wetting of the sample was studied by changing the etching conditions (concentration of etching solution, etching time, drying temperature). The results showed that when the NaOH concentration was 0.500 mol/L and the K2S2O8 concentration was 0.025 mol/L, a super-hydrophobic surface appeared at 25 ℃ under 60 min with the contact angle 165.52°. The prepared superhydrophobic surface uniformly appeard in a disorderly arranged sheet structure.
  • Enhancement of long wavelength visible light in Ag/Al2O3/ZnO composite films
    YIN Caiwang, CHEN Haixia, DING Jijun, LIU Ziyang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2214-2218. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.027
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    ZnO, Ag/ZnO and Ag/Al2O3/ZnO composite films are prepared on p-type Si by combining magnetron sputtering technique and plasma etching, and annealed in high vacuum environment. The surface morphologies, crystal structures and photoluminescence spectra are characterized. The experimental results show that Ag nanoparticles with regular sizes are formed after vacuum annealing at 250 ℃ and plasma etching. At the same time, after the introduction of Ag and Al2O3, the full width at half maximum of the ZnO (002) diffraction peak increases and the crystal quality decreases. The luminescent center of Ag/ZnO thin films in the visible region is shifted to 645 nm, and the intensity ratio of visible to ultraviolet light is increased to 17.34. Meanwhile, the Al2O3 interlayer has a modulating effect on the fluorescence emission of ZnO. When the Al2O3 sputtering time is 5 min, Ag/Al2O3/ZnO composite films exhibit the strongest emission band at 685 nm, with a visible to ultraviolet intensity ratio of up to 78.29, and the peak position is red shifted towards the long wavelength direction by 40 nm. As the thickness of the interlayer is further increased, the visible emission intensity is actually decreased, and the corresponding fluorescence enhancement mechanism is discussed.
  • Sources of heavy metals in cementitious materials and their effects on hydration properties
    WANG Yunfei, CHEN Depeng, GUO Minglei, LYU Zhong
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2219-2228. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.028
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    The cement kiln co-disposal technology is widely used in line with the green, low-carbon and high-quality development strategy, but the heavy metals in the waste lead to the production of cement with heavy metal content far exceeding the regulatory limit by the cement kiln co-disposal technology. The common heavy metals in the collaborative disposal of cement clinker in cement kilns include Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Cd, with a total content generally ranging from 0.16 ‰ to 1.03 ‰, accounting for more than 95% of the total introduction of concrete. Heavy metals in concrete exist in the form of ionic state and metal insoluble substances, which are fixed in the form of encapsulation, adsorption and ion replacement by C—S—H hydration products such as C—S—H gel, AFm and AFt. Heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Cd can increase the burnability of cement raw materials and alter the mineral composition of cement clinker. Zn, Cu, and Cd can lead to the formation of more C3S in the calcium silicate mineral phase of cement clinker, while Cr can promote the formation of C2S. The distribution of heavy metals within the cement clinker is also distinct. Zn primarily dissolves in periclase, while Cu and Ni are predominantly found in intermediate mineral phases. Cd and Pb are uniformly distributed among C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF, while Cr is predominantly found in C2S. Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Cd can accelerate the release of cement hydration heat and promote early hydration of cement, but Zn reacts with OH- to form insoluble substances that cover the surface of cement particles, hindering early hydration reactions of cement. At the same time, common heavy metals react with OH- in cement paste, causing a decrease in the mechanical properties of cement-based materials. At present, the effects of heavy metals on the firing, hydration, and mechanical properties of cement-based materials are becoming more comprehensive, but there is less research on the durability impact that needs further exploration.
  • Thermal stability analysis of carbon nanotube asphalt mixture based on thermal oxygen aging
    LUAN Liqiang, WANG Qinpei
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2025, 56(2): 2229-2236. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2025.02.029
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    In order to solve the problem that the electric heating performance of conductive asphalt pavement is unstable and attenuating after service aging, the effect of snow melting and ice melting is strengthened, and the frequency and cost of maintenance are reduced. The asphalt mixture with different carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was subjected to thermal oxygen aging, and the electrical conductivity at the whole and longitudinal depth of the specimen was tested by bipolar method, and the influence of CNTs on the electrical properties of the asphalt mixture under thermal oxygen aging was studied. Through the indoor melting test, the melting time and heating rate of carbon nanotubes asphalt mixture under different aging conditions were compared, and it was verified that carbon nanotubes had a positive effect on the electric heating stability of asphalt mixture. After recovering bitumen from mixture samples with 0% and 0.9% CNTs content after different aging times, four-component tests were conducted to analyze the influence mechanism of CNTs on conductive stability. The results showed that CNTs inhibited the volatilization of asphalt light components to a certain extent, weakened the influence of hot oxygen aging, and improved the electric stability and melting effect of asphalt mixture.
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