30 July 2024, Volume 55 Issue 7

    

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Focuses & Concerns
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  Effect of diluent dosage on strength of Fe-Si-Al soft magnetic powder core

  LI Mengran, LI Ruiqing, ZHANG Xuebin, LIU Wei, ZHANG Hua, ZOU Zhongqiu, SU Hailin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7001-7007. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.001

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  Soft magnetic powder core generally has a low strength, which is improved by using the resin impregnation process. In this study, inactive diluent (tetrachloroethylene) and active diluent 636 (trimethylol propane triglycidyl ether) were used as the mixed diluent of the 135 epoxy resin/methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride impregnated system, and the influence of the dosage of tetrachloroethylene on the compressive strength and the influence of impregnation process on the magnetic properties for Fe-Si-Al powder cores were studied. In addition, the formula for calculating the actual compressive strength of soft magnetic powder core was modified based on the measured compressive strength and porosity. The results show that the compressive strength of the powder core is greatly improved by the impregnation process, while the magnetic properties change slightly. When the mass ratio of resin to diluent is about 1∶2, the core compressive strength reaches a maximum value of 18.43 MPa. This indicates that the diluent can be fully and evenly mixed with the epoxy resin, and can be cross-linked and cured better with the curing agent at this ratio, which improves the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin accordingly. The research results on impregnation process and formula for calculating the compressive strength of soft magnetic powder cores in this paper can provide reference for the development of mass production processes to improve the strength of soft magnetic powder cores.
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  Catalytic preparation of polyimide fibers with excellent properties by the chemical imide method

  SUI Jinlong, SU Jingtao, ZHAO Xiaojun, LI Qingling, MIN Yonggang, TAN Wanyi

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7008-7014. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.002

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  Enhancing the thermal stability and mechanical properties of intrinsic polymer fiber materials is currently a hot research topic in advanced fiber materials. Polyimide is a high-performance specialty polymer material with excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability due to its conjugation and benzene ring stacking. Two diamines, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) and p-phenylenediamine (PDA), were polymerized with 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BPDA) to form polyamidoacetic acid solution (PAA), and a series of concentration-gradient mixtures were prepared by using different kinds of pyridine mixed with propionic anhydride and introduced into PAA. The polyimide fibers were prepared by wet spinning and chemical imidization and their microstructures and properties were investigated. The results showed that when the mass fraction of 4-methylpyridine was 4 wt% and n(PAA)∶n(propionic anhydride)=1∶3, the microstructure of the polyimide fiber was a standard cylindrical shape with tensile strength reaching 1.91 GPa. The temperature was as high as 533.3 ℃ at a heat loss of 5%, which exhibited good thermal stability and mechanical properties.
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  Synthesis of glycerol monolaurate by direct esterification and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus

  ZHANG Xuan, YANG Jing

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7015-7021. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.003

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  Choosing lauric acid and glycerol as raw materials and p-toluene sulfonic acid as a catalyst, the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, stirring speed, raw material molar ratio and catalyst dosage on the purity of glycerol monolaurate (GML) were determined through single factor test. And the inhibitory effect of GML concentration and pH value changes on Staphylococcus aureus were studied. The results showed that the highest purity of GML was obtained under the conditions of n (glycerol)∶n (lauric acid)=3∶1, reaction temperature of 180 ℃, reaction time of 3.5 h, stirring speed of 250 r/min, and p-toluenesulfonic acid dosage of 0.4 wt%. This process was the optimal synthesis process. The orthogonal experimental test showed that the synthesis temperature had the greatest impact on the purity of GML. The initial purity of GML prepared under the optimal synthesis process was 47.7%, and the purity after purification could reach 97.2%. The antibacterial performance test showed that the inhibitory effect of GML on Staphylococcus aureus was positively correlated with its concentration. When the concentration reached 12 mg/mL, the diameter of the antibacterial zone reached its maximum value of 16.1 mm. The antibacterial rates of GML against Staphylococcus aureus gradually decreased with time. Under pH values of 5.7 and 7.2, the half-lives of GML against Staphylococcus aureus were 54 and 49 hours, respectively. It can be seen that under weak acid conditions, GML has a longer antibacterial half-life and better antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus.
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  Research on electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to methanol by advantages assembly CuAl-LDHs and CNTs

  ZHAO Zhengyi, WANG Jiawei, ZHANG Juan, LI Jiacheng, WU Xu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7022-7030. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.004

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  Electrocatalysis of CO₂ to methanol has important research value in the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. In order to improve the conversion rate of CO₂ and selectivity of methanol, this paper coordinated the construction of LDHs/CNTs hybrid with acid-alkaline CuAl-LDHs and carbon nanotube materials (CNTs) with excellent electrical conductivity, realizing the complementary advantages of the two materials, and improving their methanol production performance and electrical conductivity in both directions. The results show that compared with LDHs, the good dispersion and abundant weak base sites of the two compounds are more conducive to the adsorption and rapid diffusion of CO₂ molecules on the surface of the catalyst. Meanwhile, lattice oxygen with high mobility and monovalent copper species with high reduction potential form redox cycles on the catalyst surface, significantly reducing the mass transfer resistance and electron transfer difficulty. The results showed that CuAl-LDHs/5%CNTs had high selectivity and current density towards methanol at -0.6 V (for reversible hydrogen electrodes), up to 80.7% and -6.5 mA/cm², providing reference value for the development of LDHs-based electrocatalysts with high CO₂ conversion at low potential and high current density.
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  Preparation of BCN by precursor method and its photocatalytic reduction of CO₂

  BU Xuelin, ZENG Xianghui, CHEN Hui, FANG Wei, DU Xing, WANG Daheng, HE Xuan, LI Weixin, ZHAO Lei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7031-7037. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.005

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  In this paper, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and triethylene tetramine were used as N source and boric acid as B source to prepare different precursors to directly high temperature ammonolysis polymerize borocarbonitrides (BCN-x, recorded as BCN-EDA, BCN-DETA and BCN-TETA, respectively). XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, UV-Vis, and PL were used to analyze the chemical composition, morphology, and optical properties of samples. And the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction performance of BCN-x samples was assessed without compromising agents and cocatalysts. The results show that all the prepared samples have lamellar structure, and BCN-EDA represents higher crystallinity and higher photocarrier separation efficiency. Under visible light irradiation at 350-780 nm, the produced BCN-x can reduce CO₂ to CO and CH₄, and BCN-EDA has the best photocatalytic CO₂ reduction performance, with a CO yield of 32.20 μmol/g and the photocatalytic stability can be maintained within 20 h.
Review & Advance
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  Research progress of Mg-Bi based alloys

  YANG Laidong, CHEN Xiaoya, LIU Haorui, LUO Hongbo, ZHAO Lei, WANG Jianji

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7038-7050. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.006

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  The price of alloying element Bi is low, and it has a high solid solubility in magnesium, and with the decrease of temperature, its solid solubility decreases, and the Mg₃Bi₂ phase is precipitated, which improves the mechanical properties of magnesium. Therefore, Mg-Bi alloys have good solution and aging hardening potential. The addition of Sn, Mn, Al, Ca, Zn and other elements to Mg-Bi alloy can modulate the alloy microstructure and further increase the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the alloy. In this paper, the research progress of Mg-Bi alloys was introduced, and on the basis of summarizing the research achievements of Mg-Bi binary alloys, the microstructure and properties of Mg-Bi-Sn alloys, Mg-Bi-Mn alloys, Mg-Bi-Al alloys, Mg-Bi-Ca alloys, and Mg-Bi-Zn alloys were systematically summarized, and the effects of alloying on the second phase, grain size, texture and dynamic recrystallization of alloys were reviewed. The effects of alloying element types, addition amounts and hot working parameters on the mechanical properties of alloys were described, and the future research is prospected. The existing problems in the study of Mg-Bi alloys were summarized, and the future research was prospected.
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  Progress on the stability and magnetorheological properties of bidisperse magnetorheological fluids

  ZHU Qicheng, WU Zhangyong, JIANG Jiajun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7051-7059. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.007

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  As a kind of intelligent fluid with both magnetic and fluidity properties, magnetorheological fluids have been widely used in many fields. Bidisperse magnetorheological fluids, with their excellent settling stability, redispersing ability and magnetorheological properties, are one of the most promising directions for the future development of magnetorheological fluids. In light of the research progress in recent years, the stabilisation mechanism of bidisperse magnetorheological fluids is highlighted, and the magnetorheological properties of bidisperse magnetorheological fluids are reviewed based on microstructural evolution, experimental influencing factors, and intrinsic mechanics models. Finally, the industrial application of bidisperse magnetorheological fluids is proposed.
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  Preparation and application of functionalized cellulose-based aerogels

  LI Yanyun, YANG Xue

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7060-7069. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.008

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  Cellulose is one of the most abundant resources in nature. The third-generation aerogels prepared from cellulose have both the high porosity and large specific surface area of traditional aerogels and their own advantages. However, its inherent flammability, poor mechanical properties and low thermal stability limit its application. At present, the functionalization of cellulose aerogels and the development of a variety of functionalized composite aerogels have become a research hotspot. In this paper, the preparation process, functionalization methods and main application fields of cellulose aerogels are summarized. Finally, the problems of functional cellulose aerogels are discussed.
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  Research progress on gallium based liquid metal based flexible sensing materials

  ZHANG Yajuan, WANG Ruining, SUN Runjun, DENG Jing, JIA Xiaoya

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7070-7078. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.009

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  With the rapid development of wearable technology in artificial intelligence, flexible sensing materials with stretchable, compressible, and twisted properties have flourished. Gallium based liquid metal (LM) has been widely used in the preparation of flexible sensing materials due to its excellent conductivity, thermal conductivity, flowability, high surface tension, and plasticity. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive review on the methods for preparing flexible sensing materials using gallium based liquid metals, especially when combined with flexible matrix materials. This article focuses on the preparation methods of gallium based liquid metal for flexible sensing materials, including direct bonding method, droplet method, and liquid metal as initiator method. Secondly, the latest progress in the application of gallium based liquid metal flexible sensing materials is discussed. In addition, the progress made in the recyclability of gallium based liquid metal flexible sensing materials is discussed. Finally, suggestions are made on the existing problems in its current research and prospects for the future.
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  Research progress in nanoarrays of transition metal oxide with spinel structure

  JIANG Zhiqiang, LIU Fang, WANG Xingjun, HOU Yun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7079-7090. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.010

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  Nanoarray of spinel transition metal oxides has unique advantages over its nanowires and nanoparticles, and has important applications in many fields such as energy storage, catalysis, magnetism and optoelectronics. In this paper, various factors (substrate, reaction temperature, reaction time, raw materials, etc.) affecting the structure and morphology of spinel transition metal oxide nanoarrays prepared by hydrothermal/solvothermal method are summarized. The correlation between the structure and morphology of nanoarrays and their properties is discussed. The related research on the hierarchical structure of spinel transition metal oxide nanoarrays is briefly introduced. It is hoped that it can promote the design and development of multifunctional or functionally integrated nanoarrays and broaden their application range.
Research & Development
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  Preparation and flame retardant properties of graphene polystyrene composite materials

  ZHU Xiaofei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7091-7097. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.011

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  Graphene polystyrene composite materials were prepared by solution blending method. The effects of the mass fraction of graphene oxide (GO) in the composite materials on the phase structure, microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal properties and flame retardancy were studied through XRD, SEM, FT-IR, mechanical properties testing, thermal loss analysis, thermal conductivity and THR analysis. The results showed that polystyrene was adsorbed on the surface of GO, and the surface roughness was increased after the composite of GO and polystyrene, without changing the chain structure of the polymer after the composite. The moderate doping of GO improved the mechanical properties of graphene polystyrene composite materials. The tensile strength, fracture elongation and elastic modulus of PG-6% composite materials reached their maximum values, which were 38.8 MPa,10.37% and 1 505 MPa, respectively. Compared with pure PS, they increased by 26.38%, 8.06% and 31.90%, respectively. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion coefficient of composite materials first increased and then decreased with the increase of GO proportion. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion coefficient of PG-6% composite material reached their maximum values, which were 0.170 W/(m·K) and 0.171 mm²/s, respectively. The addition of appropriate amount of GO improved the flame retardant performance of the composite material, increasing the difficulty of ignition and reducing the heat release rate. The PG-6% composite material had the best flame retardant performance, with a maximum FPI of 0.386.
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  PVA/EG conducting polymer hydrogels and its strain sensing properties

  XU Xiao, YIN Fuqiang, LI Zhaochun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7098-7104. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.012

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  As an excellent material for flexible sensors, conductive hydrogels have broad prospects in the field of wearable devices. In this study, a series of PVA/EG conductive hydrogels with different mass ratios of PVA were prepared by mixing the hydrogel base polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with ethylene glycol (EG). The structures and morphologies of 10%, 20%, and 30% PVA/EG hydrogels were characterized, among which, the 20% PVA/EG hydrogel exhibited higher relative background intensity, crystalline content, and more surface pores. The sensing properties of the 20% PVA/EG conductive hydrogel, including sensitivity, linearity, response time, stability, and temperature reliability, were tested using a universal materials testing machine. The results showed that the sensitivity coefficient of the conductive hydrogel reached up to 0.74, the linear correlation coefficient reached 0.987, the response time was as low as 80 ms, and the relative resistance change remained relatively constant during 50 cycles of 15% stretching. Moreover, the hydrogel sample continued to function normally at -20 ℃. Finally, the conductive hydrogel samples were attached to different parts of the body, such as fingers, spine, and feet, for motion experiments, validating the feasibility of the conductive hydrogel in various human motion monitoring scenarios.
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  Study on the adsorption properties of MOF materials for active ingredients in tangerine peel

  JIANG Zhihui, LIU Yilin, GAO Min, GAO Peng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7105-7110. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.013

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  Objective: The synthesis route of ZIF-8 was verified. Its structural correctness was characterized, and the adsorption range was determined preliminarily. The adsorption capacity of ZIF-8 for hesperidin was investigated, and the best adsorption conditions were selected. Methods: ZIF-8 was prepared by stirring at room temperature with methanol as solvent, 2-methylimidazole as organic ligand and zinc nitrate hexahydrate as raw material. The effects of adsorbent mass, shaking time and liquid volume on the adsorption of hesperidin were studied. Results: ZIF-8 could be successfully prepared by stirring at room temperature. It was found that when the mass of adsorbent was 10 mg, the shaking time was 8 h, and the volume of hesperidin solution was 20 mL, the adsorption yield of hesperidin was the highest, which was 57.98%. Conclusion: ZIF-8 has a large specific surface area and pore volume, and hesperidin has the opportunity to enter the pore to complete the adsorption, thereby improving the utilization rate of hesperidin.
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  First principles study on the electronic structure and optical properties of B and Cu co-doped monolayer g-C₃N₄

  TAN Xiujuan, ZHANG Xuyang, YANG Shuo, WANG Yong, ZHANG Xuyun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7111-7115. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.014

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  g-C₃N₄ is a highly promising green semiconductor photocatalyst, but its bandgap is wide and its utilization efficiency for visible light is limited. The photocatalytic performance of g-C₃N₄ can be effectively improved through element doping. This paper uses first principles methods to study the mechanism of the influence of non-metallic element B and metallic element Cu co doping on the electronic structure and optical properties of g-C₃N₄. The results indicate that the most stable localization point for B, Cu co-dopped g-C₃N₄ (001) surface is that B occupies the H site, while Cu occupies the N₂ site. B. Compared with single B element doping, co doping with Cu can further reduce the energy gap and work function of g-C₃N₄ (001) surface. The addition of Cu mainly improves the electronic conductivity and light capture ability of B-doped g-C₃N₄ (001) surface, thereby enhancing photocatalytic activity.
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  Cycling stability of elastocaloric effect in a Ni_53.6Fe_19.3Ga_27.1 polycrystalline alloy

  GUAN Lei, LIU Jichen, CHEN Feng, TONG Yunxiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7116-7121. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.015

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  Elastocaloric cooling, as a typical solid-state refrigeration technology, is recognized as an alternative to the conventional vapor compression cooling due to the advantages of being environmentally friendly and high energy utilization efficiency. The key to develop elastocaloric cooling technology is to obtain high-performance elastocaloric materials with large elastocaloric effect (eCE) and high cyclic stability as the refrigerants. Ni-Fe-Ga shape memory alloy is regarded as a kind of promising elastocaloric material. The formation of γ secondary phase is inevitable using conventional melting technique, however, systematic and in-depth studies on the effect of γ phase on the eCE of Ni-Fe-Ga alloys are scarce. For this purpose, Ni_53.6Fe_19.3Ga_27.1 polycrystalline alloy is fabricated in this work and the microstructure, mechanical properties and eCE are studied by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry, universal testing machine, self-designed eCE experimental setup, etc. It shows that, in the present alloy, γ phases are formed inside, and the grains and along the grain boundaries of βphases. Such a dual-phased structure helps to achieve a considerable eCE with high cycling stability. The value of adiabatic temperature change exceeds -5 K.
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  Preparation and mechanism of fly ash based catalytic materials for enhancing electron mobility

  QI Zhanfeng, GAO Rui, GUO Xiuli, LI Guancheng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7122-7131. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.016

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  The preparation mechanism of solid surface catalytic materials to enhance electron mobility has not been systematically studied. Fly ash was modified by wet magnetic separation, high energy ball milling and plasma discharge to improve the material's electron mobility, and the preparation mechanism was discussed. The experimental results show that the optimal combination of experimental parameters is magnetic separation with 1.2 T magnetic rod for 3 times, then ball milling at 550 r/min for 30 h, and finally plasma discharge modification under the conditions of discharge gap 3 mm, discharge length 200 mm, discharge power 130 W and modification time 20 min. The resistivity of the obtained fly ash sample is reduced to 27.92 MΩ·cm, which is four orders of magnitude higher than that of the original fly ash. This study shows that a perfect and continuous conductive network is a prerequisite for improving the conductivity and electron mobility of materials.
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  Preparation and supercapacitive properties of MgCo₂O₄@Ni(OH)₂ nanoneedles

  NI Hang, HU Tanwei, TANG Mengfan, DING Yue, TIAN Yu, ZHU Xiaolong, ZHENG Guang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7132-7138. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.017

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  MgCo₂O₄@Ni(OH)₂ (MCON) electrode material for supercapacitors was succeessfully prepared by hydrothermal and electrodeposition in this work. Nanoneedle MgCo₂O₄ was coated with cotton-shaped Ni(OH)₂ on the conductive substrate of foam nickel, improving the structure of main material and constituting an effective electrical connection, thus enhancing the electrical conductivity. Electrochemical performance tests showed that this MCON exhibited excellent electrochemical properties, and it revealed a high specific capacitance of 2 635.4 F/g at a current of 1 mA/cm², indicating its canapcitance was increased by 72.4%. After 1 000 cycles under the condition of 14 mA/cm², 91.2% of initial capacitance was retained. Asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled with MCON as binder-free positive electrode and activated carbon as negative electrode respectively, which displayed a specific capacitance of 91.8 F/g at 1 A/g. Besides, asymmetric supercapacitor showed energy density of 28.7 Wh/kg under the power density of 2.1 kW/kg. Meantime, a red light-mitting diode could remain lit for 25 min. The above results show that designing composite has a strong ability to energy storage, suitable as a supercapacitor electrode material.
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  Modification of Mg hydrogen storage properties by MXene materials Nb₂CCl_x and Ti₂CCl_x

  ZANG Shuyan, CUI Lizhi, HU Shuaicheng, LYU Lijun, HAN Xingbo, LYU Meiheng, LIU Wei, YANG Guo

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7139-7149. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.018

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  Magnesium is an interesting class of solid-state hydrogen storage materials with high hydrogen storage capacity (7.6wt%) and reversible hydrogen absorption and release. However, the high temperature required for Mg hydrogen absorption and release and the slow kinetics of hydrogen release affect its practicality. In this paper, two different types of MXene (Nb₂CCl_x and Ti₂CCl_x) were prepared by the molten salt etching method with the ratio of Mg: MXene = 10: 1, and the effects of the addition of different types of MXene on the microstructure and hydrogen absorption and discharge properties of metallic Mg were investigated. The results showed that the phase composition of the materials remained unchanged, but the particle size of the materials was further reduced after ball milling, which increased their specific surface area. The introduction of Nb₂CCl_x and Ti₂CCl_x, on the other hand, gives Mg a significant enhancement, which can effectively increase the hydrogen absorption and release rate of the material, with Mg@Nb₂CCl_x releasing 5.0 wt% hydrogen in 200 s, and Mg@Ti₂CCl_x releasing 5.3 wt% in 250 s. The introduction of Mg@Nb₂CCl_x can also reduce the initial hydrogen absorption and release temperature of pure Mg by 10wt% Nb₂CCl_x. The initial hydrogen absorption and release temperatures of the materials can also be lowered, with 10wt% Nb₂CCl_x lowering the initial hydrogen absorption and release temperatures of pure Mg by 125 ℃ and 175 ℃, respectively, and 10 wt% Ti₂CCl_x lowering the initial hydrogen absorption and release temperatures of pure Mg by 100 ℃ and 125 ℃, respectively. The results of hydrogen absorption and release kinetic fitting based on the Chou model showed that the addition of MXene shifted the rate-control step of Mg from surface permeation control to diffusion control, which improved the hydrogen absorption and release kinetic performance of Mg.
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  ZIF-67 derived Co/Co₉S₈ loaded carbon materials as ORR catalysts

  BI Pengfei, LIU Peitao, ZU Yanqing, LI Xiaodong, ZHU Xu, FENG Ailing

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7150-7156. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.019

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  As an important electrochemical energy conversion and storage device, Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) have attracted attention because of their high energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the slow kinetic reaction of the air cathodes has hindered development of ZABs. Therefore, we used a hydrothermal pyrolytic-ammonia reduction method to prepare an electrocatalyst of ZIF-67 derived N-doped carbon-based Co and Co₉S₈ nanoparticles (Co/Co₉S₈@NC-1). The electrochemical results show that the sample has excellent ORR catalytic activity, and its half-wave potential is 0.85 V, which is close to commercial Pt/C. Compared with Pt/C+Ir/C-based ZABs (open circuit voltage of 1.47 V), Co/Co₉S₈@NC-1 based ZABs have an open circuit voltage of 1.51 V, and exhibit a power density of 105.3 mW/cm² and cycle stability of 172 h (Pt/C+Ir/C of 147 h). This work provides an effective way to develop non-precious metal-based ORR catalysts.
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  Study on corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by a new type of corrosion inhibitor

  FU Zhanda, LIU Xinhua, WANG Ying, ZHAO Hongli, WANG Lei, XIA Yiming, GU Linyan, DU Jiarui, WANG Yiran

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7157-7165. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.020

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  A novel modified polyaspartic acid (PASP/CD) was synthesized from thiocarbazide and polysuccinimide. Secondly, the structure of PASP/CD was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Finally, the corrosion inhibition behavior of PASP/CD on carbon steel was studied by gravimetry, electrochemical method, atomic force microscope (AFM), contact angle and scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum (SEM/EDS) in 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution. The results show that when PASP/CD is added into hydrochloric acid solution as a mixed corrosion inhibitor, the charge transfer resistance of the system increases significantly. When the concentration of PASP/CD is 80 mg/L, the corrosion inhibition efficiency reaches 91.48%, which is much higher than PASP. Compared with PASP, the corrosion inhibition performance of PASP/CD is less affected by temperature. The figures and roughness data of AFM show that PASP/CD has good corrosion inhibition performance. It is found that the inhibition effect of PASP/CD is due to the physical and chemical adsorption of new functional groups on the steel surface. This work provides technical support for broadening the comprehensive properties of green water treatment agent polyaspartic acid.
Process & Technology
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  Multifunctional photocatalyst obtained by composite modification of CoAl-LDH two-dimensional hexagonal nanosheets and CdS nanoparticles

  TANG Danqi, YANG Min, ZHU Zi, ZHANG Haiyan, LI Ming, LI Youji

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7166-7176. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.021

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  Developing integrated photocatalysts with multifunction in energy conversion and environmental improvement is an effective strategy for promoting solar-to-chemical application under the dual challenges of energy crisis and environmental pollution. Herein, this work uses hexagonal CoAl-LDH nanosheets as carriers and constructs a type Ⅱ heterojunction of CoAl-LDH/CdS by in-situ growth of CdS nanoparticles. By utilizing the broad absorption and excellent carrier properties of CoAl-LDH nanosheets in the visible light region, combined with the high optical quantum yield of CdS, and through the construction of heterostructures, a multifunctional CoAl-LDH/CdS composite photocatalytic material is obtained. Moreover, by optimizing the loading amount of CdS, the photodegradation rate of the photocatalyst with a mass ratio of CoAl-LDH/CdS-2 is the highest (degradation rate=88.48% at t=60 minutes), which is 1.18 times and 8.62 times higher than that of CdS and CoAl-LDH monomers, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest CO production of CoAl-LDH/CdS-1 is 39.02 mol/g (t=5 h), which is 4.2 and 2.5 times of bare CoAl-LDH and bare CdS, respectively. These results are mainly attributed to the construction of a tight heterojunction between CoAl-LDH nanosheets and CdS nanoparticles in composite, and the rich coupling interface greatly reduces the recombination rate of photogenerated carriers. This provides a theoretical basis for the development of multifunctional photocatalysts.
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  Preparation and electrochemical properties of LiFePO₄ cathode materials doped with metal ions

  WANG Linyu, HE Zhifang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7177-7182. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.022

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  Ag doped LiFePO₄ cathode material was prepared by sol-gel method with Ag as the doping element, and CR2032 button cell was assembled based on it. The influence of metal Ag doping molar ratio on the phase structure, microstructure, and corresponding electrochemical performance of LiFePO₄ batteries was studied. The results showed that Ag doped LiFePO₄ had an olivine like structure with rod-shaped small particles, with a length of approximately 350-500 nm and a width of approximately 100 nm. There was slight agglomeration between the particles. The charge and discharge efficiency of LiFePO₄ cathode materials doped with different molar ratios of Ag exceeds 95%. The appropriate doping of Ag molar ratios improved the cycling stability, initial discharge specific capacity, and capacity retention of LiFePO₄. As the molar ratio of Ag doping increased, the maximum discharge specific capacity of LiFePO₄ first increased and then decreased. The discharge specific capacity of LiFePO₄ with a 3% Ag molar ratio reached its maximum value of 123.4 mAh/g. After 30 cycles, the maximum discharge specific capacity was 70.4 mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate was 57.05%. The corresponding charge transfer resistance was 632.7 Ω. It can be seen that the comprehensive performance of 3% Ag LiFePO₄ is the best.
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  Preparation and the effect on optical-electrical properties of tantalum doped FTO film

  WU Baoqi, FU Chen, LIU Qiying, SHI Guohua, WANG Zhihao, ZHAO Hongli

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7183-7190. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.023

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  To improve the optical, electrical, and low-radiation performance of FTO thin films, in this paper, tantalum doped FTO(TFTO) films were successfully prepared on soda-calcium glass by aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition(AACVD). The monobutyl tin chloride (MBTC) was used as tin source, ammonium fluoride (NH₄F) as fluorine source, methanol as solvent, tantalum pentachloride (TaCl₅) as tantalum source and sodium-calcium glass as base. The phase composition, micro-morphology, optical properties, electrical properties, and low radiation properties of the films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a spectrophotometer, and a Hall effect tester. The results show that TFTO (SnO₂:F, Ta) has a tetragonal rutile structure and is an N-type semiconductor. When Ta/Sn atomic ratio is 1%, the visible transmittance T is 74.18%, the resistivity ρ is 2.78×10^-4 Ω·cm, the carrier concentration n is 1.44×10²¹/cm³, the mobility μ is 18.73 cm²/(V·s), the infrared reflectance R_IR is 94%, and the emissivity ε is 0.12. Tantalum doping can effectively improve the electrical properties, carrier concentration and infrared reflectance of FTO films, and has a low effect on visible transmittance.
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  Effect of hydrothermal reaction temperature on ZnIn₂S₄/Bi₂WO₆ composite catalyst

  WANG Zhen, LIU Tingting, ZHANG Qiang, WANG Lei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7191-7199. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.024

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  The ZnIn₂S₄/Bi₂WO₆(ZlS@BW) composite photocatalyst was prepared by hydrothermal method with different temperature to solve the problems of traditional semiconductor photocatalysts, such as weak response to visible light, fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole and weak redox ability of carrier caused by energy band structure. When the hydrothermal temperature increased from 80 ℃ to 160 ℃, the crystallization of ZlS@BW composite photocatalyst increased, the morphology became denser core-shell structure, the specific surface area and photoelectric property first decreased and then increased and the removal rate of fluvastatin gradually increased. When the temperature increased to 200 ℃, the core-shell structure was destroyed, the specific surface area and photoelectric properties decreased, the degradation of fluvastatin was inhibited. The results showed that the ZlS@BW composite photocatalyst prepared at hydrothermal temperature of 160 ℃ with high crystallization, compact morphology, maximum specific surface area, maximum transient photocurrent and minimum impedance radius. The excellent photocatalytic performance was also observed and 75.47% of fluvastatin was degraded.
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  Application of coconut shell@MnO₂ nanomaterials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries

  CHEN Rong, FU Xiaonan, TIAN Weifeng, WANG Li, HUANG Xiaolong, BAI Yanzhi, WANG Rui, ZHANG Jinfeng, ZHU Yanjia, HE Haozhen

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7200-7208. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.025

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  In order to solve the problems of poor electrical conductivity and low material utilisation of MnO₂ materials in water-based zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), this paper took agricultural waste coconut shells as raw materials, introduces low-cost, abundant, and green renewable biomass resources into electrode materials, and obtained coconut shell carbon with excellent conductivity through high-temperature carbonization. MnO₂ nanoparticles were grown on the surface of coconut shell carbon by hydrothermal method to obtain coconut shell carbon@MnO₂ composite nanomaterials. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical techniques and other characterization testing methods, the morphology, structure, and electrochemical performance of the composite material were analyzed. The results showed that the specific capacity of coconut shell carbon@MnO₂ was still as high as 344.6 mA h/g after 300 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g, and its performance was much higher than that of commercial MnO₂ materials (64.3 mA h/g). The excellent electrical conductivity of coco carbon@MnO₂, the nanosized structural design improved the material utilisation, reduced the ionic diffusion path, brought faster ionic diffusion rate and improved the multiplicity performance of the material, which had a good application prospect.
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  Preparation and properties performance of nano vanadium pentoxide high efficiency zinc ion battery negative electrode material

  ZHANG Wenqiang, WANG Xuchun, WANG Guilin, ZHANG Xuemei, ZHU Xiebin, CHEN Junming, ZHENG Shengbiao, LIU Aokun, LU Shuhua, LIANG Junying

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7209-7215. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.026

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  Aqueous zinc ion batteries have attracted much attention due to their advantages of higher energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness. Among the commonly used cathode materials for zinc ion batteries, vanadium-based composites have a promising research prospect due to their multiple valence states (V⁵⁺, V⁴⁺, V³⁺, V²⁺) and different structural features, which provide high specific capacity when playing the role of cathode materials for zinc ion batteries. However, vanadium-based composites are limited in the application of zinc-ion batteries due to poor cycling stability and low electrical conductivity. To address this issue, nanoparticles with a larger specific surface area than commercial vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) were prepared in this study using a simple hydrothermal method. Such V₂O₅ nanoparticles as cathode materials for zinc ion batteries provide an excellent specific capacity of 364 mAh/g at lower current densities and exhibits a high reversible specific capacity of 156 mAh/g at high current densities. After 200 cycles, its capacity can still maintain 85% of the initial capacity, not only provide better cycling stability than commercial V₂O₅, but also possess higher specific capacity. Based on its simple preparation method and good electrochemical stability, the nanoparticles demonstrate potential applications in negative electrode materials for zinc ion batteries.
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  Preparation of ZIF-8 modified bacterial cellulose membrane and adsorption performance study on tetracycline hydrochloride

  YANG Xu, WANG Dengbing, LIU Zuyi, FENG Quan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7216-7223. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.027

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  In this study, bacteria cellulose/zeolite imidazole framework-8 (BC/ZIF-8) composite fiber membrane was prepared by one-step vacuum filtration method using zeolite imidazole framework-8 and bacterial cellulose as carrier. The structure of the composite fiber membrane was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDS and BET techniques. The effects of contact time, temperature, ion concentration and initial substrate concentration on the adsorption of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) on the composite fiber membrane were investigated. The results showed that the BC/ZIF-8 composite fiber membrane had a richer pore structure than the BC membrane, and the specific surface area increased from 6.2415 m²/g to 265.8820 m²/g. The adsorption experiment shows that the ion concentration has insignificant effect on adsorption, and the adsorption process follows the quasi second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. The adsorption of TC on the BC/ZIF-8 composite fiber membrane was mainly in the form of monolayer adsorption, with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 438.59 mg/g.
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  Study on preparation and properties of SiO₂ high efficiency energy saving aerogel thermal insulation materials

  LI Yuexiang, MA Junxia, WANG Meng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7224-7230. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.028

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  Using N, N-dimethylformamide as desiccant, SiO₂ aerogel thermal insulation materials were prepared by atmospheric drying method. The effects of the molar ratio of tetraethyl orthosilicate and water on the morphology, phase structure, pore size distribution, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of SiO₂ aerogel were studied. The results showed that the SiO₂ aerogel thermal insulation material was a typical amorphous structure with ordered mesoporous channels. With the increase of the molar ratio of water, the ordered degree of the pore structure of the aerogel gradually increased, and the macro morphology was more complete and compact. The porous grid structure of the aerogel prepared by the molar ratio of n(TEOS)∶n(water)=1∶30 was the most compact. With the increase of water mole ratio, the specific surface area and compressive strength of SiO₂ aerogel first increased and then decreased, and the thermal conductivity first decreased and then increased. When the molar ratio n(TEOS)∶n(water)=1∶30, the maximum specific surface area of the aerogel was 441 m²/g, the corresponding pore volume was 0.414 cm³/g, the pore size distribution is 3.75 nm, the maximum compressive strength was 29.79 kPa, and the minimum thermal conductivity was 0.022 W/(m·K). The thermal insulation performance was optimal. SiO₂ aerogels were hydrophobic modified with TMCS and n-hexane. When the volume ratio of n(TMCS)∶n(n-hexane)=1∶10, the contact angle of the surface of SiO₂ aerogels reached the maximum value of 139.6°. The hydrophobic property was the best and the thermal stability was also improved.
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  Preparation of nano-TiO₂ microspheres and photocatalytic degradation of gaseous benzene

  DU Jingjing, ZHAO Junwei, SHI Fei, CHENG Xiaomin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2024, 55(7): 7231-7236. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2024.07.029

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  The nano-TiO₂ microspheres were prepared using TiCl₄ and CON₂H₄ as raw materials by a simple solvothermal method. XRD, FESEM, TEM, UV-vis, BET methods were used to directly analyze the composition, structure, morphology, optical properties and specific surface characteristics of the samples. The photocatalytic activity of the microspheres prepared with different solvothermal time was determined by analyzing the degradation of gaseous benzene. The results show that the TiO₂ microspheres have undergone a process of TiO₂ solid-core, core-shell and hollow-center structure with the extension of reaction time, but they are all composed of particles below 20 nm. The light absorption band edge of the microspheres exhibits a significant “blue shift” phenomenon, the light absorption performance is higher than P25 TiO₂, and the specific surface area is 3-5 times higher than that of P25 TiO₂. The core-shell structure microspheres prepared by 6 h exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity, the mineralization rate of degraded gaseous benzene is as high as 93%, which is nearly three times higher than P25 TiO₂. The excellent performance may ascribe to the sufficient reflection and absorption of light by the core-shell structure, and the adsorption synergistic photocatalytic properties by the high specific surface area.