30 November 2021, Volume 52 Issue 11

    

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Focuses & Concerns(The Project of Chongqing Press Fund in 2020)
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  Design, preparation and electromagnetic properties of lightweight multilayer absorbing materials

  LI Jun, LIU Lulu, SHEN Zhenyu, XU Tongtong, ZHOU Zhongxiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11001-11008. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.001

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  Using graphene, carbonyl iron, and barium titanate as raw materials, thin layers of graphene, carbonyl iron, and barium titanate are prepared by a casting method. The electromagnetic parameters and reflection loss value of the different layers and combinations in the 2-18 GHz are measured using the coaxial method and NRL arch method, respectively. At the same time, the electromagnetic shielding performance of the thin-layer cast film is obtained with the waveguide method. The results show that the absorbing and interference absorbing materials explain excellent absorbing performance. The composite cast film demonstrate an optimal reflection loss of -43.88 dB with a thickness range of 0.45-1.43 mm and the areal density range of 1.2-2 kg/m², and the efficient absorption bandwidth can cover 3.88-11.76 GHz. With the increasing of graphene content, the graphene and carbonyl iron composite thin-layer cast film show the better electromagnetic shielding property. The shielding performance can achieve -16 dB with a film thickness of 0.26 mm. Through reasonable structural design and preparation, a thin-layer absorbing and shielding material with uniform and controllable thickness, high efficiency and stability is realized.
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  Research progress of modification strategies for lithium metal anode

  ZHANG Hang, PENG Yuhan, XUE Lihong, ZHANG Wuxing, YAN Youwei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11009-11016. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.002

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  Lithium is considered as an ideal anode material for the next generation high energy density secondary batteries. However, lithium has high reactive activity and reductivity, causing its SEI film instability, lithium dendritic growth and volume expansion effect, thus limiting its practical application in lithium metal batteries. To resolve the above problems, modification strategies for lithium metal anode have been developed. The recent advances in lithium anode, separator, artificial SEI film, electrolyte and solid electrolyte are reviewed in this paper. And the future research is proposed.
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  Study on the limitation of Ga diffusion on GaAs(001) surface by

  WANG Yi, DING Zhao, YANG Chen, LUO Zijiang, WANG Jihong, LI Junli, GUO Xiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11017-11022. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.003

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  Gallium droplets are grown on GaAs substrate by droplet epitaxy. The samples with different gallium deposits are characterized by AFM and the surface morphology is observed. The results show that gallium atoms in droplets under arsenic pressure can be divided into two kinds of diffusion behaviors: outward diffusion and downward etching. These diffusion behaviors are affected by substrate temperature and arsenic pressure. The results show that arsenic atoms significantly affects the surface diffusion of gallium atoms, and the inner ring depth is mainly affected by the substrate temperature. The GaAs concentric quantum rings are prepared by cooling crystallization method. The relationship between the disk radius ΔR(R_p) and the deposition amount is analyzed. The critical deposition amount of GaAs to form the diffusion disk is found to be 10 mL.
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  Preparation study of water-based MWCNT-Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanofluids with high stability

  JIA Chaofu, XING Meibo, ZHANG Hongfa, WANG Ruixiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11023-11030. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.004

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  In this paper, the preparation and stability of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) magnetic nanofluids are studied. MWCNT-Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanomaterials are prepared by introducing acid treatment and dispersant modification on the basis of chemical co-precipitation preparation method, and then their dispersibility is characterized. The results show that the particle size of Fe₃O₄ in the prepared MWCNT-Fe₃O₄ composite is about 10 nm. The magnetic composite nanomaterials prepared by MWCNT acid pretreatment and dispersant modification would disperse on the wall of MWCNT uniformly. Moreover, four kinds of surfactants, including Arabic gum powder GA, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate SDBS, sodium dodecyl sulfonate SDS and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide CTAB, are selected as dispersants to prepare water-based MWCNT-Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanofluid. The influence of surfactant type and concentration on the stability of MWCNT-Fe₃O₄ fluid is studied by means of static centrifugal analysis. Specifically, 16 kinds of nano-fluids with different surfactant types and concentrations are tested by 2 000 r/min high-speed centrifugal accelerating sedimentation. It is found that the minimum settlement of the prepared fluids is 9% as the addition ratio of 1:1 for SDBS and MWCNT-Fe₃O₄. Furthermore, there is no obvious sedimentation after observation for 30 days. The saturation magnetization of MWCNT-Fe₃O₄ composites is about 20 Am²/kg, and the prepared magnetic nanofluids were superparamagnetic in the magnetic field.
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  Advances in non-heavy metal quantum dots-based drug delivery system

  MA Ran, LIAO Chunyan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11031-11039. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.005

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  With the aging of population and increasing in life expectancy, the incidence/mortality rate of cancer in our country has ranked first in the world. Although many therapy strategies have been proposed, such as photothermal therapy, immunotherapy, etc., chemotherapy is still the first choice for cancer treatment. However, severe side effects greatly limit the efficacy of chemotherapy. To solve this problem, people use nanocarriers to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs. Among all kinds of nanocarriers, non-heavy metal quantum dots (NHM-QDs) have attracted much attention in biomedicine field due to their special physical and chemical properties, such as easily-modified surface structures, high surface area and low toxicity. Here, we present a review of current development in non-heavy metal quantum dots, especially their applications for drug delivery, including carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs), ZnO quantum dots (ZnO QDs). We also discuss the challenges and prospects of NHM-QDs based materials in drug delivery field.
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  Research progress of photoreversible color switching systems based on semiconductor nanoparticles/redox dyes

  ZHAO Jingmei, ZHAO Yueying, ZHU Mang, LI Chong, WANG Wenshou

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11040-11051. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.006

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  Owing to that light as an external stimulus has great advantages of non-invasive, remotely controlled and rapidly changed, photoreversible color switching materials have important applications in data storage, color display, smart windows, anti-counterfeiting and so forth. However, most of the transitional photoreversible color switching materials have problems such as poor thermal stability, low cycling performance, and slow color switching rate, which seriously restricts their developments in related fields. In recent years, the photoreversible color switching systems based on semiconductor nanomaterials/redox dyes have attracted great attentions and exhibited excellent photoreversible color switching properties because the photoreversible color switching systems integrate the outstanding photoreductive activity of semiconductor nanomaterials and the unique redox-driven color switching property of redox dyes. The photoreversible color switching systems show great potential in the applications of inkless, light-printable rewritable paper, colorimetric oxygen indicators, smart color changing textile, and high-level anti-counterfeiting. In this review, the recent progress in design principle, property and mechanism, and application of semiconductor nanomaterials/redox dyes based photoreversible color switching systems are summarized. Furthermore, the future opportunities of this field are prospected.
Review & Advance
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  Application of single atom catalysts in electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂

  MA Chunlu, SUN Yanfang, LYU Honghong, ZHANG Hui, LI Pin, LIU Qinglong, SHEN Boxiong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11052-11061. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.007

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  The environmental problems caused by CO₂, the greenhouse gas produced by fossil fuel combustion, have always been the focus of attention. In order to alleviate the environmental crisis caused by greenhouse gases and the depletion of non renewable energy, it is urgent to develop new technologies for efficient treatment of CO₂. Electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ is an effective way to recycle CO₂. The key to the feasibility of this technology lies in the development of catalysts with high activity and selectivity. Single atom catalysts have been widely studied because of their high activity, high selectivity, high stability and reusability. In this paper, the preparation methods, characterization, mechanism and application of single atom catalysts for CO₂ reduction are summarized. Finally, the existing problems and future research trends of single atom catalysts are prospected.
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  Application progress of conductive polymer/electrospun fibrous composites in tissue engineering

  ZHA Fangwen, CHEN Wei, YU Demei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11062-11066. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.008

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  Conductive electrospun nanofibers have a unique application in tissue engineering due to the directly transfer electrical and mechanical-electrical stimulation from scaffold to cells. Among the conductive materials, conductive polymers have advantage of easy synthesis, controllable conductivity, and low cost. However, the rigid structure and insoluble properties limit the direct electrospinning. One of effective solution is the combination of conductive polymer and electrospinning fibers to composites. After a brief introduction of electrospun fibers, an overview of conductive polymers (polypyrrole, polythiophene and polyaniline)/electrospun fibers composites, and the present challenges are given.
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  Review on refrigeration and air conditioning systems using nanofluids

  ZHANG Hongfa, XING Meibo, WU Haifeng, JIA Chaofu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11067-11075. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.009

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  The dispersion systems and preparation methods of nanofluid are introduced in this work. Moreover, the thermophysical properties of nanofluids such as thermal conductivity, rheological properties, density, specific heat, surface tension and electrical properties are reviewed. Nanofluids are applied in refrigeration and air conditioning systems in the form of refrigerant, lubricant, secondary fluid and cool storage media, etc. It is concluded that nanofluids show the potential to improve the performance of refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
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  Progress of garnet-type Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ composite solid electrolyte

  LIU Chuwei, WANG Jianming, WANG Yifei, LIU Tao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11076-11086. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.010

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  Compared with Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) flake ceramic solid electrolyte, the LLZO composite solid electrolyte improves the wettability of the interface between the solid electrolyte and the electrode, reduces the interface resistance, inhibits the growth of lithium dendrites, and improves the cycle stability. These are due to the synergistic effect of the composite material. The ion conductivity at room temperature is 10^-4-10^-3 S/cm. This article focuses on the latest research progress of LLZO-based composite solid electrolytes, and LLZO/polymer solid electrolytes, and discusses the effects of LLZO content, grain size, and microscopic morphology on the lithium ion transport path, ion conductivity and battery performance, and eventually proposes the future development direction of LLZO composite solid electrolyte.
Research & Development
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  Investigation on the structure and electronic properties of rare earth oxide stabilized t-ZrO₂

  LIU Qianli, FAN Zhou, WANG Yang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11087-11093. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.011

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  t-ZrO₂ is a wide band gap semiconductor material, which is widely used in oxygen sensors, solid oxide fuel cells and coating materials. Since t-ZrO₂ can only exist at high temperatures, rare earth oxides are often added to stabilize it to room temperature. In this paper, first principles are used to calculate the formation energy, energy band, density of states and charge density, and the effects of Y₂O₃, Sc₂O₃, La₂O₃ rare earth oxide doping without compensation and vacancy compensation on the structure and electronic properties of t-ZrO₂ are studied. The results show that the mutual interaction between rare earth oxides and oxygen vacancies is the key to stability. The formation energy of the trimer of Y11(Vo)-2NN(1), Sc13(Vo)-2NN(1) and La11(Vo)-2NN(1) is the smallest and the stabilization effect is the best. Compared with the ideal t-ZrO₂, through the band structure and density of states, the band gap of the doped system is reduced due to the accommodating excess electrons, and the doped uncompensated structure has a new band near the Fermi level. Due to the role of O-2p and Zr-4d electronic states, the migration of the conduction band and the valence band enhance the interaction of electrons near the Fermi level and improve the electronic properties of t-ZrO₂. Through the electron density distribution to characterize the bonding of atoms, it is concluded that the essence of stability lies in the role of chemical bonding between atoms. This provides an effective theoretical basis for the application of t-ZrO₂.
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  Study on synthesis and performance of epoxy silicone oil modified polyaspartate polyurea

  LIU Junren, YU Kejing, QIAN Kun, SUN Jie

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11094-11099. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.012

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  In this paper, double-end epoxy polysiloxane is used to modify, and through the ring-opening reaction of amino-terminated polyether (D200) and epoxy-terminated groups, PDMS is grafted to the main chain and then added with Michael of diethyl maleate. Through the reaction, the silicone modified polyaspartate (PAE-S) is synthesized. PAE-S and (4.4, dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate) HMDI prepolymer are polymerized at room temperature to prepare silicone-modified polyaspartate (PAE-S) polyurea, which is synthesized by changing the feed ratio. Through the experimental results, it is found that the high temperature resistance of polyurea has been improved to different degrees after modification with silicone, and the elongation at break of polyurea is the largest when the hard segment content is 12.8%, which also shows better flexibility.
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  Modification of diamond film by high temperature oxidation and its hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity

  LI Sijia, FENG Shuguang, GAO Jiyun, GUO Shenghui, YANG Li

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11100-11105. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.013

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  Micron diamond films are prepared by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) system of 3 kW/2 450 MHz, using high purity hydrogen and high purity methane as reaction gases and monocrystalline silicon as substrate. The surface modification of pre-deposited diamond film is placed in a tubular furnace under the condition of high temperature oxidation. The effects of two key technological parameters, oxidation temperature and oxidation time, on the morphology, structure, surface hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of diamond film are studied. The results show that high temperature oxidation can significantly change the terminal structure and microstructure of the diamond film surface. The changes of these factors lead to significant changes in the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the sample. After being treated at 400 ℃, 500 ℃ and 600 ℃ for 20 min, the surface defect density of the sample becomes higher and higher, and the contact angle decreases from 96° to 29°, showing obvious hydrophilicity. After high temperature treated at 600 ℃ for 5 min, 10 min, 15 min and 20 min, the sample contact angle decreases from 59° to 29°, and the surface hydrophilicity of diamond film gradually increases. High temperature oxidation treatment can effectively improve the hydrophilicity of diamond film, and the sample hydrophilicity is positively correlated with oxidation temperature and oxidation time.
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  Improving electrochemical performance of cathode LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂ for Li-ion batteries by coating NaAlO₂

  GUI Jiaokang, ZHANG Hailang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11106-11112. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.014

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  The lithium ion ternary anode material has always been a hotspot because of the reason that it combines the characters of the LiNiO₂, LiCoO₂ and LiMnO₂. Nevertheless materials of the different ratios have different advantages and defects. Material of LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂ has a better magnification performance with the relatively poor cycle performance, which is not satisfied with higher demand for daily lives. The electrochemical properties of the material have always been the goal pursued by scholars, who have been making some modified methods such as coating and doping strategies. In this paper, the material of LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂ is prepared by co-precipitation method and modified with NaAlO₂, and the NaAlO₂ coating as a strategy can significantly increase the cycle performance of LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂ by a series of characteristic means and electrochemical tests. The magnification performance and the reasons for improvement in electrochemical performance have been briefly analyzed.
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  Creep model of asphalt mixture under the influence of stress and temperature

  AN Wenjing, SHENG Dongfa, ZHAGN Sicheng, LIU Bangjian, CHEGN Jiaxing

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11113-11119. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.015

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  As the main paving material of road, the creep of asphalt mixture will accelerate the loss of road surface under the action of vehicle. Therefore, it has significant engineering value to study the creep property of asphalt mixture. In order to describe the whole creep process of asphalt mixture, a nonlinear viscoplastic element is connected with Burgers model in series to obtain a nonlinear viscoelastic plastic creep model. For analyzing the influence of temperature and stress on the creep behavior of asphalt mixture, uniaxial compression creep experiments are carried out under different temperature and stress conditions. Through the custom fitting function of Origin software, the experimental data are fitted with the creep model, and the fitting correlation coefficient of six mechanical parameters of the model is greater than 0.98, which shows that the model has a good fitting accuracy. Using the function of polynomial fitting in Origin software, the relationship between the six mechanical parameters and the temperature or stress is obtained. The fitting results show that the nonlinear viscoelastic plastic creep model can describe the creep behavior of asphalt mixture well, and can be used to predict the creep behavior of asphalt mixture under different temperature and stress conditions.
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  X-ray absorption fine structure study of Mn_1.28Fe_0.67P_0.44Si_0.56 compound

  LI Pengfei, LI Yingjie, SU Men, OU Zhiqiang, SONG Zhiqiang, O.Tegus

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11120-11126. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.016

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  The Mn_1.28Fe_0.67P_0.44Si_0.56 compound is prepared by high-energy ball milling and two heat treatment processes, quenching and natural cooling. Magnetism and microstructure of compounds are studied. X-ray diffraction results show that the quenched and naturally cooled samples have formed Fe₂P-type hexagonal structure phases, and the space group is P-62m.The magnetic measurements show that the Curie temperatures of the quenched and naturally cooled samples are about 270 K and 303 K respectively. The X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of the Mn and Fe K-edges shows that Mn atoms completely occupy 3g sites, partly occupy 3f site. Fe atoms occupy 3f sites, and P and Si atoms randomly occupy 1b and 2c sites.
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  The preparation and application of blue light stimulated oxygen sensitive nanofibers

  CHEN Meiping, YAO Jiwen, LI Rong, LU Xuefeng, GUO Ya

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11127-11131. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.017

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  The detection of dissolved oxygen plays an important role in medicine, aquaculture and daily life. A blue light excited nanofiber used for the detection of dissolved oxygen is prepared in this paper. The fluorescence indicator (tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) dichloride, abbreviated as Ru(dpp)₃Cl₂) is mixed into silica nanoparticles (SiO₂) by modified Stober method. And the prepared nano silica particles are mixed with cellulose acetate (CA) to prepare blue light stimulated oxygen sensitive nanofibers using electrospinning technology. The preapared nano silica particles are characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the surface element analysis on nano silica particles is performed by energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). The nanofiber is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the fluorescence intensity of the nanofiber under different dissolved oxygen content is determined. The results indicate that the nanofiber can be effectively stimulated by blue light, and the fluorescence intensity is linear with the dissolved oxygen concentration with higher correlation coefficient, which shows that the nanofiber can be used for the determination of dissolved oxygen with higher accuracy.
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  Preparation and properties of steel fiber toughened high-strength concrete

  REN Dapeng, YU Jikun, FANG Di

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11132-11136. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.018

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  Based on high-light-weight aggregate concrete, by in troducing steel fiber with different volume ratios (0, 1 vol%, 2 vol%, 3 vol %) to modify the concrete, the influence of the amount of steel fiber on the concrete matrix is researched through the mechanical properties, fluidity, resistance compressive and flexural performance analysis. The results show that the fluidity of high strength concrete decreases with the introduction of steel fiber, from 198 mm to 144 mm, and with the increasing of steel fiber content, the compressive strength and flexural strength of high strength concrete increase gradually. When the steel fiber content is 3 vol%, the compressive strength and flexural strength reach the maximum. The rising trend of the overall strength shows the characteristics of fast growth in the early stage and slow growth in the later stage. SEM analysis shows that the diameter of steel fiber is about 200 μm, the surface is smoother without pits, the combination of steel fiber and paste is relatively tight, and no hollow section is produced. The stress-strain analysis of high-strength concrete under impact compression shows that the impact compression performance of matrix without steel fiber is the worst. With the increasing of steel fiber content, the impact compression performance has been significantly improved. The overall performance is that the more steel fiber content, the better impact compression performance.
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  Electrochemical investigation of WO₃ films synthesizing through sol-gel method using Taguchi design

  CAO Jing, SUN Donglan, LIU Jing, ZHANG Hongfeng, TIAN Yuke, AN Jiayu, LIU Yuchun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11137-11143. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.019

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  In this research, the cost-effective sol-gel method is used to prepare tungsten trioxide electrochromic materials. Orthogonal experiments are designed to explore the influence of the factors on the electrochromic properties of the tungsten oxide film. The dosage of hydrogen peroxide, reaction temperature and post-annealing temperature are considered as the Taguchi factors. The results show that the post-annealing temperature and the dosage of hydrogen peroxide have stronger influence upon electrochromic properties of tungsten trioxide film. Then we continue to explore the circulation durability of tungsten trioxide films under different post-annealing temperature. The electrochromic performance of tungsten trioxide thin films is measured by UV-Vis spectrometer and electrochemical workstation. XRD patterns show the amorphous nature of the tungsten trioxide films. The optimized tungsten trioxide films annealing at 200 ℃ exhibit a large modulation of optical tromsmittance more than 60%, which still stay above 45% after 1 000 cycles. This study is useful for the preparation of tungsten trioxide films with great electrochromic performance by sol-gel method.
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  Preparation and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Fe-5 wt%Ni soft magnetic composites

  XIAO Yue, SHEN Zhi, HE Xuelong

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11144-11148. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.020

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  Fe-5 wt%Ni nanocrystalline powder is prepared by mechanical alloying. The nanocrystalline Fe-5 wt%Ni soft magnetic composites are obtained by compaction, coating epoxy resin and heat treatment at different annealing temperatures (550, 600, 650 and 700 ℃). The results show that the nanocrystalline Fe-5 wt%Ni soft magnetic composites are mainly body centered cubic (bcc) and face centered cubic (fcc) structures. The crystallization degree of Fe-5 wt%Ni nanocrystalline powder is the best when it is milled for 40 h. With the increase of annealing temperature, the size of the samples increases gradually, and they are basically distributed in 40 ~ 90 μm. The surface presents a lamellar structure. The samples annealed at 650 ℃ have uniform size distribution with no agglomeration and the best morphology. At four different annealing temperatures, the hysteresis loops of the samples are narrow and slender, the saturation magnetization is relatively high, and the coercivity and residual magnetization are small. All samples have the characteristics of soft magnetic materials. With the increase of annealing temperature, the saturation magnetization of the samples increases first and then decreases, the residual magnetization decreases first, then slightly increases and then decreases, and the coercivity decreases first and then slightly increases. The maximum magnetization of the samples annealed at 650 ℃ is 33.1 Am²/kg. The residual magnetization of the samples annealed at 600 ℃ is the lowest, which is 0.76 Am²/kg. The coercivity of the samples annealed at 650 ℃ is the lowest, which is 25.58 Am²/kg. In general, the nanocrystalline Fe-5 wt%Ni soft magnetic composites prepared by ball milling for 40 h and annealed at 650 ℃ have the best properties.
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  Preparation and properties of epoxy/modified cellulose nanocrystals composites

  HUANG Xinmin, YANG Lianhe, XU Qing, AO Xiang, WANG Chengwei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11149-11154. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.021

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  Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are prepared from acid hydrolysis of absorbent cottons, and then epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with 5 wt% CNC, surface alkylation of CNC(S-CNC) and TEMPO-mediated oxidation of CNC(O-CNC) are prepared via the solution casting method. Infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and dynamic mechanical analyzer are used to test the properties of the composite materials. Experimental results show that compared with neat epoxy, the nanocomposites reinforced with surface alkylation of CNC and TEMPO-mediated oxidation of CNC enhance fracture toughness. The light transmittance of epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with CNC and surface modified CNC is lower than that of neat epoxy. The light transmittance of epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with TEMPO-mediated oxidation of CNC decreases by 5% compared to neat epoxy. The elastic modulus of epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with alkylation of CNC increases by 65.1% compared to neat epoxy. In addition, the O-CNC/epoxy nanocomposite has the largest elongation at break. TG measurements reveal that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites reinforced with surface alkylation of CNC and TEMPO-mediated oxidation of CNC is improved. Their thermal decomposition temperature increases by 13 ℃ and 7 ℃ respectively.
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  Preparation and characterization of three-dimensional Al-MnO₂ composites by pulsed magnetic field assisted hydrothermal method

  WANG Zihan, PAN Shuang, WANG Bing, TANG Lidan, LIU Liang, QI Jingang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11155-11159. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.022

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  In this paper, Al-MnO₂ composites with three-dimensional network are prepared by pulsed magnetic field assisted hydrothermal method using potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), manganese sulfate (MnSO₄) and aluminum nitrate (Al(NO₃)₃) as raw materials. The structure and morphology of the samples are characterized by X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscope and nano-meter, respectively. The electrochemical test results show that when the current density is 2 mA/cm², the surface capacitance of PEF-Al-MnO₂ is 6294.74 mF/cm², the capacitance retention rate is 96.77% after 3 000 cycles at 10 mA/cm², and has good corrosion resistance, smaller internal resistance and stronger charge transfer ability. Compared with the materials without pulse, it can be seen that the assisted preparation method using pulsed electromagnetic field is an effective means to improve the performance of Al-MnO₂.
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  Synthesis and electrical transport properties of Sr₂FeMoO₆

  HAN Hongxing, WANG Shengjie, HU Yanchun, LIN Yuanjun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11160-11163. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.023

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  Double perovskite oxide Sr₂FeMoO₆ has high tunneling magnetoresistance effect at room temperature. It is one of the candidate materials for spintronic devices at room temperature. In order to study the properties of the material in detail, sol-gel method is used to synthesize Sr₂FeMoO₆ by adjusting the solution pH=10. The crystal structure is determined by X-ray powder diffraction. The results show that the sample is pure phase and the space group is I4/m. The SEM images show that the crystallinity of the sample is good, the grain boundary is clear, but the pores are obvious. It can be seen from the transport characteristic curve that the samples show semiconductivity without magnetic field, and metallicity after magnetic field. These phenomena are mainly related to the antisite defects and crystallinity of the samples. At low temperature of 5 K, the sample has obvious ferromagnetism and small coercive field, with saturation magnetic moment of 3.44 μ_B/f.u. This material has potential applications in electrode materials.
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  Synthesis and photocatalytic properties of Zr doped TiO₂ nanoparticles

  REN Qingyun, WANG Songtao, LI Wenjing, FAN Yinheng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11164-11168. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.024

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  Zr doped TiO₂ nanoparticles with different contents are prepared by sol-gel method.The properties of Zr doped TiO₂ nanoparticles are characterized by XRD,SEM,UV-Vis,PL and photocatalytic performance analysis.The results show that the structure of all Zr doped TiO₂ nanoparticles is anatase, and the diffraction peak is sharp. There are no other impurity peaks and their purity and crystallinity are high. By analyzing the cell parameters,it is found that Zr is successfully doped into the lattice of TiO₂.The distribution of TiO₂ nanoparticles without Zr doping is uneven,and the size deviation is large.After adding a small amount of Zr,the particle dispersion is slightly improved, and the particles show a regular spherical shape. The surface roughness increases slightly, and when Zr content is 3 wt%,the improvement effect is the best. When the Zr content is 5 wt%, excess Zr would adhere to the TiO₂ surface, resulting in poor smoothness and dispersion and surface activity reducement. The absorption sideband of TiO₂ nanoparticles doped with different content of Zr has a slight red shift, which enhances the light absorption ability of TiO₂ nanoparticles and improves the photocatalytic performance under visible light.The incorporation of Zr significantly weakens the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes in TiO₂ nanoparticles,which is helpful to improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanoparticles.The degradation efficiency of undoped Zr TiO₂ nanoparticles is 12.3% at 120 min. When the content of Zr is 3 wt%,the degradation efficiency of TiO₂ nanoparticles is the highest of 87.3%.However,when the content of Zr is large,the photocatalytic performance decreases slightly. It could be seen that the optimum content of Zr is 3 wt%.
Process & Technology
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  A one-step route to the in situ formation of Nb₂O₅/NbC composite as efficient photocatalysts

  MA Xiaoqing, HUANG Lina

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11169-11176. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.025

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  Nb₂O₅/NbC photocatalysts are synthesized through in situ partial oxidation from NbC precursor by annealing in air. The photocatalytic activities are tested for samples prepared after 1-3 hours' heat treatment under 400 ℃, 550 ℃ and 600 ℃ respectively. The as-prepared samples are characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, XPS, UV-vis and FT-IR. XRD results indicate that NbC is oxidized into orthorhombic Nb₂O₅ crystallites upon heating. Residual NbC apparently presents in samples prepared under 400 ℃. XPS reveals that the products are mainly composed of Nb₂O₅, with more NbC oxidized under elevated temperatures. Irregular crystallites and aggregates are observed in SEM and HRTEM images. UV-vis light absorption spectra show the absorption edge of Nb₂O₅/NbC (410 nm). And the visible absorption decreases with less NbC component in the sample. Their photodegradation rates of methylene blue are tested. The best photodegradation rate is observed for Nb₂O₅/NbC microcomposites obtained from annealing under 400 ℃ for 3 h. The enhanced photocatalytic activity comes from the synergetic effect from both Nb₂O₅ and NbC. Nb₂O₅ is photoreactive and provided photo-induced holes for the oxidation and mineralization of organics. NbC is able to facilitate the process through enhancing light absorption and carrier mobility. The escape of carbon during heating leads to mesoporous structure as well. Therefore, enhanced adsorption and photodegradation rates are achieved.
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  Preparation of anovel chitosan-gallium complex as an antibacterial reagent

  FU Hao, WAN Qiang, ZHAO Mingyuan, QI Xiaoyu, MA Hongyan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11177-11182. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.026

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  A novel reagent of chitosan and gallium complex is prepared by metal chelation method. The content of C, H, O and N elements is measured by element analysis and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy. And the chitosan-gallium complex is characterized by viscosity method, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and X ray diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial properties of chitosan-gallium complex against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are also investigated. The results show that the minimum inhibitory concentrations against E. coli and S. aureus of chitosan-gallium complex (CS-Ga) prepared by chelating in 55 ℃ water bath are 0.18 mg/mL and 0.16 mg/mL, respectively. The CS-Ga at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL can completely inhibit the growth of S. aureus after only 60 min of mixed culture with bacteria.
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  Properties of natural rubber with GO/MWNTs ratio

  YAN Gang, LI Wenchao, JIANG Chaojie, QIU Jian, GE Fuyu, LI Li, SONG Weihao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11183-11188. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.027

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  Graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been applied in various fields due to their excellent properties, and are often used to synthesize rubber composites with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. The GO/MWCNTs/NR composites are obtained by adding GO and MWCNTs into natural rubber by mechanical blending method. The effect of GO/MWCNTs ratio on the properties of composites is analyzed. The results show that the synergistic action of MWCNTs and GO molecules forms a three-dimensional network structure, which improves the cross-linking density, physico-mechanical properties, dispersion and dynamic mechanical properties of GO/MWCNTs/NR composites, and significantly reduces the curing time and volume resistivity. With the increase of GO content, the crosslinking density of the composites further increases, the curing time decreases, the physical and mechanical properties, dispersion and volume resistivity decrease and the variation range decreases gradually, Tg and wetting resistance increase first and then decrease, and the rolling resistance shows a small change. In conclusion, when GO/MWCNTs/NR composite ratio is 3/6, the composite has the best comprehensive performance.
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  Preparation of CoCrCu_0.5FeTi_0.5Al_x high-entropy alloy by vacuum arc sintering

  QIN Zhong, LI Xinmei, TIAN Zhigang, WANG Gen

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11189-11194. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.028

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  To study the effect of Al content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high entropy alloy CoCrCu_0.5FeTi_0.5Al_x, CoCrCu_0.5FeTi_0.5Al_x(x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) is melted by vacuum arc furnace. X-ray diffractometer is used to measure the crystal structure of the alloy, scanning electron microscope is used to observe the microstructure of the alloy, and Vickers microhardness tester and universal testing machine are used to test the microhardness and compressive mechanical properties of the alloy. The results show that CoCrCu_0.5FeTi_0.5Al_x is composed of FCC phase and BCC phase. With the increase content of Al, the hardness increases gradually. When x=0, the minimum hardness is 323.61 Hv, and when x=1, the maximum hardness is 764.91 Hv. The plasticity of the alloy first decreases and then increases, and the compressive strength first increases and then decreases. When x=0, its plasticity is the best with plastic deformation of 32.08%, and when x=0.2, its plasticity is the worst with plastic deformation of 5.99%. When x=0.8, the compressive strength and plasticity are the best, which are 1993 MPa and 11.43%.
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  Experimental research and numerical simulation on the enhanced heat transfer mechanism of foamed copper to paraffin

  ZHU Mengshuai, WANG Zilong, QI Hele, SUN Xiangxin, ZHOU Xiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11195-11201. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.029

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  In order to explore the influence of the filling of copper metal foam on the internal heat transfer when paraffin wax is melted, the effect of the copper metal foam proportion on heat transfer enhancement in the melting process of phase change material is analyzed using visualisation heat storage experimental equipment, and its Mathematical model of heat transfer is established using fluent software to perform numerical calculation on the phase change heat transfer process of paraffin melting. Experimental and simulation results show that as the copper metal foam proportion increases from 0% to 2.13%, the melting time of the composite phase-change heat storage material decreases from 901 s to 830 s, which is 7.88% less than pure paraffin wax, and the rate of liquefaction rate and the heat storage rate compared with pure paraffin is increased by 7.11% and 10.54%, respectively. The minimum temperature gradient of 9.1 K is reached when the copper metal foam proportion is 1.28%. The copper metal foam proportion strengthens the thermal conductivity of paraffin wax, but weakens the natural convection heat transfer strength inside the wax. The greater copper metal foam proportion, the more obvious the restraining effect on natural convection. In addition, the best heat storage and heat storage rate for copper metal foam composite phase change materials are 20537.88 J and 24.07 J/s, respectively, achieved with a copper metal foam proportion of 0.72%.
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  Synthesis of polyaniline by ordered molecular aggregate soft template and its application in supercapacitor

  LIANG Huabin , LIN Youcheng , LI Qingyu , ZHOU Haiyun , YANG Jianhua , ZHONG Xinxian

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11202-11208. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.030

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  Microemulsion is prepared by nonionic surfactant Twain -20 (Tween-20) and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium six fluorophosphate ((Bmim) PF₆), and ordered molecular aggregates (OMA) are prepared as soft template for the preparation of nano/micro structure polyaniline (P-PANI) at room temperature. SEM results show that the diameter of the synthesized P-PANI fiber is about 80~110 nm, the length is long, the dispersion is uniform, and the P-PANI fiber presents a good three-dimensional porous structure. FTIR, XRD and TG results show that the synthesized materials are all proton acid doped PANI structure, and P-PANI structure has good regularity and thermal stability. The specific capacity of P-PANI is 535.4 F/g at 0.1 A/g discharge current density. After 500 constant current charge discharge cycles, the specific capacity of P-PANI is 344.2 F/g and the retention rate is as high as 64.3%. The results show that it is easier to prepare porous fiber structure by using ionic liquid as the medium to construct OMA, which is conducive to the infiltration of electrolyte into the electrode material, forming a better conductive network, and improving the specific capacity and cycle stability of PANI electrode material.
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  Preparation and properties of super hydrophobic and oleophobic polystyrene

  ZHAO Ting, FENG Yi, CAO Mengli, WANG Lili, ZHOU Zijue

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11209-11214. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.031

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  The organic-inorganic composite coating is prepared by spraying fluoropolymer and fluorinated nano-SiO₂ particles on the surface of polystyrene plastic. The effect of the ratio of fluoropolymer to nano-SiO₂ on the hydrophobicity and oil repellency of the coating is studied. Scanning electron microscope and 3D laser confocal microscope are used to observe the surface morphology of the coating. It is found that compared with single fluoropolymer coating, the surface morphology of the coating changes from flat structure to multi-scale rough structure after adding fluorinated SiO₂ particles. With the increase of SiO₂ content, the coating shows good self-cleaning performance, and the water droplet contact angle is greater than 150°, and the contact angle of oil drops is greater than 140°. In addition, this method of preparing superhydrophobic and oleophobic plastics by blending and spraying polymer and nano particles has low equipment requirements, and can be used for large-area preparation of plastic self-cleaning coating.
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  Study of the austenitic heat-resistant stainless steel properties optimal used for nuclear industry

  CHEN Denghua, LIU Xuan, HE Qubo, XU Yongfu, LIU Haiding

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2021, 52(11): 11215-11220. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2021.11.032

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  According to the technical requirements of radioactive waste container materials, two sets of materials S1 and S2 are carried out on the base of stainless steel 22Cr21Ni12. The effect of solution treatment on the performance of these two sets of materials is studied with the metallographic, tensile test, and high-temperature creep test methods. The metallographic shows that the microstructures of S1 and S2 are recrystallized and form the austenite twins after solution treatment. Meanwhile, the strength of S1 and S2 decreases with the increase of the solution temperature. In addition, the decrease is obvious when the solution temperature exceeds 1 080 ℃. When the solution temperature higher than 1 080 ℃, the S1 and S2 grains all grow abnormally from the metallographic. However, the grain size of S2 is always smaller than that of S1. The main reason is that the amount of carbonitride and nitrogenous precipitates at the grain boundary of S2 is more than S1, which plays a certain pinning to control the grown of grain. The 600 ℃ high temperature tensile test results of S1 and S2 are nearly. But the strength of S1 begins weaker than S2 at 1 100 ℃. The 1 000 h creep tests (600 ℃ and 170 MPa stress) show that the creep resistance of S2 is 0.512 and S1 is 0.91, while the comparison material 22Cr21Ni12 samples 1# and 2# are 1%. From a comprehensive point of view, the composition and performance of sample S2 are more suitable for the material requirements of radioactive waste containers.