30 January 2022, Volume 53 Issue 1
    

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    Focuses & Concerns(The Project of Chongqing Press Fund in 2021)
  • Polyurea microspheres with different surface roughness for gloss control of water-based coating
    JIA Liang, FAN Haojun, XIANG Jun, CHEN Yi, LI Jing, WANG Li
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1001-1008. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.001
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    Polyurea microspheres with different surface roughness and size are prepared by precipitation polymerization in water/acetonitrile system, using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as monomer, MPDSA-Na as hydrophilic monomer and SiO2 as surface roughener, and the microspheres are used as the matting assistant for WPU coating. The particle size and surface roughness of microspheres are changed by adjusting MPDSA-Na and IPDI loading, the water/acetonitrile ratio and SiO2 loading, etc, so as to change the gloss of the coating. The results indicate that the increase of MPDSA-Na loading can reduce the size of microspheres and improve the dispersion stability of the microspheres in water, while adding the proportion of acetonitrile in the mixed solvent and IPDI loading can increase the size of the microspheres. As surface roughener, the increase of SiO2 loading can enhance the surface roughness and the size of microspheres. When SiO2 is added at the moment of the reaction system getting turbid, the surface roughness of microspheres reaches the maximum. Microspheres (1-2 μm) with higher surface roughness have better matting effect, and the gloss of the prepared WPU coating can be adjusted to less than 1.6° (60° incident angle).
  • Preparation of Cd- ZnIn2S4 and its photocatalytic degradation of azocarmine B
    LI Dongmei, YANG Lei, WANG Ziliang, GUO Xiaohui, YUAN Chunhua
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1009-1013. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.002
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    Cd-ZnIn2S4 is prepared by hydrothermal method and characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, XPS, UV-Vis, PL, etc. The results show that Cd doping does not change the crystal structure of ZnIn2S4, but the absorption edge shifts to red, the forbidden band width is narrowed, and the number of surface defects and oxygen vacancies increase, which is conducive to the effective separation of photogenerated carriers. On the other hand, Cd doping reduces the electrochemical impedance, resulting in the rapid transmission of photogenerated carriers. Therefore, the degradation rate of azocarmine B in Cd-ZnIn2S4 is much higher (93% in 105 minutes) than that in ZnIn2S4, and the cycle stability of Cd-ZnIn2S4 is also very well.
  • Preparation and properties of novel AgNWs/PVDF electromagnetic shielding material
    LI Zhiwei, WANG Jian, YANG Ke, LI Hengfeng
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1014-1019. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.003
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    The silver nanowires (AgNWs) are prepared by an improved polyol hydrothermal method. AgNWs/PVDF composites are prepared using solution blending and hot-pressing technology. The morphology of AgNWs and the cross-section of the AgNWs/PVDF composite are characterized by SEM and it is found that the distribution of AgNWs in the composite is relatively uniform. The AC conductivity and DC conductivity of the composite are tested by an impedance analyzer and a four-probe tester. The results show that the higher the AgNWs content, the higher the conductivity. When the AgNWs content is 5wt%, the conductivity of composite can reach 0.56 S/cm. The EMI shielding performance of composite is tested by A vector network analyzer. When AgNWs is 5wt%, the EMI shielding performance of composite reaches 28 dB and with the increase of AgNWs content, the EMI performance of composite is improved.
  • Effect of rare earth Er on microstructure and properties of Al-Mg alloy
    LIU Bo
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1020-1024. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.004
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    On the basis of Al-Mg alloy, Al-Mg alloys with different rare earth Er doping contents (0, 0.3 wt%, 0.6 wt% and 0.9 wt%) are prepared by adjusting the doping content of rare earth Er. The crystal structure, micro morphology, mechanical properties and corrosion properties of Al-Mg alloys are studied by XRD, SEM, electronic universal testing machine and immersion corrosion test. The results show that all Al-Mg alloys have good crystallinity. The alloys without rare earth Er doping are mainly α- Al, Mg2Si and Si phases. After doping rare earth Er, the diffraction peak of Al3Er appears, and the intensity of the diffraction peak increases gradually with the increase of rare earth Er doping. The grain size of Al-Mg alloy without rare earth Er doping is 190-210 μm as a whole, the grain size of the matrix decreases obviously and the content of the second phase increases after the addition of rare earth Er. With the increase of rare earth Er doping, the compressive strength and elongation of Al-Mg alloy increase first and then decrease. When the doping amount of rare earth Er is 0.6 wt%, the tensile strength and elongation of the alloy reach the maximum, which are 185.68 MPa and 1.79%, respectively. The hardness of Al-Mg alloy continues to increase with the increase of rare earth Er doping. When the doping amount of rare earth Er is 0.9 wt%, the hardness of the alloy reaches the maximum value of 67.9 HBW. The relative corrosion rate of Al-Mg alloy without rare earth Er doping is 0.709%. And the corrosion rate of the alloy is significantly reduced after doping rare earth Er. When the doping amount of rare earth Er is 0.6 wt%, the lowest relative corrosion rate of the alloy is 0.593%. The comprehensive analysis shows that the performance of Al-Mg alloy is the best when the doping amount of rare earth Er is 0.6 wt%.
    • Review & Advance
  • Progress of graphite flakes/aluminum composites for efficient thermal management applications
    LIU Yuan, CUI Yan, YANG Yukun, YANG Jipeng
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1025-1032. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.005
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    Due to its high graphitization degree, high crystallinity and purity, flake graphite has high thermal conductivity in its base plane and becomes an important raw material for the preparation of oriented high thermal conductivity composites. The graphite flakes/aluminum composites have excellent comprehensive thermal properties, which has more significant application advantages in the fields of electronic communication and aerospace. In this paper, the main preparation technologies and thermal conductivity of graphite flakes/aluminum composites are introduced. Based on the wettability and interfacial reaction between carbon and aluminum phases, the surface modification methods of flake graphite and its influence on the interfacial microstructure and thermal conductivity of the composites are summarized. Finally, the research direction and development trend of graphite flakes/aluminum composites in the future are prospected.
  • Development of electromagnetic shielding coatings
    WANG Fan, ZHANG Jincai, CHENG Fangqin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1033-1040. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.006
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    Electromagnetic shielding coating is a kind of shielding material produced to meet the needs of the development of modern society. Its main function is to reduce or avoid the harm, trouble and inconvenience caused by electromagnetic wave. The dependence of people's production and life on modern electronic equipment and instruments makes electromagnetic waves exist all the time and everywhere. Life is full of electromagnetic waves everywhere, the interference between these electromagnetic waves affect the normal operation of the equipment. At present, in view of the increasingly serious electromagnetic radiation pollution, high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding material has been widely concerned, because it can block the electromagnetic radiation from communication and electronic equipment, and provide an effective barrier for human health and information security. This paper introduces the importance of electromagnetic wave shielding, the principle of electromagnetic shielding, the concept of shielding effectiveness and the research status of electromagnetic shielding coatings. The characteristics and development of carbon based, metal based and composite electromagnetic shielding coatings are reviewed. Several factors that have great influence on electromagnetic shielding effect are compared. The future development of electromagnetic shielding coatings is prospected. The future development trend is to use composite fillers to play a synergistic conductivity, form a good conductive coating in the film, and achieve shielding by absorbing and reflecting electromagnetic waves for many times. Moreover, the cross-linking between shielding agents can achieve twice the result with half the effort, which not only makes the structure more stable, but also greatly improves the ability of shielding electromagnetic waves.
  • Hydrogen production from electrocatalytic water splitting on electrospun carbon-based fibers
    YANG Wenwen, XIONG Kun, GAO Xue, ZHANG Haidong, CHEN Jia
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1041-1047. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.007
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    Hydrogen production from electrocatalytic water splitting is composed of the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the implementation of water electrolysis is generally much higher than the theoretical equilibrium voltage due to the high overpotential of HER and OER with sluggish kinetics, resulting in the serious consumption of electrical energy. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore efficient and stable non-precious metal based electrocatalysts. Fibrous materials constructed by electrospinning technology are widely used in the field of energy conversion and storage because of their large specific surface area, unique chemical structure, adjustable components and fast electrons and mass transfer. Herein, the latest advancements in the application of electrospun carbon-based fibers in the electrocatalytic water splitting is systemically summarized in the recent years, especially in the fabrication of nanofiber electrocatalysts by electrospinning technology for HER, OER and overall water electrolysis as bifunctional catalysts, as well as the advantages of their catalytic performance. Moreover, the prospects for the challenges and research trends of the properties of the electrospun materials in the electrocatalytic water splitting are proposed to shed light on further development of water electrolysis.
  • The process research and application progress of solution blow spinning nanofibers
    HU Yanli, HE Shiqi, LI Fengyan, ZHANG Hao, SHI Lei
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1048-1054. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.008
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    Nanofibers have become a research hotspot by virtue of its excellent porosity and surface-to-volume ratio, and been successfully applied in the fields of capacitors, filtration and separation, wound dressings, sensors, etc. In recent years, a variety of nanofiber preparation methods have been proposed, such as electrospinning, melt-blown, centrifugal spinning and solution blow spinning, among which the solution blow spinning has the advantages of low cost, in-situ operation and high fiber production rate. This preparation process blows nanofibers by evaporating the solvent of polymer solution through high speed airflow. This paper reviews the preparation principle and technology of solution blow spinning nanofibers, focusing on the morphological effects of polymer solution, nozzle, airflow field and other process factors on solution blow spinning nanofibers, analyzes various applications of current solution jet spinning, and provides an outlook on its future development.
  • Research progress of porous silicon anodes using low-cost silica sources by magnesium thermal reduction for lithium-ion batteries
    GUO Zhiang, TANG Bo, FAN Baoyan, ZHANG Jun, WANG Jun, XING An, LIU Xiaoyan
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1055-1063. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.009
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    Silicon-based anodes are the most promising alternative through a combination of high specific capacity, low discharge potentials and low lithium ion diffusion barrier. However, their large volume changes between the charged and discharged states are detrimental to cycling stability. The fabrication of the silicon-based anodes with nano-sized and porous structure is a broad strategy to realize the practical application of the high specific capacity. Nevertheless, the current preparation methods are usually complicated in process, high in cost and low in yield, making them difficult to apply directly to the battery industry. Therefore, the large-scale preparation of silicon-based anodes with excellent electrochemical performance in a low cost method is the key point. Based on this, in this paper, the synthesis of nano-porous silicon anodes using the low-cost silica source materials through magnesium thermal reduction is reviewed, and the future development of silicon anodes in the battery industry is prospected. It will provide very useful information for the study of the practical application of silicon anodes in lithium-ion battery.
    • Research & Development
  • Preparation and catalytic properties of Fe3O4@SiO2@mTiO2@Pt magnetic nanocomposite catalyst with core shell structure
    ZHENG Jinli, GE Hongguang, MA Shuting, LI Zonglin, GUO Shaobo, SHI Juan, OU Ting
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1064-1071. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.010
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    Magnetic Fe3O4 particles are prepared by solvothermal method. Under alkaline conditions, Fe3O4 is used as the core to coat SiO2 and mesoporous(m)TiO2 on the surface successively by using the Stöber method and the sol-gel method. Through 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane ( APTES) modified, the polyhydroxyl reducibility of ethylene glycol is used to reduce the Pt in situ on the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2@mTiO2 to synthesize core shell magnetic nanocomposite Fe3O4@SiO2@mTiO2@Pt. The microscopic morphology, structure, magnetism, and element composition of the samples are characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Taking p-nitrophenol (4-NP) and rhodamine 6G as target pollutants, the catalytic activity of Fe3O4@SiO2@mTiO2@Pt in the hydrogenation reduction of sodium borohydride medium is investigated and its catalytic mechanism is discussed. The results show that the degradation rate of 4-NP reaches 99.50% within 20 min and the degradation rate of rhodamine 6G reaches 99.00% within 30 minutes.
  • Effect of sintering temperature on properties of SiC porous ceramics
    WANG Xudong, ZHOU Yang, YUAN Yi
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1072-1076. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.011
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    A series of SiC porous ceramic powders with different sintering temperature (1 600,1 630,1 660 and 1 690 ℃) are prepared by reactive sintering process. The phase structure, microstructure, porosity and mechanical properties of SiC porous ceramics are characterized by XRD, SEM, porosity test, compressive strength test and oil-water separation test. The results show that the characteristic diffraction peak intensity of SiO2 increases with the increase of sintering temperature, and the characteristic diffraction peak intensity of SiO2 is the highest at 1 690 ℃. With the increase of temperature, the porosity of SiC porous ceramics first decreases and then increases, and the lowest porosity is 32.1% at 1 660 ℃. SEM analysis shows that the SiC porous ceramics sintered at 1 600 and 1 630 ℃ contain more small particles, and the particles are dispersed. With the increase of sintering temperature, the small particles decrease gradually, and the SiC porous ceramics shrink and grow up gradually. The analysis of mechanical properties shows that the compressive strength of porous SiC ceramics increases firstly and then decreases slightly with the increase of sintering temperature, and the maximum compressive strength is 25.6 MPa at 1 660 ℃. The oil-water separation test shows that with the increase of sintering temperature, the membrane flux of SiC ceramics decreases first and then increases slightly, and the rejection rate increases first and then decreases slightly. When the sintering temperature is 1 660 ℃, the membrane flux is 553.8 L/(m2·h) and the rejection is 91.5%.
  • Effect of two-stage aging on the structure and properties of Al-7.02Zn-2.6Mg-0.35Mn alloy
    LIU Jingfu, YE Jianjun, ZHOU Xiangchun
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1077-1084. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.012
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    Al-7.02Zn-2.6Mg-0.35Mn alloy prepared by vacuum melting is selected as the research material. Effect of the homogenization, solution treatment and two-stage aging on hardness, microstructure and corrosion resistance are studied. The results show that two hardness peaks are founded in the age hardening curve of Al-7.02Zn-2.6Mg-0.35Mn alloy under the final aging processing of 160 ℃×8 h. The first hardness peak (peak I) of 176.80 HB is observed at 4 h pre-aging, and the second hardness peak (peak Ⅱ) of 173.90 HB is observed at 8 h pre-aging. The main phase of Al-7.02Zn-2.6Mg-0.35Mn alloy is included α(Al) and MgZn2. As the two-stage aging processing is 105 ℃×8 h + 160 ℃×8 h, fine transition phase (MgZn2′) is distributed uniformly on the matrix, and the coarse and discontinuous MgZn2 phase is observed at the grain boundary. As the pre-aging time increases from 4 h to 8 h, the polarization curves shift to the left obviously. The self-corrosion potential drops from -872.81 V to -865.43 V, and the corrosion current density drops from 50.12 μA/cm2 to 39.35 μA/cm2. The capacitive arc resistance of the peak Ⅱ alloy is twice that of the peak I alloy. Peak Ⅱ alloy has higher corrosion resistance than peak Ⅰ. From the analysis of electrochemical impedance and corrosion morphology, it can be concluded that the electrochemical corrosion of Al-7.02Zn-2.6Mg-0.35Mn alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution is the pitting induction period.
  • Effect of Al doping on properties of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 ternary materials
    WANG Siliang, WU Xiaolan, BAI Zhifeng
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1085-1089. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.013
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    Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2(OH)2 precursor is prepared by coprecipitation method, and LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) ternary materials with different Al content (0, 1 mol%, 2 mol % and 3 mol %) are prepared by high temperature solid state method. The phase structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of NCM622 are analyzed by XRD, SEM and galvanostatic charge discharge test. The results show that the characteristic diffraction peaks of all NCM622 ternary materials are basically the same and the crystallinity is high, the introduction of Al reduces the disorder of Li+ and Ni2+ in the crystal structure of NCM622 ternary material. The size of all NCM622 ternary materials is about 100-150 nm, which has a sheet structure. The particle size decreases and the distribution is more uniform with the addition of Al, which shortens the diffusion of Li+ in the material and improves the charge discharge cycle performance of the material. The voltage platform of all NCM622 ternary materials are basically the same, and there is no phase transition in the material. With the increase of Al content, the initial discharge capacity of the material increases gradually, and the intersection of the charge discharge curve tends to shift to the right. The introduction of Al reduces the polarization of the material and improves the stability of the material in the discharge process. When the Al content is 3 mol%, the initial discharge capacity of the material reaches the maximum of 179.6 mAh/g, after 30 cycles, the capacity retention is 96.83%, and the polarization degree is the lowest. The electrochemical performance of NCM622 ternary material prepared under this doping ratio is the best.
  • Effect of thermal exfoliation treatment on the structure and photocatalytic performance of carbon nitride 2D nanosheets
    XIAO Ke, LI Weichao, ZHOU Liexing, XIE Linkun, CHAI Xijuan
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1090-1096. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.014
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    Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted much attention due to its advantages such as low preparation cost, non-toxic and harmless, and stable physicochemical properties. However, the yield and photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 obtained from different precursor systems are also different. In this study, urea, dicyanamide, and melamine were used as precursors to prepare carbon nitride 2D nanosheets by thermal stripping method, respectively. The effects of different precursors and thermal exfoliation temperature on the structure and photocatalytic performance of carbon nitride were systematically investigated. The results show that g-C3N4 2D nanosheets with excellent photocatalytic performance can be directly prepared with urea as the precursor without thermal exfoliation, and the degradation rate of methylene blue is the highest, which is 60%. But its yield is extremely low, about 2%-3%. Carbon nitride prepared with dicyandiamide and melamine as precursors can be subjected to thermal exfoliation treatment to obtain 2D g-C3N4 nanosheets with a loose structure and excellent photocatalytic performance. The yields can be as high as 32.5% and 36.8%, respectively. Among them, the 2D nanosheets g-C3N4 prepared with dicyandiamide as a precursor treated at 580 ℃ for 4 hours exhibited the best photocatalytic activity, and its degradation efficiency of methylene blue can reach 91.1%, which is 40% higher than that of the unexfoliated sample. After 4 cycles of use, the degradation rate can still be maintained at 90%, showing good stability and repeatability.
  • Effects of nucleating agents and thickening agents on phase change characteristics of D-mannitol
    SHAN Shaofei, MO Songping, JIA Lisi, CHEN Ying
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1097-1103. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.015
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    Sugar alcohols is a type of phase change materials with high latent heat for thermal energy storage. However, the supercooling degrees of sugar alcohols are high, which hinder their applications. D-mannitol, as a sugar alcohol, is promising for medium-temperature thermal energy storage. In this study, the effects of nucleating agents and thickening agents on the phase change characteristics of D-mannitol are studied by differential scanning calorimeter. Aluminum oxide and silicon carbide are selected as nucleating agents, while sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose are selected as thickening agents. The morphologies of the pure D-mannitol, nucleating agents, thickening agents, and D-mannitol with individual or combined nucleating agents and thickening agent are observed. The results show that the nucleation and crystallization of D-mannitol are promoted by aluminum oxide, silicon carbide and sodium alginate of proper amounts. When the mass fraction of aluminum oxide, silicon carbide and sodium alginate is 7.0wt%, 9.0wt% and 0.5wt%, the lowest supercooling degree is obtained, which is 17.4 ℃, 12.2 ℃ and 17.3 ℃, respectively lower than that of pure D-mannitol. The combination of nucleating agent and thickener improves the nucleation and crystallization of D-mannitol compared with the addition of individual nucleating agent or thickener. When the mass fraction of aluminum oxide and sodium alginate are 5.0wt% and 1.0wt%, respectively, the supercooling degree of the sample is reduced by 19.7 ℃ compared with pure D-mannitol. When the mass fraction of silicon carbide and sodium alginate are 3.0wt% and 1.0wt%, respectively, the supercooling degree of the sample is reduced by 16.5 ℃ compared with pure D-mannitol. The mechanism for the effects of the nucleating agents and thickening agents on the phase change characteristics of D-mannitol are discussed. It is found that the thickening agents enhance the dispersion of the nucleating agents in the D-mannitol samples, thus improving the nucleation induction effects of the nucleating agents.
  • Effect of biaxial strain on the monolayer binary Ⅳ-Ⅵ chalcogenides
    GUO Ying, ZHAO Gaoyang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1104-1111. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.016
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    The structural and electronic properties of the binary Ⅳ-Ⅵ chalcogenides MXs (GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, and SnTe) are researched by using density functional theory. The energy band structures, bandgaps, and Fermi level of monolayer MXs are investigated under the external in-plane biaxial strains in a range of -5%-5%. The band structure of monolayer MXs with strains is similar to those without strains, while the bandgaps change so sharply. The bandgap variation of monolayer MXs induced by compressive strain is larger than the corresponding tensile strain. The indirect-to-direct- bandgap-transformation of GeSe, GeTe, SnSe, and SnTe can be obtained while the strain is enforced. The Fermi level of monolayer MXs monotonically decreases with increasing the values of strain ε, and it can be seen that compressive strain is more effective than the corresponding tensile strain. We hope the convertibility electronic properties of monolayer MXs by the strain is helpful to the experimentally on the electronic and optical devices.
  • First-principles calculation of 2D CuI doped with transition metals Co and Fe
    WANG Yi, YAO Denglang, SONG Juan, WANG Jihong, LUO Zijiang, DING Zhao, GUO Xiang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1112-1116. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.017
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    The geometric structures and optoelectronic properties of intrinsic 2D CuI and Co and Fe doped 2D CuI are systematically studied by using on-the fly generated (OTFG) ultrasoft based on density function theory. The results show that the band gap of intrinsic 2D CuI is 1.61 eV. Co doping in 2D CuI introduces two shallow donor energy levels as well as two deep donor energy levels, and the introduction of shallow energy levels increases the concentration of carriers. Fe doping introduces two deep donor energy levels, which means that Fe doping does not affect the conductivity of 2D CuI. The results of optical properties show that the static dielectric constant of 2D CuI is 2.42, the doping of Co and Fe increase the static dielectric constant of 2D CuI and improves the light absorption characteristics of 2D CuI in the visible range and decreases the 2D CuI transmission coefficient.
  • The influence of sintering aids on conductivity of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 solid electrolyte
    DAI Lijing, WANG Jing, SHI Zhongxiang, YU Lina, SHI Jun
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1117-1122. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.018
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    Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3(LATP) solid electrolyte is prepared by sol-gel method, and the effect of different sintering aids on ionic conductivity of LATP solid electrolyte is investigated. The crystal structure, morphology and ionic conductivity of the samples are investigated by X ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that adding sintering aids creates a small amount of secondary phase but still improves the conductivity of the solid electrolyte. However, different sintering aids promote the sintering of LATP solid electrolyte in different ways. Li3PO4 will promote grain growth, reduce the number of grain boundaries to promote lithium ion migration, but B2O3 will weaken grain boundaries to obtain higher ionic conductivity. LiBF4 can enhance the mass transfer and reduce porosity to promote the realization of solid electrolyte density in order to improve the ion conductivity. LiBF4 has the best effect among the three sintering aids, which can greatly improve the conductivity of the solid electrolyte, and when the addition amount of LiBF4 is 3 wt%, the optimum conductivity obtained is as high as 8.5×10-4 S/cm.
  • The microstructure and properties study of Fe-Ga magnetostrictive powder and coating
    QI Qingli, SHEN Gongtian, ZHENG Yang, PAN Qingchuan, HUANG Songling
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1123-1127. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.019
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    Fe-Ga magnetostrictive alloy powder with particle size of 10-150 μm is prepared by aerosolization method using pure Fe and Ga metals as raw materials, and Fe-Ga coating is prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF) process. The microstructure and properties of the coating are characterized by the SEM, X-ray diffraction, indentation tester, tensile tester and the magnetostrictive tester. The results show that the aerosolized powder has a single α-Fe phase and high powder sphericity. The Fe-Ga powder with a particle size of 30-60 μm is selected as the raw material for HVOF, and the prepared coating has a typical lamellar structure with dense bonding and pores in local areas, and the average porosity is less than 1.2%. The coating with different thicknesses still maintains the structure of α-Fe phase, but there is a shift in diffraction peaks, and no other new phase are formed. The micro-hardness distribution of the coating is uniform, and the average hardness is higher than 4.5 GPa. The interface bonding between coating and substrate is good with the bonding strength higher than 70 MPa. The magnetostriction coefficient of Fe-Ga coating with a thickness of 400 μm is 30×10-6, indicating the feasibility of preparing magnetostrictive coatings by HVOF, which is expected to realize the long-term online monitoring of magnetostrictive guided waves.
  • Microwave dielectric properties of atmospheric plasma sprayed Al2O3/ZnO/TiO2 coatings
    ZHENG Guangzhi, WANG Min, YUAN Jianhui, WANG Xin, ZHANG Chen, JIANG Shaoliang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1128-1133. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.020
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    In this paper, high enthalpy atmospheric plasma spraying technology is used to prepare ceramic powders with ZnAl2O4 phase and TiO2 as secondary phase by solid phase reaction with nano ZnO, Al2O3 and TiO2 as raw materials. The composite ceramic coating is prepared by spray pelleting with adhesive polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The microstructure and phase composition of AZT coating are analyzed, and the effect of spraying power on microwave dielectric properties of AZT coating is explored. The results show that the contrast powder of AZT coating has a great change, ZnAl2O4 decomposes partially in high temperature plasma flame, and TiO2 precipitates in non stoichiometric form. The dielectric property test shows that the dielectric constant ε′ of the coating increases with the increase of spraying power. The tangent value of loss angle tanδ is in the range of 0.11-0.15, it shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the power is 60 kW, the dielectric constant reaches the lowest 6.38 and the loss tangent reaches the lowest 0.11.
  • Research on energy storage behavior of composite phase change materials with high pore density of copper metal foam
    ZHU Mengshuai, WANG Zilong, ZHANG Hua, SUN Xiangxin, ZHOU Xiang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1134-1140. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.021
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    In this paper, a composite phase change heat storage material is prepared based on paraffin wax and foamed metal copper, and a visual heat storage experimental device is designed and built. The enhanced heat transfer mechanism of the copper metal foam proportion on the paraffin heat storage process is analyzed. The experimental results show that when the copper metal foam proportion increases from 0% to 2.15%, the melting time of the composite phase change materials is shortened from 992 s to 872 s, which is a reduction of 11.69%. The temperature gradient is reduced from 23.27 K to 8.09 K, which is a reduction of 65.23 %. The heat storage capacity of the composite phase change materials first increases and then decreases, which are 20.92, 21.22, 21.02 and 20.22 kJ respectively, and the heat storage rate first decreases and then increases, which are 21.08, 20.91, 21.67 and 23.25 J/s respectively. In addition, natural convection is the major mechanism for phase change material with a low copper metal foam proportion, heat conduction is the major mechanism for phase change material with a high copper metal foam proportion, and the heat conduction gradually changes to natural convection with the melting time.
  • Friction and wear properties of Ti2SnC nanosheets reinforced PTFE-based composites
    WU Haijiang, ZHU Jiale, YANG Dan, XU Jianguang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1141-1146. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.022
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    This work aims to investigate the effect of the content of Ti2SnC nanosheets on the friction and wear properties of Ti2SnC nanosheets reinforced PTFE-based composites. The novel Ti2SnC nanosheets are obtained via sonicating bulk Ti2SnC with DMSO. And then Ti2SnC nanosheets/PTFE composite materials are prepared by cold pressing and sintering methods. The effect of the content of this nanosheet on the hardness and friction and wear properties of the composites, and the effect of different loads on the friction and wear properties of pure PTFE and 10 wt% Ti2SnC nanosheets/PTFE composites are investigated in detail. The results show that the hardness of the composites increases with the increase of Ti2SnC nanosheets content compared with pure PTFE. Specifically, the Vicker’s hardness of 10 wt% Ti2SnC nanosheets/PTFE composites reaches 12.5, increased by 17.9%. While the friction coefficient and wear rate show a reverse trend, under 20 N load, those of 10 wt% Ti2SnC nanosheets/PTFE composites are reduced by 34.7% and 80.6% compared to those of pure PTFE, respectively. When the load is increased, the friction coefficient and wear rate of 10 wt% Ti2SnC nanosheets/PTFE composites exhibit a reverse change compared with pure PTFE. Interestly, when the load is increased to 80 N, the friction coefficient and wear rate of 10 wt% Ti2SnC nanosheets/PTFE composites are reduced by 69.4% and 99.4% compared to pure PTFE, respectively. Due to the excellent lubricating property of Ti2SnC nanosheets, the wear mechanism of Ti2SnC nanosheets/PTFE composites is mainly oxidation wear and adhesive wear, while pure PTFE is mainly adhesive wear.
    • Process & Technology
  • Preparation and properties of IRMOF-3@PAA/PVDF composite nanofiltration membrane
    YANG Lin, LYU Meichan
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1147-1153. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.023
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    Home-made PVDF membranes are fabricated by non-solvent induced phase separation method, and the IRMOF-3@PAA composites are successfully introduced onto the surface of PVDF membranes in order to improve the hydrophilicity. IRMOF-3@PAA/PVDF composite nanofiltration membranes are finally prepared by interfacial polymerization. FT-IR, SEM and AFM are used to analyze the surface groups and the morphology of IRMOF-3@PAA modified PVDF membranes and IRMOF-3@PAA/PVDF nanofiltration membranes, together with the investigation of water contact angles and Zeta potentials of these nanofiltration membranes. Pure water flux and desalination performance of composite nanofiltration membranes are also studied. The results reveal that the hydrophilicity is significantly improved via the modification of IRMOF-3@PAA, and the water contact angle reduces from 71.55° to 23.43°. Furthermore, the polyamide layer is more compact and homogeneous due to the existence of IRMOF-3@PAA. Although Zeta potentials of these composite nanofiltration membranes are not changed significantly, the desalination performance of these composite nanofiltration membranes are improved effectively. The rejection ratios of MgSO4 are more than 93% based on IRMOF-3@PAA/PVDF composite nanofiltration membranes, and the removal ratios of Na2SO4 increase gradually with the addition of IRMOF-3@PAA, reaching to 94.16% in maximum.
  • Recovery of photoelectrochemical water oxidation towards tungsten trioxide and its mechanism utilizing cathodic scanning process
    LI Dong, WU Fachao, SUN Wenzhou, LI Rui, GAO Caiyun
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1154-1160. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.024
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    Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a typical n-type semiconductor material, which has been widely investigated because of its good photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. However, the PEC activity of WO3 photoanode will dramatically decrease after photoelectrolysis, resulting in its non-recycling and leading to waste. In order to solve this problem, WO3 powder is prepared by precipitation method using sodium tungstate (Na2WO4·2H2O) as tungsten source and HCl as acid source. Then, the WO3/FTO electrode with a coating thickness of ca.15 μm is prepared by using a doctor-blade technique. The structure, morphology and composition of WO3 are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD and Raman results show that WO3 could be attributed to monoclinic structure. FE-SEM images exhibit that the morphology of WO3 are composed of ca.10-30 nm nanoparticles. The PEC results indicate that the WO3/FTO electrode before photoelectrolysis generates a photocurrent of 7.7 mA/cm2 at 1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl, which is 3.7 times (2.1 mA/cm2) higher than that of the WO3/FTO electrode after photoelectrolysis. However, the photocurrent of WO3/FTO electrode can be recovered to 8.1 mA cm2, and the recovery rate is 105% after cathode scanning. During the process of exploring the PEC performance recovery mechanism of WO3/FTO electrode, it is found that the binding state of O atoms on the surface of WO3 is an important factor to determine the PEC performance recovery.
  • Preparation and electrochemical performance of NiCo2O4/Co3O4 nanomaterials by ball milling
    NI Liangliang, SHENG Shaoding, TIAN Konghu
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1161-1168. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.025
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    The NiCo2O4/Co3O4 composite material is prepared by the method of high-energy ball milling nickel carbonate and basic cobalt carbonate in this paper. The factors affecting the microscopic morphology, structure, composition, reaction activation energy and electrochemical performance of the material have been systematically studied. The results show that the mass ratio of nickel carbonate and basic cobalt carbonate is 2∶8, the ball milling time is 48 hours, and the annealing temperature is 300 ℃. The composite material has a potential range of 0-0.45 v and a current density of 1 A/g. The results show that the specific capacitance of the composite material can reach 200 F/g, and shows good charge-discharge cycle stability when the mass ratio of nickel carbonate and basic cobalt carbonate is 2∶8, the ball milling time is 48 hours, and the annealing temperature is 300 ℃.
  • Preparation of diatomite-based solid acid catalyst and its catalytic performance for esterification
    ZHAO Zhonghua, ZHANG Jian, SHENG Xueru, LI Na, PING Qingwei
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1169-1174. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.026
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    Using diatomite as a carrier, a diatomite-based solid acid catalyst is prepared by sulfonation technology, and its performance in catalyzing oleic acid is discussed. After research, the diatomite-based solid acid catalyst prepared with carbonized diatomite as raw material under sulfonation for 6 hours at 140 ℃ has an acid density of 0.5126 mmol/g. The catalyst performance characterization study finds that FT-IR shows that sulfonation can graft sulfonate to diatomite, the vibration range of the characteristic absorption peak of the catalyst is enhanced, and the acid density is increased. XRD shows that the process of carbonization and sulfonation will not significantly damage the amorphous silica structure of diatomite, which ensures the stability of the diatomite carrier, thereby facilitating the formation of a stable catalyst structure. SEM shows that the surface impurities of carbonized diatomite are significantly less than those of original diatomite. After sulfonation, the pore structure of the catalyst is still intact, ensuring the effective load of solid acid. The BET analysis shows that diatomite contains a very small amount of microporous structure, which is in line with the isotherm adsorption and desorption curve type IV. After sulphonation the sulphonic acid groups are better able to enter the pores of the diatomite and are able to disperse well on the surface of the amorphous diatomite structure, forming the protonic acid centre of the carrier. It is used to catalyze the conversion of oleic acid to methyl oleate. The optimal process conditions are the molar ratio of alkyd to acid is 5∶1, the esterification temperature is 55 ℃, the catalyst is 0.05 g, the reaction is 6 h, and the conversion rate of oleic acid can reach 91.45%. The conversion rate remains above 83% after repeated use for five times. The developed diatomite-based solid acid catalyst has the advantages of high catalytic efficiency, good thermal stability, easy reuse, and environmental friendliness.
  • Preparation and properties of lignin based graded porous carbon composite phase change materials
    NI Kai, PAN Hong, SHEN Yong, XU Lihui, LI Kai, SHEN Nan, LING Hangli
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1175-1180. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.027
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    Lignin-based template carbon (LTC) and lignin-based template carbon after activation (LTCA) are prepared by template method and chemical activation method using lignin as raw material. The phase change material polyethylene glycol (PEG4000) is loaded on the carrier of lignin-based template carbon after activation by vacuum impregnation. The structure and properties are characterized by SEM, TEM, BET, XRD, FT-IR, TG and DSC. The results show that lignin-based template carbon after activation materials prepared by the combination of template method and chemical activation method have large porosity, pore volume and high specific surface area. The results show that the LTCA/PEG composite phase change material has good phase change heat storage effect, the mass fraction of polyethylene glycol can reach 85%, and the melting latent heat is 85.3 J/g, which achieves good shape setting phase change effect and good thermal stability.
  • Preparation of graphene/polyurethane composite material and analysis of its mechanical properties
    LEI Dong, LIU Kun, YANG Fukang, PEI Kunkun, HU Guoxin, GAO Hanyang
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1181-1184. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.028
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    Using polytetrahydrofuran as the soft segment, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate as the hard segment, MOCA as the chain extender, and physically exfoliated graphene(GNs) and silane coupling agent (APTES) modified graphene oxide (GO) as the filler, graphene/polyurethane composite material is prepared. The influence of the compatibility of modified graphene and polyurethane matrix on mechanical properties is explored through swelling equilibrium experiment. The results show that the addition of the two graphenes can increase the crosslinking density of the composite system. The tensile strength of the composite material increases first and then decreases, and the peak loss factor increases. However, the modified GO can broaden the damping temperature range, and with the increase in the amount of addition, the system crosslink density, swelling ratio, and tensile strength retention rate of the modified GO group are better than those of the GNs group.
  • Preparation and properties of silylated SiO2 coating
    HAN Hongxing, ZHAO Lei, HAN Chun, SHI Jicun, CUI Pengbo, ZHU Xianghui
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1185-1189. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.029
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    The surface of SiO2 particles is grafted with KH-570 coupling agent. The contact angle at the interface of silylated SiO2 particles is quantitatively controlled by adjusting the grafting density of KH-570 coupling agent. The silylated SiO2 coating with controllable layer is prepared by interface self-assembly method. The results show that the contact angle at the interface of silylated SiO2 particles increases first and then decreases with the increase of grafting density of KH-570 coupling agent. When KH-570 coupling agent is 1.5 mL and pH=10, the contact angle is the largest, about 147°. When the silylated SiO2 coating is 3 layers, the whole substrate is completely covered by the silylated SiO2 coating, and the contact angle reaches 156°. It is a super hydrophobic coating.
  • Preparation of Co3O4/GO composite material and the electrochemical detection of Pb2+ and Cd2+
    HAO Yachao, ZHANG Chong, WANG Wentao, WANG Jing, CHEN Shuhang, XU Hongyan
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1190-1195. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.030
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    The Co3O4/GO composite material is prepared by a simple hydrothermal-thermal decomposition method, and the morphological characterization and structure of sample are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy (Raman). The prepared Co3O4/GO composite material is used as the electrode modification material to construct an electrochemical sensor to detect Pb2+ and Cd2+ in the solution. The test adopts the electrochemical detection method of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The results show that the Co3O4 particles in the Co3O4/GO composite grow along the GO plane and extend into composite nano-sheets with porous surfaces. This porous composite nano-sheet structure can provide more reactive sites. The detection limits of Pb2+ and Cd2+ are 38 and 48 nmol/L, respectively. At the same time, the electrochemical sensing electrode based on the Co3O4/GO composite material has good stability, repeatability and anti-interference, and has broad application prospects in the electrochemical detection of heavy metals.
  • Synthesis of tannery sludge protein - based flame retardant for cotton fabric and flame retardant finishing of cotton fabric
    GU Haiyang, WANG Dong, ZHANG Liping, FU Shaohai
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1196-1203. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.031
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    In order to realize the resource utilization of tanning sludge proteins and improve the flame retardancy of cotton fabrics. The high-efficien halogen-free flame retardant (FR-P:flame retardant-protein) for cotton fabrics was synthesized using tanning sludge protein extracted by a thermo-alkaline method as the raw materials. The flame retardant FR-P was successfully grafted onto cotton fabric using dicyandiamine as the catalyst. The thermal stability,flame-retardant properties and durability of the treated cotton fabrics were studied. The results showed that, compared with the untreated cotton fabrics, the newly added nitrogen and phosphorus elements were detected in the cotton fabrics after the flame retardant finishing,and flame-retardant cotton fabric quickly self-extinguished after leaving the flame. Under the nitrogen atmosphere at 700 ℃, the carbon residue yield of the treated cotton fabrics reached up to 36.7%, which had an excellent thermal stability. The peak heat release rate decreased from 195.4 W/g to 53.6 W/g and the limiting oxygen index increased from 17% to 35%. The limit oxygen index of flame retardant cotton fabric was 28% after 30 washing times, which was non-flammable fabric and achieved the B2 standard of flame retardant fabric.
  • Preparation of P(VDF-HFP)-SiO2/SF electrospun Janus membranes for oil/water separation
    LIU Jianchun, WU Haijuan, FANG Tao, XU Shuai, MA Yanlong, ZHU Jingxin
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1204-1209. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.032
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    The P(VDF-HFP)-SiO2/SF composite Janus nanofibrous membrane with asymmetric wettability is fabricated by electrospinning technology, using the hydrophobic nano-SiO2 modified polyvinylidene fluoro-hexafluoropropylene (P(VDF-HFP)) copolymer and silk fibroin (SF) as raw materials. The micro- morphology, composition, structure and the wettability of the fibrous membrane are characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray energy spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and water contact angle measuring instrument, and the influence of the thickness of hydrophobic layer on oil-water separation flux and separation efficiency is tested. The results show that the Janus fibrous membrane constructed with P(VDF-HFP)-SiO2 fibrous membrane as hydrophobic layer and SF fibrous membrane as hydrophilic layer has one-way water permeation function and good oil-water separation ability. When the thickness of hydrophobic layer is 70 μm and the thickness of hydrophilic layer is 130 μm, the water separation flux reaches 11 300 L/(m2·h·MPa), and the oil-water separation efficiency reaches 99.65%. This study provides a new material choice for the preparation of Janus oil-water separation membrane.
  • Effect of annealing temperature on microstructure and soft magnetic properties of FeGaGeBCu(P) amorphous and nanocrystalline alloy
    GUO Lu, ZHU Qianke, CHEN Zhe, ZHAO Xiaoxia, ZHANG Kewei, JIANG Yong
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1210-1215. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.033
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    Fe-based amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys have attracted extensive attention due to excellent soft magnetic properties, such as high permeability, low coercivity Hc and low core loss. With the development of power electronic industry, electrical equipment requires miniaturization and energy saving, which requires Fe-based amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys to have higher saturation magnetization Bs and lower Hc.In this paper, Fe76Ga5Ge5B13-xPxCu1(x=0,3,5,7)ribbons were fabricated using the melt spinning technique, and the effect of annealing temperature on the crystallization processes, microstructure and soft magnetic properties have been studied. It was found that, the substitution of B by P deteriorates the glass forming ability of the alloys, but enhance the thermal stability of the secondary crystallization. Besides, the addition of P refine the grain size and reduces coercivity on the one hand, leading to the optimal coercivity of 1.77 A/m in the x=7 ribbon annealed at 425 ℃. On the other hand, the migration of valence electrons from P to Fe decreases the magnetic moment of Fe in the residual amorphous phase and thus saturation magnetization. In addition, when the content of P is higher than 5 at%, the crystal face (200) of the grains near the surface position is parallel to the surface of the ribbon. But for the grains inside the ribbon, it is the crystal face (110) that runs parallel to the surface of the ribbon.
  • Preparation and characterization of Au-N co-doped TiO2 nanotube electrode
    WANG Liming, MENG Shuya, LI Mengyao, ZHANG Shuang, ZONG Xiuyu, AO Dong, LIU Tingting
    Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(1): 1216-1220. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.01.034
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    Au-N co-doped TiO2 nanotubes (Au-N-TNT) electrodes are prepared by plasma and photochemical deposition methods. The properties of the co-doped electrode are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-VIS-DRS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and transient photocurrent (I-t). The photoelectrocatalytic property of Au-N-TNT electrode for the degradation of tetracycline is investigated. The results show that Au elemental nanoparticles appear at the mouth of the Au-N-TNT. The light absorption rates in the ultraviolet and visible light ranges are significantly increased, and the absorption peaks in the visible light range are red-shifted. The results of cyclic voltammetry and photocurrent show that the co-doped electrode has good conductivity, and the photocurrent density is about 6 times that of pure TNT. The Au-N-TNT photoelectric catalytic degradation reaction process of tetracycline conforms to the first-order reaction kinetics. The photoelectric degradation rate under the doping condition of 0.2 mmol/L chloroauric acid is the highest, reaching 0.07744/min.
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