Cellulose fibers were extracted from the rice straw by a chemi-mechanical technique to examine their potential for use as reinforcement fibers in biocomposite applications. The structure and thermal properties of the cellulose fibers was investigated by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR results showed that cellulose fibers of rice straw demonstrated that this chemical treatment also led to partial removal of hemicelluloses and lignin from the structure of the fibers. XRD results revealed that this resulted in improved crystallinity of the fibers. The thermal properties of the straw fibers were found to increase dramatically. The degradation temperature of treated fiber reached beyond 300 oC. This value is reasonably promising for the use of straw fibers in reinforced-polymer manufacturing.

A kind of biomass biodegradable foaming material which was made of plant fiber (straw fiber) and starch via foam molding process has been research. Growth mechanism of bubble hole of this material was researched, too. Microscopic structure of four different kinds of materials which has different content of plant fiber、starch and foaming agent was compared via scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology. The experimental results showed that connection form of plant fiber was overlapping stereo mesh structure. When foaming agent content was 1.0%, the size and distribution was well-distributed. Structure of bubbles was closed. This closed pore structure supported the deformation and buffer pressure of the material, and this made the material have good impact resistance, elasticity and heat insulation.

A synthesise method of highly adsorptive activated carbon from an agricultural by-product (cotton stalk) was developed. The adsorption of the water soluble aromatic contaminations (phenol, aniline and benzoic acid) by cotton stalk activated carbon was investigated under different experimental conditions, including pH, contact time, temperature and initial concentration. Results showed that the kinetic experimental data correlated well with the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption capacity was decreased as the temperature increased and the adsorption pattern on the activated carbon fitted Freundlich isotherms very well. The values of apparent activation energy for the adsorption were calculated, which Ea(phenol) was 15.91 kJ/mol ,Ea(benzoic acid) was 12.56 kJ/mol and Ea(aniline) was 11.16 kJ/mol. The adsorption process was found to be spontaneous, exothermic and entropy reduction. The static saturated adsorption capacity of the cotton stalk activated carbon for phenol, aniline and benzoic acid were 450 mg/g、321 mg/g and 298 mg/g, respectively. Cotton stalk activated carbon has many advantages over conventional activated carbon, which can make it useful in the treatment of aromatic organic pollutants.

In this review, the structures of different dimension biomass-derived carbon materials were introduced, and the preparation methods and their advantages and disadvantages were reviewed. Meanwhile, the applications of biomass-derived carbon material in supercapacitors and ion batteries were concluded. Moreover, the improvement of the carbon material structure and properties was analyzed, and the kinds of doped atoms were also summarized. Finally, the development and application trends of biomass-derived carbon material were prospected.

In view of the advantages of cellulose and its various applications, how to obtain cellulose from biomass and make it into a configuration that fits the target application scenario is of great importance. Firstly, the extraction methods of cellulose were summarized, including acid-alkali, ozonolysis, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, organic solvent, and steam explosion. The pros and cons of these extraction methods were compared and analyzed. Secondly, the preparation methods of fibrous membranes were elaborated, including electrospinning, melt spinning and wet spinning. The electrospinning, a simple and cheap technique, is considered to be a commonly used method. More importantly, nanoscale fibers with high specific surface areas can be fabricated by this method and are expected to provide significant contributions to many properties and make a positive impact on the applications. In addition, these recent and excellent applications of fibrous membranes in substance separation, fabrics, photoelectricity and medicine were overviewed. Finally, the perspectives and challenges in cellulose extraction, fibrous membrane preparation and application were outlined.

Cellulose has the characteristics of renewable, degradable, environmental, pollution-free, etc. Using celluloses as raw materials, the prepared cellulose-based membrane material shows excellent properties of separation, adsorption, conduction, magnetic and stimulus-response, and is widely used in separation, conduction, packaging, adsorption, and other research fields. In this paper, the application of cellulosic materials in the fields of separation film, conductive film, packaging film, and adsorption film was reviewed, and its future development trend was prospected.

Lignocellulose-g-acrylic acid/Montmorillonite (LNC-g-AA/MMT) hydrogels with three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric networks were prepared by a in situ intercalative polymerization technique. The effects of the mass ratio of acrylic acid to Lignocellulose-g-acrylic acid/Montmorillonite (LNC-g-AA/MMT) hydrogels with three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric networks were prepared by a in situ intercalative polymerization technique. The effects of the mass ratio of acrylic acid to lignocellulose, acrylic acid monomer concentration, neutralization degree, initiator and crosslinking agents of superabsorbent composites were explored. The adsorption capacity of LNC-g-AA/MMT was 1994.38 mg/g. And the desorption of MB onto the LNC-g-AA/MMT was experimentally determined, the desorption efficiency of LNC-g-AA/MMT was to 83.4%. The structure of the samples were characterized by XRD、TEM and TG. The results show that lignocellulose-g-acrylic acid intercalates into montmorillonite interlayer via destroying the crystalline structure of montmorillonite, and the exfoliated structure is formed in LNC-g-AA/MMT with better thermal stability.

To solve the environmental pollution caused by the non-degradable waste of plastic packaging materials, the biomass cushion packaging materials with different ingredients have been synthesized, which are made up of straw fiber and starch as the main raw materials. The orthogonal experiment method is used to study the impact of the mass ratio of fiber and starch, the content of plasticizer, active agent and blowing agent on the compressive strength of biomass cushion packaging material. The results are as follows: the influence order of various factors on compressive strength is: plasticizer>the mass ratio of fiber and starch> foaming agent> active agent. When the contents of the plasticizer, foaming agent, active agent are respectively 12%, 0.1%, 0.3% with the mass ratio of fiber and starch being 2:5, the compressive strength can reach 0.94MPa. Through research on the impacts of plasticizer content and mass ratio of fiber and starch on the cushion performance, the cushion coefficient of the material decreases firstly and increases subsequently with the two factors rising. When the plasticizer content is 12% and the mass ratio of fiber and starch is 2:5, the smallest cushion coefficient and the best cushion performance of the material are obtained. Compared the cushion and rebound performance with EPS (expanded polystyrene), EPE (expanded polyethylene) and other packaging materials, it indicates that the biomass cushion packaging material can replace the cushion packaging materials such as EPS and EPE.

This research investigates the use of four kinds of natural biomass materials, namely wheat straw, corn stalks, sawdust and the dregs. The influence factors on oil-adsorbing properties were studied, such as particle size, adsorption time and oil types. The paper also studied the water absorption of the four kinds of materials in order to investigate the selectivity of water and oil. In addition, oil retain capacity was evaluated too. On the crude oil adsorption test ,sawdust and wheat straw have good oil absorption performance within the size range of 0.25 ~ 0.83 mm, and oil sorption capacities are approximately 5.79 g oil / g sorbent and 6.02 g oil / g sorbent, followed by corn stalks, oil absorption of the absorbing material between 0.15 ~ 0.18 mm is 5.02 g/g, the dregs of oil absorption between 0.18 ~ 0.20 mm is only 2.37 g/g. Comparison of four kinds of materials on the adsorption properties of organic compounds toluene and vegetable oil, the adsorption effect of the crude oil is better than vegetable oil and toluene. The four kinds of materials all have a certain amount of oil retention capacity, the oil retention capacity of sawdust is highest and oil-water ratio is greater than 1. Besides, natural biomass materials are solid wastes, they can be directly used as fuel after oil absorption, to achieve the purpose of waste by waste. The results show that natural biomass materials show a high performance as a low cost and environmental friendly sorbents for the removal oil from water. Natural biomass materials will have better development and application prospects in the area of oily wastewater treatment.

Super absorbent resins were synthesized by graft copolyme-rization reaction of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylic amide (AM) and acryloyl-oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DAC) onto the pretreatment corn straw (PTCS) by radical polymerization in aqueous solution. The factors, which in?uenced absorbency of super absorbents, such as weight ratio of monomers and pretreatment corn straw (PTCS), the amount of initiator and cross-linker, temperature, time and neutralization degree of AA, were investigated. The molecular structure of the product was con?rmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the morphological features were evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results showed that when the mass of the PTCS,AA,AM,DAC were 1g, 5g, 2g, 0.5g, respectively; the ratio of K2S2O8 to monomer was 1.0%;the ratio of MBA to monomer was 0.1%; neutralization degree of AA was 75%; temperature was 60 ℃ and time was 3 h, the super absorbent resin reached the best water absorbency of 235 g/g in distilled water and 31 g/g in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution.

The optimized vacuum/pressure impregnation technique of silica/ biocarbon composite is highly effective for the preparation of biomorphic porous SiC ceramics. Pine wood with shaped sample dimensions of 60×18×5 mm3 (axial) was selected as the raw material, samples were dried at 105 ℃ for 24 h. SiO2 sol was impregnated into pine wood under different vacuum/pressure conditions. SiO2 gel was introduced in pine after drying procedures and multiple impregnation. SiO2/pine composites were pyrolyzed at 500 ℃ under N2 atmosphere for 2 h to prepare SiO2/ biocarbon composite. The morphology and structure of the samples were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effects of impregnation pressure and cycles on the microstructures of silica/ biocarbon composite have been systematacially investigated.

China is rich in agricultural and forestry biomass resources, but the low utilization rate results in great waste. With the depletion of petrochemical resources, biomass materials have increasingly attracted attention. Various biomass substitutes have been gradually explored and studied, and more kinds of green environmentally friendly foam materials are widely used because of their lightweight and excellent nature. This paper mainly introduces the preparation of foam materials by replacing non-renewable petroleum resources with biomass materials (starch, lignin, cellulose, vegetable oil, tannin), and summarizes the main foaming mechanism, research progress and potential application fields of various types of foams.

With the increasing application of nanocellulose materials, it is found that some nanocellulose composites can improve its overall performance and have low cost and wide sources. Nanocellulose materials such as subnanometer cellulose crystal (CNC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanocellulose (NFC), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) and other materials are prepared by different methods. With the help of mechanical stretching, spinning, electric field, magnetic field and other methods, it is used to prepare directional alignment with high orientation and high performance. Nanocellulose materials with high strength and stiffness are used in textile industry, medical industry, optical devices and other fields. In this paper, these methods and materials are briefly discussed and the application characteristics of materials and methods are summarized.

The ligoncellulose-g-acrylic acid/acrylamide/montmorillonite (LNC-g-AA/AM/MMT) nanocomposites were prepared by a in situ intercalated polymerization method, it was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of several experimental conditions including metal ions initial concentration, adsorption time, adsorption temperature and solution pH were examined. The maximum uptake of Pb2+(504.2mg/g) and Cd2+(246.9mg/g) were observed when used 0.04mol/L of Pb2+ and 0.06mol/L of Cd2+ concentration, at adsorption time of 120 min and 60 min, and at adsorption temperature of 40℃ and 30℃, under pH 5.5. All absorption processes were in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm and the Pseudo-second-order kinetic model, is a spontaneous exothermic reaction process. The desorption process showed that the maximum desorption percentage reached 93.4% and 92.9%, respectively.

With the interconnection of all things realizing, the demand amount for green, sustainable and high stability energy storage materials is increasing. Biomass-derived carbon has attracted more attention due to its rich pore structure, large specific surface area, environmental friendliness and considerable economic value. In this paper, the structure and synthesis methods of biomass-derived carbon were introduced, and the research status of biomass-derived carbon electrode materials was summarized. The new development trend and new challenges of biomass-derived carbon electrode materials were put forward, which provided ideas for future rational design of biomass-derived carbon energy storage materials.

Porous biomass carbon is a new functional material derived from saccharides and carbon-rich organic wastes with advantages of large specific area, high porosity, excellent stability and environmental friendliness. One-step carbonization, hydrothermal carbonization and activation method are three common routes to prepare it. In recent years, porous biomass carbon has been utilized in fields of soil improvement, adsorbent and electrode materials, which has attracted great attention of researchers. In this work, carbon sources, synthesis methods as well as applications are introduced. And the research interest of the materials is also discussed.

Composite hydrogel particles are prepared by reverse suspension polymerization. Cellulose acrylic acid nanofiber (ACL-CNF) is used as the polymerization axis. Composite hydrogel microspheres P(AAACC) are prepared by reverse suspension polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) with ammonium persulfate (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ as initiator. The polymerization process, microstructure, swelling, mechanical strength, temperature and salt resistance of P(AAACC) are studied. The results show that the equilibrium swelling ratio is 13.59 g/g at salt concentration of 10 wt% and 30.15 g/g at 120 ℃, which are 2.63 times and 3.15 times higher than that of ordinary hydrogels, respectively. When the compression ratio of composite hydrogel particles is 85%, the recovery of composite hydrogel particles is 84.8%, while the common hydrogel has been broken. TG-DTG analysis shows that the copolymerization reaction between ACL-CNF and monomer occurs, and the thermal stability is improved. After 7 days of aging under high temperature and high salt, the water retention rate of composite hydrogel particles is 92.1%, which is 11% higher than that of ordinary hydrogel, and the mechanical strength is 2.5 times higher in deionized water and 2.79 times higher in salt water.

In recent years, synthetic foaming materials have been widely used. Because of its non-degradability and flammability, it leads to a series of environmental problems. Foaming materials based on plant fibers have biodegradability, recyclability and richness, and have the potential to replace traditional plastic analogues. The development and application of biomass foaming materials can improve the utilization rate of resources, further alleviate the pressure of resource shortage, and meet the needs of the market, which is of great economic and social significance. In this paper, the effects of modification on the properties of foaming materials are reviewed, with emphasis on the different modification methods of biomass cellulose and lignin and the application of foaming materials, as well as the application prospect of biomass foaming materials.

At present，the research related biomass materials has become a hot topic. In this paper, the four-step foam forming mechanism which was made up of raw material blending stage, bubble nucleation stage, bubble growth stage and curing finalization stage was first put forward according to the foam forming problem of biomass materials. In the raw material blending stage, the phase transition mechanism and existence form of plant fiber was analyzed. In bubble nucleation stage, the homogeneous nucleation mechanism and influencing factors of nucleation quality were presented. In the bubble growth stage, the force analysis and transformation mechanism of bubble was discussed. In the curing finalization stage, the influencing factors of curing finalization, such as curing time and curing rate, were studied.

Biomass-derived carbon materials have attracted more and more attention as efficient and cheap supercapacitor electrode materials due to their renewability and flexible microstructure tunability. However, the original biomass-derived carbon has the disadvantages of low porosity, low specific surface area and insufficient specific capacitance. The specific surface area, pore structure and conductivity of electrode materials will affect the energy storage performance of supercapacitors. Therefore, how to fabricate electrode materials with high specific capacitance, fast charge and discharge and certain flexibility has become the focus of current research. In this paper, the classification and energy storage mechanism of supercapacitors and the preparation methods and research status of biomass-based carbon materials are reviewed. The key performance evaluation parameters of high-quality load electrodes are analyzed, and the influencing factors of their electrochemical performance are systematically discussed. The future development trend is to integrate different types of energy storage devices into composite energy storage devices to meet the needs of various fields. Composite energy storage devices have greatly improved the comprehensive performance of supercapacitors. Therefore, the development of efficient and stable energy storage technology is of great significance for alleviating energy shortage, reducing environmental pollution and promoting sustainable development.

Cellulose aerogel (CA) can be used as ideal substrate for hybrid nanocomposite owing to their unique three-dimensional layered network structure, abundant porosity and large specific surface area. However, cellulose aerogel materials are prone to structural crumple during the solvent exchange and drying processes due to plenty of hydrophilic hydroxyl on the molecular chains, which reduces their mechanical properties and limits their broad applications. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are an emerging class of inorganic-organic hybrid porous, which have attracted great interest because of their unique advantages, such as structural diversity, homogeneous and controllable pore size. In recent years, researchers have utilized the intrinsic structure and functional properties of cellulose aerogel as a new carrier to incorporating MOF reinforced phase into the porous network of CA, which fabricates novel functional hybrid nanocomposite. Until now, related basic research is gradually expanding and showing greater potential for application. Herein, this review focuses on discussing the preparation strategies, composition optimization, structural design of novel MOF/CA hybrids, and their applications such as flame retardant performance, separation/adsorption, electromagnetic shielding, etc. Future prospects in synthesis techniques and applications are provided to address opportunities and challenges in this field.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is a natural polymer material with renewable and degradable properties. In this current study, based on the outstanding physical properties of graphene oxide (GO), CNCs-GO highly ordered layered structures are prepared by vacuum filtration method to improve the mechanical strength and hydrophobic properties of CNCs films. The experimental results show that when the mass fraction of graphene is 4%, the tensile strength of CNCs-GO layered film reaches a maximum of 204.4 MPa, which is 58.8% higher than that of the original CNCs film. The elastic modulus of layered films increases first and then decreases with the increase of GO mass fraction. The accuracy of mechanical test results is verified by analyzing the microstructure and dynamic thermo-mechanical properties of layered films. The contact angles of CNCs films and CNCs-GO layered films are measured, and it is found that the hydrophobic properties of the layered films are significantly improved due to the interaction between the hydrogen bond network of CNCs and the free hydroxyl groups on the GO surface.

The use of green renewable cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with the ability to self-assemble photonic structures to construct flexible functional materials can provide rich visual information, reduce the cost and reduce the harm of non-degradable materials. However, due to the lack of effective soft energy consumption phase in the system, the photonic materials based on CNCs have shortcomings such as mechanical fragility and lack of dynamic optical response, which bring certain challenges to their functional expansion and application. Thus, according to the structural characteristics of CNCs, this paper introduces in detail the preparation methods and influencing factors of the current CNCs photonic membrane, and then summarizes the various synthesis and regulation strategies of the current CNCs photonic membrane from mechanical rigidity to mechanical flexibility and machine color responsiveness. At the same time, the promising application directions and future challenges of CNCs flexible functional photonic materials are emphasized in this paper.

Nanocellulose is widely used as water treatment materials because of their high surface area and aspect ratio, environmental biodegradability and renewability. Chlorella grows fast and its cell wall is rich in cellulose without lignin. High quality cellulose can be obtained by simple purification. In the present work, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were prepared from chlorella waste by homogenization, with average diameter and length of 4.1±2.3 nm and 375±35.3 nm. The physicochemical properties of the prepared CNFS were determined by various techniques, and its adsorption performance was evaluated using methylene blue trihydrate (MB) and congo red (CR) as the model dyes. Results reported in this study indicate that the adsorption of MB and CR on the CNFS follow pseudo-first-order kinetics and the pseudo-second-order. Besides, the effects of pH and dye concentrate on adsorption were also investigated. Further analysis reveals that the process of MB and CR adsorption follow the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum capacity of cationic MB dye adsorption on the CNF is 161.25 mg/g, and anionic CR dye adsorption is 181.36 mg/g. The pH has a significant effect on the adsorption capacity of CNFS, which have maximum adsorption capacity the maximum adsorption capacity. But for CR, the lower the pH, the stronger the adsorption capacity is, in the pH range of 5 to 10.

Biomass is an excellent carbon source with abundant production, wide variety, low price and environmentally friendly, and the preparation of carbon catalytic materials from biomass is undoubtedly turning waste into treasure, which can fundamentally solve the problems of environmental pollution and resource waste. This paper introduces the effects of biomass species, components and structure on the performance of biomass carbon-based catalytic materials, compares the two common methods of pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization for the preparation of biomass carbon-based catalytic materials, discusses the three ways to further enhance the catalyst activity, heteroatom doping, metal-ion modification, and functionalization, and analyzes and summarizes the challenges faced by biomass carbon-based catalytic materials.

It is difficult to separate ordinary biochar from water environment, and it may cause secondary pollution, which hinders the large-scale application of ordinary biomass charcoal as adsorbent. An effective strategy to address this problem is to introduce transition metals and their oxides into the biochar matrix, resulting in easily separated magnetic biochars. Magnetic biochar can not only effectively remove heavy metal pollutants in aqueous solution, but also realize the separation of magnetic adsorbents by applying an external magnetic field, and then recover-regenerate-reuse to improve its repair performance. Due to its superiority in heavy metal adsorption, it has attracted extensive attention and research in the field of heavy metal-contaminated water treatment. The review briefly summarizes the different preparation methods of magnetic biochar, sorts out the mechanism of magnetic biochar adsorption of heavy metals, and analyzes the factors affecting the interaction between magnetic biochar and heavy metals. Finally, the further research needs and future research directions of magnetic biomass char in the treatment of heavy metal polluted water are pointed out, and the future development prospects and potentials are prospected.

To solve the problems of fast capacity decay and poor rate performance of MoS₂ as anode material of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), herein, a simple one-step hydrothermal method was used to grow MoS₂ in situ on the petals biomass carbon (PC) skeleton of kapok, and a layer of polypyrrole (PPy) was coated on the material surface to prepare PC/MoS₂@PPy composite. A series of characterization tests, such as SEM, XRD and Raman, were used to analyze the morphology, structure and composition, and the electrochemical performances of the material as the anode material of SIBs were tested by assembling the half-cells. The results show that the MoS₂ nanosheets with extended layer-spacing of 0.98 nm are uniformly loaded on the layered-network skeleton of PC, together with the PPy coating layer forming the PC/MoS₂@PPy composite. This layered sandwiched structure provides a large number of reactive sites for electrochemical sodium storage and effectively alleviates the volume variation of MoS₂ in the long cycling process. The three-dimensional conductive network composed of biomass carbon skeleton and PPy also effectively improves the electrical conductivity of the electrodes and accelerates the reaction kinetics of the electrode material. Therefore, the initial discharge capacity of the electrode is up to 652.9 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, the specific capacity still remains at 394 mAh/g after 100 cycles and the capacity retention rate is maintained at 91%.

Using silver nanowires prepared by polyol method as conductive filler and kapok micro-fibrillated cellulose as carrier, the composite paper was prepared by vacuum filtration. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, four-probe tester and vector network analyzer, and the effects of silver nanowire content on their electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness were investigated. The results showed that the silver nanowires as one kind of one-dimensional silver elemental nanomaterial, were uniformly distributed in the composite paper and formed an excellent conductive network. When 2.5wt% of silver nanowires were added to the pure cellulose paper, the electrical resistance of the paper dropped from 470.57 MΩ·cm to 1.26 mΩ·cm. When the concentration of silver nanowires was increased from 2.5wt% to 10wt%, the conductivity of the paper increased from 793.65 S/cm to 3039.51 S/cm, and the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness increased from 38.1 dB to 61.5 dB.

The work aims to prepare the superhydrophobic coatings with excellent self-cleaning performance and good durability by a simple dip-coating.The superhydrophobic coatings were prepared based on cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and low surface energy polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) to achieve the surface functionalization of cotton fabrics. The effect of different contents of polydimethylsiloxane and CNF on hydrophobicity of coatings was studied by single factor experiments. And the superhydrophobic coatings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and thermal gravimetric analyze(TGA). The results showed that durable superhydrophobic coatings were successfully prepared by cellulose nanofibers and polydimethylsiloxane. The SEM results showed that CNF constructed the microrough structure required for the superhydrophobic coating as compared to the pure PDMS coating, and provided favorable conditions for the preparation of the superhydrophobic coatings. With 4wt% PDMS and 4wt% CNF, the superhydrophobic coating showed water contact angle of 159.2°, and the water sliding angle of 4.3°. The results showed that the water contact angle of superhydrophobic coating still kept 150.3° even after 40 cycles of sandpaper friction, and it still had superhydrophobic performance. It was indicated that the polydimethylsiloxane provided low surface energy for the coatings, and had good bonding performance which improved the coatings' durability. In conclusion, a durable superhydrophobic coating was successfully prepared on cotton fabric surfaces with CNF and PDMS, while achieving excellent self-cleaning, waterproof and pollution resistance performance and good durability.

Azo dyes, as one of the serious dyestuff are difficult to degrade among the various pollutants owing to their high colority and toxicity. The electro-Fenton process consists of two parts, (1) the in-situ electrogeneration of H₂O₂ by two-electron reduction of oxygen, (2) the reaction of H₂O₂ with Fe²⁺ to form a strong oxidant ·OH, which unselectively attacks organic pollutants. Herein, biomass-derived carbon materials fabricated from chives stem (CS) were used as cathode electrocatalysts to degrade the targeted methyl red (MR) dye. The model sample CS-3 exhibited superior oxygen reduction reaction performance as the EF cathode catalyst and the degradation efficiency of MR reached 99% merely within 60 min. This research demonstrates that the high specific surface area, degree of graphitization, content of N and superhydrophilicity play crucial roles in the electro-Fenton degradation performance of the carbon materials, which provides guidance for the electro-Fenton electrode materials optimizing.

Urea/straw-based superabsorbent composites were prepared by radical solution polymerization with acrylic acid as the monomer and K₂S₂O₈-Na₂SO₃ as the initiator at room temperature. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The SEM images show that flake-like straw powders and needle-like urea crystals are uniformly embedded in the matrix of the superabsorbent resin. The FT-IR spectra further demonstrate the formation of the composite of urea and straw-based superabsorbent. The urea content in the urea/straw-based superabsorbent resin can be easily controlled by the amount of urea in the reaction system. The water absorption of the urea/straw-based superabsorbent resins with the urea mass fractions of 10%, 30% and 50wt% is 318.0, 167.2 and 109.3 g/g, respectively. The results of water dissolution experiment and soil column leaching experiment show that the prepared urea/straw-based superabsorbent composites exhibit good slow-release performance and are promising in slow-release fertilizer.

In this paper, CoFe₂O₄/biomass carbon composites were prepared by one-pot hydrothermal and high-temperature calcination methods. The microscopic morphology, crystal structure and electromagnetic parameters of the material indicate that CoFe₂O₄ can be uniformly dispersed in the carbon base, and the presence of CoFe₂O₄ is conducive to the defective polarization of the biomass during the carbonization process, which is beneficial to the enhancement of the wave absorption properties of the material. Effective regulation of the electromagnetic parameters of the composite material by adjusting the content of CoFe₂O₄ to optimize its impedance matching performance. Experimental results show that the minimum reflection loss (reflection loss, RL) value of -48.0 dB and effective absorption bandwidth (effective absorption bandwidth, EAB) of 5.5 GHz were obtained at 2.0 mm thickness of CoFe₂O₄/C-3.0 composite.

This essay first briefly introduced the necessity of developing straw-based building material and the production process. Then, characteristics and advantages of straw-based building materials were emphasized: (1) it has good thermal insulation performance so that buildings constructed by it could perform well in thermal insulation and energy saving. It also harbors properties like earthquake-resistance, fire-resistance, noise-insulation and it volatiles less harmful substances; (2) the output of straw is large and it has short production circle and low cost. Meanwhile, straw is widely used and it provides convenience for construction. Thus, propelling straw-based building materials is not only eco-friendly but also provided with attractive social and economic benefits. Finally, where lies the bottleneck of developing straw-based building materials was pointed out and some specific methods were put forward such as beefing up research and development of heat-insulation and environmentally friendly materials with the help of bionic tactics of propaganda along with promoting its development by perfecting purchase, setting up product standards, strengthening the public popularization and propaganda.

Cellulose was the most abundant biological molecule in nature, as a major component of plant cell wall. Nanocellulose isolated through disintegration of cellulose fibers could be used as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment due to its excellent properties. Owing to its high cellulose content and almost without lignin in the cell walls, Chlorella was a good raw material for preparing nanocellulose. In this study, Chlorella-residual based TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TCNF) were prepared through TEMPO-mediated oxidation processes under gentle mixing without high-energy mechanical treatments. The average diameter of TCNF is about 2 nm, whereas its average length was about 300 nm, and the carboxyl content is 1.54 mmol/g. Moreover, methylene blue (MB) was used as a model dye to measure the adsorption capacity of TCNF. The adsorption capacity is almost saturated when TCNF contacted MB for 80 min, and the adsorption kinetics coincide with the pseudo-secondary kinetics model. The adsorption of TCNF on MB is greatly affected by the pH value, with a maximum value at pH = 8. The initial concentration of MB considerably affects its adsorption on TCNF. Below the initial concentration of 10 mg/g, adsorption of TCNF considerably increases with the increase in the initial concentration of MB. And when the concentration is higher than 10 mg/L, the adsorption tends to be saturated. Based on the sorption isotherms analysis of TCNF, the Langmuir model fits best with the experimental data. Thus, TCNF surfaces are uniform and monolayer adsorption occurred. In conclusion, the preparation of TCNF from Chlorella-residual is a simple and promising scheme for the removal of cationic dyes from industrial wastewater.

Aerogels have the characteristics of low density, high specific surface area, high porosity, etc., and have broad application prospects in the field of water pollution treatment. CNC/CS aerogels with good aqueous solution stability were prepared by freeze-drying and solid-phase cross-linking technology using natural green polymer materials cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC) and chitosan (CS) as raw materials. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the appearance of the aerogel, and the adsorption performance of the aerogel to hexavalent chromium ion (Cr(Ⅵ)) in water was investigated by spectrophotometry, and the adsorption results were simulated by pseudo first and second order kinetic fitting. The results showed that the aerogel with 50% CNC content had the best water stability, and the mass residual ratio after shaking for 48 h in deionized water reached 93.8%. The aerogels presented rich honeycomb pore structure, and the adsorption capacity for Cr(Ⅵ) reached up to 67.377 mg/g, and it had a fast adsorption rate for Cr(Ⅵ). When the concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) solution was lower than 60 mg/L, the adsorption equilibrium can be reached within 24 h. The adsorption kinetic fitting results showed that the adsorption behavior of CNC(50%)/CS aerogel to Cr(Ⅵ) conformed to the pseudo second order adsorption kinetic model, indicating that the adsorption process was dominated by chemical adsorption.

Using carboxymethyl cellulose sodium and polyethylene glycol as raw materials, a porous network structure was formed through cross-linking and gel, and a pH responsive gel membrane was prepared. The sample obtained antibacterial properties by soaked in tannic acid solution, and the microstructure, swelling properties, in vitro drug release, antioxidant properties, and antibacterial properties of the antibacterial membrane were characterized. The results show that the prepared antibacterial membrane has a good porous structure. The carboxyl group on carboxymethyl cellulose sodium endows the antibacterial membrane with certain pH responsiveness, which makes it exhibit anisotropic swelling and drug release in vitro at different pH values. After drug loading, the antioxidant capacity of the sample increases to 91.33%, and the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reaches more than 90%. This antibacterial film has great application prospects in drug sustained-release dressings and other fields.

Highland barley straw ash (HBSA) prepared by calcination and grinding under certain conditions is an active admixture of biomass silicon source, which will affect the mechanical properties of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC). In order to study the influence of HBSA added into MOC on its mechanical properties, MOC mortar specimens with different HBSA content were tested for flexural and compressive strength under dry and saturated conditions respectively. Strength loss rate and softening coefficient were used to characterize the degree of mechanical property damage of MOC in saturated conditions. The pore structure of MOC mortar specimens was tested and characterized by low field nuclear magnetic resonance technology and gas adsorption method. The results show that MOC with 5% HBSA has the highest flexural and compressive strength in dry and saturated conditions, while MOC with 10% HBSA has the lowest strength loss rate and the highest softening coefficient in saturated conditions. When the content of HBSA is 10%, the proportion of harmful pores and multi harmful pores in the pore structure of MOC is significantly reduced, and the most probable pore diameter is reduced, which optimizes the pore structure of MOC and enhances the mechanical properties in saturated conditions.

The work aims to explore the effects of microcrystalline cellulose/gelatin on heat sealing, mechanics and thermal stability performance of starch composite films with a view to improving the comprehensive properties of starch-based films. In this study, microcrystalline cellulose/gelatin (MCC/GL) was used as enhancement phase to prepare microcrystalline cellulose/gelatin/starch film (MCC/GL/ST) by solution casting method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TG) were used to analyze the films of apparent morphology and thermal stability, and the mechanical properties and heat sealing properties of starch films were characterized by heat sealing instrument and universal material tension. The result shows that compared with that of microcrystalline cellulose/starch film (MCC/ST), in microcrystalline cellulose/gelatin (2∶8)/starch film (MCC/GL/ST-2), heat sealing strength was increased by 352.9% and tensile strength was increased to 9.12 MPa. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows that there is a hydrogen bond interaction between MCC and GL, and the film barrier performance improves with the decrease of gelatin addition. The DSC and TG curves show that MCC/GL/ST-2 has good thermal stability, which can meet the heat sealing processability and ensure its stable performance.

With the development of modern industry, heavy metal water pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems. Heavy metal ions are highly toxic and difficult to degrade, being harmful to humans, aquatic animals, and plants to a large extent and damaging ecosystems. The advantages of low cost, high removal efficiency and recyclability of the adsorption method make it one of the important methods of wastewater treatment. Biomass materials are rich in resources, low cost, green and environmentally friendly, and have been widely studied as new adsorbent raw materials. Based on this, taking metal-organic framework, zeolite and biochar biomass materials as examples, this paper first reviews the preparation and modification methods of biomass matrix composites and summarizes the influence of the properties of adsorbents on metal ion adsorption, secondly elaborates the adsorption mechanism between them and metal ions, and finally puts forward the prospect of biomass matrix composites in the development of water pollution control.

Cellulose is one of the most abundant resources in nature. The third-generation aerogels prepared from cellulose have both the high porosity and large specific surface area of traditional aerogels and their own advantages. However, its inherent flammability, poor mechanical properties and low thermal stability limit its application. At present, the functionalization of cellulose aerogels and the development of a variety of functionalized composite aerogels have become a research hotspot. In this paper, the preparation process, functionalization methods and main application fields of cellulose aerogels are summarized. Finally, the problems of functional cellulose aerogels are discussed.