In view of the advantages of cellulose and its various applications, how to obtain cellulose from biomass and make it into a configuration that fits the target application scenario is of great importance. Firstly, the extraction methods of cellulose were summarized, including acid-alkali, ozonolysis, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, organic solvent, and steam explosion. The pros and cons of these extraction methods were compared and analyzed. Secondly, the preparation methods of fibrous membranes were elaborated, including electrospinning, melt spinning and wet spinning. The electrospinning, a simple and cheap technique, is considered to be a commonly used method. More importantly, nanoscale fibers with high specific surface areas can be fabricated by this method and are expected to provide significant contributions to many properties and make a positive impact on the applications. In addition, these recent and excellent applications of fibrous membranes in substance separation, fabrics, photoelectricity and medicine were overviewed. Finally, the perspectives and challenges in cellulose extraction, fibrous membrane preparation and application were outlined.

Cellulose fibers were extracted from the rice straw by a chemi-mechanical technique to examine their potential for use as reinforcement fibers in biocomposite applications. The structure and thermal properties of the cellulose fibers was investigated by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR results showed that cellulose fibers of rice straw demonstrated that this chemical treatment also led to partial removal of hemicelluloses and lignin from the structure of the fibers. XRD results revealed that this resulted in improved crystallinity of the fibers. The thermal properties of the straw fibers were found to increase dramatically. The degradation temperature of treated fiber reached beyond 300 oC. This value is reasonably promising for the use of straw fibers in reinforced-polymer manufacturing.

In this review, the structures of different dimension biomass-derived carbon materials were introduced, and the preparation methods and their advantages and disadvantages were reviewed. Meanwhile, the applications of biomass-derived carbon material in supercapacitors and ion batteries were concluded. Moreover, the improvement of the carbon material structure and properties was analyzed, and the kinds of doped atoms were also summarized. Finally, the development and application trends of biomass-derived carbon material were prospected.

A kind of biomass biodegradable foaming material which was made of plant fiber (straw fiber) and starch via foam molding process has been research. Growth mechanism of bubble hole of this material was researched, too. Microscopic structure of four different kinds of materials which has different content of plant fiber、starch and foaming agent was compared via scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology. The experimental results showed that connection form of plant fiber was overlapping stereo mesh structure. When foaming agent content was 1.0%, the size and distribution was well-distributed. Structure of bubbles was closed. This closed pore structure supported the deformation and buffer pressure of the material, and this made the material have good impact resistance, elasticity and heat insulation.

A synthesise method of highly adsorptive activated carbon from an agricultural by-product (cotton stalk) was developed. The adsorption of the water soluble aromatic contaminations (phenol, aniline and benzoic acid) by cotton stalk activated carbon was investigated under different experimental conditions, including pH, contact time, temperature and initial concentration. Results showed that the kinetic experimental data correlated well with the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption capacity was decreased as the temperature increased and the adsorption pattern on the activated carbon fitted Freundlich isotherms very well. The values of apparent activation energy for the adsorption were calculated, which Ea(phenol) was 15.91 kJ/mol ,Ea(benzoic acid) was 12.56 kJ/mol and Ea(aniline) was 11.16 kJ/mol. The adsorption process was found to be spontaneous, exothermic and entropy reduction. The static saturated adsorption capacity of the cotton stalk activated carbon for phenol, aniline and benzoic acid were 450 mg/g、321 mg/g and 298 mg/g, respectively. Cotton stalk activated carbon has many advantages over conventional activated carbon, which can make it useful in the treatment of aromatic organic pollutants.

Porous biomass carbon is a new functional material derived from saccharides and carbon-rich organic wastes with advantages of large specific area, high porosity, excellent stability and environmental friendliness. One-step carbonization, hydrothermal carbonization and activation method are three common routes to prepare it. In recent years, porous biomass carbon has been utilized in fields of soil improvement, adsorbent and electrode materials, which has attracted great attention of researchers. In this work, carbon sources, synthesis methods as well as applications are introduced. And the research interest of the materials is also discussed.

Polyaniline (PANI) structure will collapse after continuous charging and discharging, leading to the problem of poor cyclic stability. In this paper, aniline is polymerized in situ on the surface of biomass carbon (MnOC) material by in situ polymerization technology, and PANI particles are controlled to grow orderly on the surface of MnOC. The prepared PANI/MnOC composite electrode material has the characteristics of both double-layer capacitance and Faraday pseudocapacitance. The analysis and test results show that the PANI/MnOC composite electrode material consists of a porous network of micropores, mesoporous and macropores, which is conducive to charge storage and transmission. By measuring its electrochemical performance, it is found that compared with pure PANI, the specific capacitance of PANI/MnOC composite electrode material is 385.0 F/g when the current density is 1.0 A/g, which is higher than the specific capacitance of pure PANI. When the current density is 2.0 A/g and the current density is 5 000 cycles continuously, the capacitance retention rate of composite electrode material reaches 82.2%.

Cellulose has the characteristics of renewable, degradable, environmental, pollution-free, etc. Using celluloses as raw materials, the prepared cellulose-based membrane material shows excellent properties of separation, adsorption, conduction, magnetic and stimulus-response, and is widely used in separation, conduction, packaging, adsorption, and other research fields. In this paper, the application of cellulosic materials in the fields of separation film, conductive film, packaging film, and adsorption film was reviewed, and its future development trend was prospected.

In recent years, synthetic foaming materials have been widely used. Because of its non-degradability and flammability, it leads to a series of environmental problems. Foaming materials based on plant fibers have biodegradability, recyclability and richness, and have the potential to replace traditional plastic analogues. The development and application of biomass foaming materials can improve the utilization rate of resources, further alleviate the pressure of resource shortage, and meet the needs of the market, which is of great economic and social significance. In this paper, the effects of modification on the properties of foaming materials are reviewed, with emphasis on the different modification methods of biomass cellulose and lignin and the application of foaming materials, as well as the application prospect of biomass foaming materials.

This research investigates the use of four kinds of natural biomass materials, namely wheat straw, corn stalks, sawdust and the dregs. The influence factors on oil-adsorbing properties were studied, such as particle size, adsorption time and oil types. The paper also studied the water absorption of the four kinds of materials in order to investigate the selectivity of water and oil. In addition, oil retain capacity was evaluated too. On the crude oil adsorption test ,sawdust and wheat straw have good oil absorption performance within the size range of 0.25 ~ 0.83 mm, and oil sorption capacities are approximately 5.79 g oil / g sorbent and 6.02 g oil / g sorbent, followed by corn stalks, oil absorption of the absorbing material between 0.15 ~ 0.18 mm is 5.02 g/g, the dregs of oil absorption between 0.18 ~ 0.20 mm is only 2.37 g/g. Comparison of four kinds of materials on the adsorption properties of organic compounds toluene and vegetable oil, the adsorption effect of the crude oil is better than vegetable oil and toluene. The four kinds of materials all have a certain amount of oil retention capacity, the oil retention capacity of sawdust is highest and oil-water ratio is greater than 1. Besides, natural biomass materials are solid wastes, they can be directly used as fuel after oil absorption, to achieve the purpose of waste by waste. The results show that natural biomass materials show a high performance as a low cost and environmental friendly sorbents for the removal oil from water. Natural biomass materials will have better development and application prospects in the area of oily wastewater treatment.

This essay first briefly introduced the necessity of developing straw-based building material and the production process. Then, characteristics and advantages of straw-based building materials were emphasized: (1) it has good thermal insulation performance so that buildings constructed by it could perform well in thermal insulation and energy saving. It also harbors properties like earthquake-resistance, fire-resistance, noise-insulation and it volatiles less harmful substances; (2) the output of straw is large and it has short production circle and low cost. Meanwhile, straw is widely used and it provides convenience for construction. Thus, propelling straw-based building materials is not only eco-friendly but also provided with attractive social and economic benefits. Finally, where lies the bottleneck of developing straw-based building materials was pointed out and some specific methods were put forward such as beefing up research and development of heat-insulation and environmentally friendly materials with the help of bionic tactics of propaganda along with promoting its development by perfecting purchase, setting up product standards, strengthening the public popularization and propaganda.

Biomass is an excellent carbon source with abundant production, wide variety, low price and environmentally friendly, and the preparation of carbon catalytic materials from biomass is undoubtedly turning waste into treasure, which can fundamentally solve the problems of environmental pollution and resource waste. This paper introduces the effects of biomass species, components and structure on the performance of biomass carbon-based catalytic materials, compares the two common methods of pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization for the preparation of biomass carbon-based catalytic materials, discusses the three ways to further enhance the catalyst activity, heteroatom doping, metal-ion modification, and functionalization, and analyzes and summarizes the challenges faced by biomass carbon-based catalytic materials.

Biomass-derived carbon materials have attracted more and more attention as efficient and cheap supercapacitor electrode materials due to their renewability and flexible microstructure tunability. However, the original biomass-derived carbon has the disadvantages of low porosity, low specific surface area and insufficient specific capacitance. The specific surface area, pore structure and conductivity of electrode materials will affect the energy storage performance of supercapacitors. Therefore, how to fabricate electrode materials with high specific capacitance, fast charge and discharge and certain flexibility has become the focus of current research. In this paper, the classification and energy storage mechanism of supercapacitors and the preparation methods and research status of biomass-based carbon materials are reviewed. The key performance evaluation parameters of high-quality load electrodes are analyzed, and the influencing factors of their electrochemical performance are systematically discussed. The future development trend is to integrate different types of energy storage devices into composite energy storage devices to meet the needs of various fields. Composite energy storage devices have greatly improved the comprehensive performance of supercapacitors. Therefore, the development of efficient and stable energy storage technology is of great significance for alleviating energy shortage, reducing environmental pollution and promoting sustainable development.

Cellulose aerogel (CA) can be used as ideal substrate for hybrid nanocomposite owing to their unique three-dimensional layered network structure, abundant porosity and large specific surface area. However, cellulose aerogel materials are prone to structural crumple during the solvent exchange and drying processes due to plenty of hydrophilic hydroxyl on the molecular chains, which reduces their mechanical properties and limits their broad applications. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are an emerging class of inorganic-organic hybrid porous, which have attracted great interest because of their unique advantages, such as structural diversity, homogeneous and controllable pore size. In recent years, researchers have utilized the intrinsic structure and functional properties of cellulose aerogel as a new carrier to incorporating MOF reinforced phase into the porous network of CA, which fabricates novel functional hybrid nanocomposite. Until now, related basic research is gradually expanding and showing greater potential for application. Herein, this review focuses on discussing the preparation strategies, composition optimization, structural design of novel MOF/CA hybrids, and their applications such as flame retardant performance, separation/adsorption, electromagnetic shielding, etc. Future prospects in synthesis techniques and applications are provided to address opportunities and challenges in this field.

Lignocellulose-g-acrylic acid/Montmorillonite (LNC-g-AA/MMT) hydrogels with three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric networks were prepared by a in situ intercalative polymerization technique. The effects of the mass ratio of acrylic acid to Lignocellulose-g-acrylic acid/Montmorillonite (LNC-g-AA/MMT) hydrogels with three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric networks were prepared by a in situ intercalative polymerization technique. The effects of the mass ratio of acrylic acid to lignocellulose, acrylic acid monomer concentration, neutralization degree, initiator and crosslinking agents of superabsorbent composites were explored. The adsorption capacity of LNC-g-AA/MMT was 1994.38 mg/g. And the desorption of MB onto the LNC-g-AA/MMT was experimentally determined, the desorption efficiency of LNC-g-AA/MMT was to 83.4%. The structure of the samples were characterized by XRD、TEM and TG. The results show that lignocellulose-g-acrylic acid intercalates into montmorillonite interlayer via destroying the crystalline structure of montmorillonite, and the exfoliated structure is formed in LNC-g-AA/MMT with better thermal stability.

To solve the environmental pollution caused by the non-degradable waste of plastic packaging materials, the biomass cushion packaging materials with different ingredients have been synthesized, which are made up of straw fiber and starch as the main raw materials. The orthogonal experiment method is used to study the impact of the mass ratio of fiber and starch, the content of plasticizer, active agent and blowing agent on the compressive strength of biomass cushion packaging material. The results are as follows: the influence order of various factors on compressive strength is: plasticizer>the mass ratio of fiber and starch> foaming agent> active agent. When the contents of the plasticizer, foaming agent, active agent are respectively 12%, 0.1%, 0.3% with the mass ratio of fiber and starch being 2:5, the compressive strength can reach 0.94MPa. Through research on the impacts of plasticizer content and mass ratio of fiber and starch on the cushion performance, the cushion coefficient of the material decreases firstly and increases subsequently with the two factors rising. When the plasticizer content is 12% and the mass ratio of fiber and starch is 2:5, the smallest cushion coefficient and the best cushion performance of the material are obtained. Compared the cushion and rebound performance with EPS (expanded polystyrene), EPE (expanded polyethylene) and other packaging materials, it indicates that the biomass cushion packaging material can replace the cushion packaging materials such as EPS and EPE.

Super absorbent resins were synthesized by graft copolyme-rization reaction of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylic amide (AM) and acryloyl-oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DAC) onto the pretreatment corn straw (PTCS) by radical polymerization in aqueous solution. The factors, which in?uenced absorbency of super absorbents, such as weight ratio of monomers and pretreatment corn straw (PTCS), the amount of initiator and cross-linker, temperature, time and neutralization degree of AA, were investigated. The molecular structure of the product was con?rmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the morphological features were evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results showed that when the mass of the PTCS,AA,AM,DAC were 1g, 5g, 2g, 0.5g, respectively; the ratio of K2S2O8 to monomer was 1.0%;the ratio of MBA to monomer was 0.1%; neutralization degree of AA was 75%; temperature was 60 ℃ and time was 3 h, the super absorbent resin reached the best water absorbency of 235 g/g in distilled water and 31 g/g in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution.

China is rich in agricultural and forestry biomass resources, but the low utilization rate results in great waste. With the depletion of petrochemical resources, biomass materials have increasingly attracted attention. Various biomass substitutes have been gradually explored and studied, and more kinds of green environmentally friendly foam materials are widely used because of their lightweight and excellent nature. This paper mainly introduces the preparation of foam materials by replacing non-renewable petroleum resources with biomass materials (starch, lignin, cellulose, vegetable oil, tannin), and summarizes the main foaming mechanism, research progress and potential application fields of various types of foams.

With the increasing application of nanocellulose materials, it is found that some nanocellulose composites can improve its overall performance and have low cost and wide sources. Nanocellulose materials such as subnanometer cellulose crystal (CNC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanocellulose (NFC), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) and other materials are prepared by different methods. With the help of mechanical stretching, spinning, electric field, magnetic field and other methods, it is used to prepare directional alignment with high orientation and high performance. Nanocellulose materials with high strength and stiffness are used in textile industry, medical industry, optical devices and other fields. In this paper, these methods and materials are briefly discussed and the application characteristics of materials and methods are summarized.

The ligoncellulose-g-acrylic acid/acrylamide/montmorillonite (LNC-g-AA/AM/MMT) nanocomposites were prepared by a in situ intercalated polymerization method, it was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of several experimental conditions including metal ions initial concentration, adsorption time, adsorption temperature and solution pH were examined. The maximum uptake of Pb2+(504.2mg/g) and Cd2+(246.9mg/g) were observed when used 0.04mol/L of Pb2+ and 0.06mol/L of Cd2+ concentration, at adsorption time of 120 min and 60 min, and at adsorption temperature of 40℃ and 30℃, under pH 5.5. All absorption processes were in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm and the Pseudo-second-order kinetic model, is a spontaneous exothermic reaction process. The desorption process showed that the maximum desorption percentage reached 93.4% and 92.9%, respectively.

With the interconnection of all things realizing, the demand amount for green, sustainable and high stability energy storage materials is increasing. Biomass-derived carbon has attracted more attention due to its rich pore structure, large specific surface area, environmental friendliness and considerable economic value. In this paper, the structure and synthesis methods of biomass-derived carbon were introduced, and the research status of biomass-derived carbon electrode materials was summarized. The new development trend and new challenges of biomass-derived carbon electrode materials were put forward, which provided ideas for future rational design of biomass-derived carbon energy storage materials.

Using silver nanowires prepared by polyol method as conductive filler and kapok micro-fibrillated cellulose as carrier, the composite paper was prepared by vacuum filtration. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, four-probe tester and vector network analyzer, and the effects of silver nanowire content on their electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness were investigated. The results showed that the silver nanowires as one kind of one-dimensional silver elemental nanomaterial, were uniformly distributed in the composite paper and formed an excellent conductive network. When 2.5wt% of silver nanowires were added to the pure cellulose paper, the electrical resistance of the paper dropped from 470.57 MΩ·cm to 1.26 mΩ·cm. When the concentration of silver nanowires was increased from 2.5wt% to 10wt%, the conductivity of the paper increased from 793.65 S/cm to 3039.51 S/cm, and the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness increased from 38.1 dB to 61.5 dB.

The optimized vacuum/pressure impregnation technique of silica/ biocarbon composite is highly effective for the preparation of biomorphic porous SiC ceramics. Pine wood with shaped sample dimensions of 60×18×5 mm3 (axial) was selected as the raw material, samples were dried at 105 ℃ for 24 h. SiO2 sol was impregnated into pine wood under different vacuum/pressure conditions. SiO2 gel was introduced in pine after drying procedures and multiple impregnation. SiO2/pine composites were pyrolyzed at 500 ℃ under N2 atmosphere for 2 h to prepare SiO2/ biocarbon composite. The morphology and structure of the samples were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effects of impregnation pressure and cycles on the microstructures of silica/ biocarbon composite have been systematacially investigated.

Walnut shell was used as a raw material to prepare activated carbon with low cost and high surface area at different temperatures (700, 800, 900 ℃) by KOH activation. The surface morphology was observed by SEM. The graphitization degree of activated carbon was studied by XRD and Raman. The pore structure was studied by N₂ adsorption/desorption. The experimental results show that the specific surface area of AC-3-800 is up to 2149 m²/g and the average pore size is 1.93 nm. Under the current density of 0.5 A/g, the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor is as high as 215 F/g. Supercapacitor shows good cycle stability, which indicates that the activated carbon is an excellent electrode material for supercapacitor.

Composite hydrogel particles are prepared by reverse suspension polymerization. Cellulose acrylic acid nanofiber (ACL-CNF) is used as the polymerization axis. Composite hydrogel microspheres P(AAACC) are prepared by reverse suspension polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) with ammonium persulfate (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ as initiator. The polymerization process, microstructure, swelling, mechanical strength, temperature and salt resistance of P(AAACC) are studied. The results show that the equilibrium swelling ratio is 13.59 g/g at salt concentration of 10 wt% and 30.15 g/g at 120 ℃, which are 2.63 times and 3.15 times higher than that of ordinary hydrogels, respectively. When the compression ratio of composite hydrogel particles is 85%, the recovery of composite hydrogel particles is 84.8%, while the common hydrogel has been broken. TG-DTG analysis shows that the copolymerization reaction between ACL-CNF and monomer occurs, and the thermal stability is improved. After 7 days of aging under high temperature and high salt, the water retention rate of composite hydrogel particles is 92.1%, which is 11% higher than that of ordinary hydrogel, and the mechanical strength is 2.5 times higher in deionized water and 2.79 times higher in salt water.

It is difficult to separate ordinary biochar from water environment, and it may cause secondary pollution, which hinders the large-scale application of ordinary biomass charcoal as adsorbent. An effective strategy to address this problem is to introduce transition metals and their oxides into the biochar matrix, resulting in easily separated magnetic biochars. Magnetic biochar can not only effectively remove heavy metal pollutants in aqueous solution, but also realize the separation of magnetic adsorbents by applying an external magnetic field, and then recover-regenerate-reuse to improve its repair performance. Due to its superiority in heavy metal adsorption, it has attracted extensive attention and research in the field of heavy metal-contaminated water treatment. The review briefly summarizes the different preparation methods of magnetic biochar, sorts out the mechanism of magnetic biochar adsorption of heavy metals, and analyzes the factors affecting the interaction between magnetic biochar and heavy metals. Finally, the further research needs and future research directions of magnetic biomass char in the treatment of heavy metal polluted water are pointed out, and the future development prospects and potentials are prospected.

Azo dyes, as one of the serious dyestuff are difficult to degrade among the various pollutants owing to their high colority and toxicity. The electro-Fenton process consists of two parts, (1) the in-situ electrogeneration of H₂O₂ by two-electron reduction of oxygen, (2) the reaction of H₂O₂ with Fe²⁺ to form a strong oxidant ·OH, which unselectively attacks organic pollutants. Herein, biomass-derived carbon materials fabricated from chives stem (CS) were used as cathode electrocatalysts to degrade the targeted methyl red (MR) dye. The model sample CS-3 exhibited superior oxygen reduction reaction performance as the EF cathode catalyst and the degradation efficiency of MR reached 99% merely within 60 min. This research demonstrates that the high specific surface area, degree of graphitization, content of N and superhydrophilicity play crucial roles in the electro-Fenton degradation performance of the carbon materials, which provides guidance for the electro-Fenton electrode materials optimizing.

The use of green renewable cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with the ability to self-assemble photonic structures to construct flexible functional materials can provide rich visual information, reduce the cost and reduce the harm of non-degradable materials. However, due to the lack of effective soft energy consumption phase in the system, the photonic materials based on CNCs have shortcomings such as mechanical fragility and lack of dynamic optical response, which bring certain challenges to their functional expansion and application. Thus, according to the structural characteristics of CNCs, this paper introduces in detail the preparation methods and influencing factors of the current CNCs photonic membrane, and then summarizes the various synthesis and regulation strategies of the current CNCs photonic membrane from mechanical rigidity to mechanical flexibility and machine color responsiveness. At the same time, the promising application directions and future challenges of CNCs flexible functional photonic materials are emphasized in this paper.

The effects of the composition, morphology, particle size and pore size distribution on the electrochemical properties of bagasse and corn straw derived hard carbon materials prepared by one-step carbonization were investigated. The results show that the hard carbon material derived from corn stalk has larger layer spacing, smaller pore diameter and smaller particle size, which shows better sodium storage performance. The corn straw hard carbon material showed excellent electrochemical properties at the current density of 50 mA/g, and its reversible capacity reached 274 mAh/g and a high ICE of 89%. A good capacity retention of 97% after 100 cycles. It is worth pointing out that the material also exhibits a reversible capacity of 217 mAh/g at 1 000 mA/g.

A series of super activated carbon have been prepared by potassium hydroxide activation of corncob. The as-obtained samples were characterized by TGA together with N₂-sorption and the hydrogen storage performance was investigated. The results show the surface area and total pore volume of the activated carbon were highly depended on the activation temperature and KOH/C ratio, and the ratio of microporous in activated carbon decreases with the increase of activation temperature and KOH/C ratio. The hydrogen uptake results showed the sample achieved the highest hydrogen adsorption (3.21wt% at -196 ℃,0.1 MPa and 5.80wt% at -196 ℃,4.0 MPa) when KOH/C ratio was 4 and activation temperature was 850 ℃. Correlation analysis between the hydrogen storage capacity of the activated carbon and the micropore volume revealed that the most effective pore size for adsorbing H₂ changed at different pressure. High-pressure (4.0 MPa) hydrogen adsorption mainly occurs in the pore size of 0.85-1.5 nm which was different from the ambient pressure (the pore of 1.5-2 nm was in favor of hydrogen adsorption).

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is a natural polymer material with renewable and degradable properties. In this current study, based on the outstanding physical properties of graphene oxide (GO), CNCs-GO highly ordered layered structures are prepared by vacuum filtration method to improve the mechanical strength and hydrophobic properties of CNCs films. The experimental results show that when the mass fraction of graphene is 4%, the tensile strength of CNCs-GO layered film reaches a maximum of 204.4 MPa, which is 58.8% higher than that of the original CNCs film. The elastic modulus of layered films increases first and then decreases with the increase of GO mass fraction. The accuracy of mechanical test results is verified by analyzing the microstructure and dynamic thermo-mechanical properties of layered films. The contact angles of CNCs films and CNCs-GO layered films are measured, and it is found that the hydrophobic properties of the layered films are significantly improved due to the interaction between the hydrogen bond network of CNCs and the free hydroxyl groups on the GO surface.

Using peanut shell powder as the raw material, the nanocellulose is extracted from it by chemical mechanical method. Using the sol-gel method, methyltrimethoxysilane is added to the peanut shell nanocellulose suspension to modify it, and finally, the nano-cellulose superhydrophobic aerogel is prepared by freeze-drying method. The nano-cellulose aerogel and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are finished on the cotton fabric by spraying method, and the superhydrophobic aerogel and superhydrophobic cotton fabric are analyzed and characterized respectively. The results show that the prepared nano-cellulose aerogel has a three-dimensional sheet-like structure with super-hydrophobic properties. After finishing the super-hydrophobic cotton fabric, its super-hydrophobic properties are significantly improved, and the water contact angle (WCA) can reach 160°. Furthermore, it also has good anti-fouling performance and self-cleaning performance, while the efficiency of oil-water separation reaches 82.2%.

Two-dimensional materials usually have a layered, lamellar, or ribbon-like unique microstructure. Due to this special structure, two-dimensional materials have excellent optical, mechanical, and electrical properties. Because of their high conductivity, large specific surface area, environmental protection, and low cost, biomass carbon materials have become a hot topic in the research of energy storage devices. In this paper, based on the application of biomass two-dimensional carbon materials in the field of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, the research progress was summarized, and the research prospects of two-dimensional carbon materials of biomass was prospected.

Nanocellulose is widely used as water treatment materials because of their high surface area and aspect ratio, environmental biodegradability and renewability. Chlorella grows fast and its cell wall is rich in cellulose without lignin. High quality cellulose can be obtained by simple purification. In the present work, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were prepared from chlorella waste by homogenization, with average diameter and length of 4.1±2.3 nm and 375±35.3 nm. The physicochemical properties of the prepared CNFS were determined by various techniques, and its adsorption performance was evaluated using methylene blue trihydrate (MB) and congo red (CR) as the model dyes. Results reported in this study indicate that the adsorption of MB and CR on the CNFS follow pseudo-first-order kinetics and the pseudo-second-order. Besides, the effects of pH and dye concentrate on adsorption were also investigated. Further analysis reveals that the process of MB and CR adsorption follow the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum capacity of cationic MB dye adsorption on the CNF is 161.25 mg/g, and anionic CR dye adsorption is 181.36 mg/g. The pH has a significant effect on the adsorption capacity of CNFS, which have maximum adsorption capacity the maximum adsorption capacity. But for CR, the lower the pH, the stronger the adsorption capacity is, in the pH range of 5 to 10.

Cellulose was the most abundant biological molecule in nature, as a major component of plant cell wall. Nanocellulose isolated through disintegration of cellulose fibers could be used as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment due to its excellent properties. Owing to its high cellulose content and almost without lignin in the cell walls, Chlorella was a good raw material for preparing nanocellulose. In this study, Chlorella-residual based TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TCNF) were prepared through TEMPO-mediated oxidation processes under gentle mixing without high-energy mechanical treatments. The average diameter of TCNF is about 2 nm, whereas its average length was about 300 nm, and the carboxyl content is 1.54 mmol/g. Moreover, methylene blue (MB) was used as a model dye to measure the adsorption capacity of TCNF. The adsorption capacity is almost saturated when TCNF contacted MB for 80 min, and the adsorption kinetics coincide with the pseudo-secondary kinetics model. The adsorption of TCNF on MB is greatly affected by the pH value, with a maximum value at pH = 8. The initial concentration of MB considerably affects its adsorption on TCNF. Below the initial concentration of 10 mg/g, adsorption of TCNF considerably increases with the increase in the initial concentration of MB. And when the concentration is higher than 10 mg/L, the adsorption tends to be saturated. Based on the sorption isotherms analysis of TCNF, the Langmuir model fits best with the experimental data. Thus, TCNF surfaces are uniform and monolayer adsorption occurred. In conclusion, the preparation of TCNF from Chlorella-residual is a simple and promising scheme for the removal of cationic dyes from industrial wastewater.

Cellulose is one of the most abundant resources in nature. The third-generation aerogels prepared from cellulose have both the high porosity and large specific surface area of traditional aerogels and their own advantages. However, its inherent flammability, poor mechanical properties and low thermal stability limit its application. At present, the functionalization of cellulose aerogels and the development of a variety of functionalized composite aerogels have become a research hotspot. In this paper, the preparation process, functionalization methods and main application fields of cellulose aerogels are summarized. Finally, the problems of functional cellulose aerogels are discussed.

In this paper, NiO/TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation, and their composition and morphology were characterized by means of XRD, XPS and SEM. Catalytic biomass gasification experiments were carried out using municipal solid waste as biomass raw material, NiO/titanium dioxide composite material and ICI46-1 catalyst as catalyst. The catalytic activity and service life of NiO/titanium dioxide catalyst and ICI46-1 catalyst were compared. The results show that the NiO/TiO₂ composite material contained two phases of anatase TiO₂ and NiO, whose morphology was nano-sphere, and the size of microsphere was about 1 μm. NiO was attached to the surface of TiO₂ nano-flower in the form of nano-particles. This structure was beneficial to the increase of specific surface area and catalytic activity of NiO/TiO₂ composites. The catalytic gasification test resulted show that the catalytic activity of NiO/TiO₂ was obviously better than that of ICI46-1 catalyst. When the service life was 300 min, the gas yield of municipal solid waste pine wood gasification was 1.70 m³/kg (MSW), while the tar in gas was only 0.27 g/m³. When the service life reached 300 min, the activity of the catalyst remained above 98%, prolonging the service life of the catalyst.

The development of counter electrode (CE) catalysts with high catalytic activity for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) of non-iodine system is of great significance to the exploration and utilization of solar energy. In this work, niobium-based bimetallic oxide catalysts (MNbO₄, M=Al, Fe) and their composite catalysts of biomass-derived carbon (BC) (MNbO₄/BC, M=Al, Fe) are synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy are used to characterize the structure and morphology of these as-prepared catalysts. The results show that AlNbO₄ and FeNbO₄ have monoclinic phases with high crystallinity, while AlNbO₄/BC and FeNbO₄/BC are composite materials of three-dimensional porous BC framework and AlNbO₄ or FeNbO₄. According to the electrocatalytic and photovoltaic performance, the charge transfer resistance of AlNbO₄/BC (4.27 Ω·cm²) and FeNbO₄/BC (11.21 Ω·cm²) catalysts in Cu²⁺/Cu⁺ electrolyte is lower than that of AlNbO₄ and FeNbO₄. In addition, the DSSC assembled with AlNbO₄/BC achieves a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 3.94%, which is better than that of the Pt-based DSSC (3.29%). The MNbO₄/BC composite catalyst is explored for the first time in the DSSC of the non-iodine system.

Cellulose nanofiber is originally prepared from natural cellulosic resources such as wood, bamboo, agricultural residuals, and several marine animals. As a promising candidate for functional materials, cellulose nanofiber behaves numerous merits including excellent mechanical properties, well optical transmission, natural interconnected network, and abundant chemical groups on fiber surface. In this work, the present status of cellulose nanofiber for the preparation of green energy storages (Li-ion battery and supercapacitors), flexible nano-devices, controlled optical transmission materials, functional templates, novel plant-based carbon nanofiber, medicine carrier and tissue cultivation was summarized.

At present，the research related biomass materials has become a hot topic. In this paper, the four-step foam forming mechanism which was made up of raw material blending stage, bubble nucleation stage, bubble growth stage and curing finalization stage was first put forward according to the foam forming problem of biomass materials. In the raw material blending stage, the phase transition mechanism and existence form of plant fiber was analyzed. In bubble nucleation stage, the homogeneous nucleation mechanism and influencing factors of nucleation quality were presented. In the bubble growth stage, the force analysis and transformation mechanism of bubble was discussed. In the curing finalization stage, the influencing factors of curing finalization, such as curing time and curing rate, were studied.