In this paper, wheat straw cellulose (WSC) was prepared by the alkali treatment method. Using it as the green reinforcing phase and functional monomer, wheat straw modified acrylamid-based composite super absorbent resin was prepared by the aqueous solution polymerization method. The regulation mechanism of the microstructure, thermal stability, mechanical properties and liquid absorption behavior of WSC proportion composite materials was systematically studied. Based on the comprehensive characterization results of XRD, FT-IR, SEM, BET, TGA and mechanical property tests, it was found that the introduction of WSC effectively grafted copolymerized with the polymer matrix, forming a highly amorphous three-dimensional porous network structure with pore sizes of 1-3 μm. The 15%WSC sample demonstrated outstanding comprehensive performance. Its T_5% was at 248 ℃, with a carbon residue rate of 41.08% at 800 ℃, tensile strength of 90.1 MPa, Young’s modulus of 1 225 MPa, and elongation at break of 8.0%. It had the best thermal stability and mechanical properties. The equilibrium absorbance ratio of this sample in deionized water was as high as 822 g/g, and it demonstrated excellent stability and adaptability in a wide temperature range (25-65 ℃) and a wide pH range (2-12). This research provides a solid theoretical basis and practical solution for the development of high-performance and environmentally friendly biomass-based superabsorbent materials.

As a natural high molecular polysaccharide, chitosan exhibits excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and various physiological functions such as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it an ideal carrier for drug transmembrane delivery. Smart-responsive nanogels have attracted extensive attention in drug delivery due to their remarkable environmentally responsive controlled-release properties, dimensional stability, and high drug-loading capacity. This article introduces the preparation methods and controlled-release mechanisms of smart-responsive chitosan-based nanogels, comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in smart-responsive chitosan-based nanogels, and reviews their current applications in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and food. Additionally, it addresses the limitations of smart-responsive chitosan-based nanogels in drug delivery systems (such as poor controllability, insufficient responsiveness, and unavoidable sustained release) and provides an outlook on their future development directions.

Phase change heat storage is the accumulation and release of heat through reversible state changes, and the heat transfer efficiency between high and low temperature media and phase change materials is one of the key factors affecting its heat storage effect. PCMs have good temperature control and high energy storage density in their phase change temperature range, but they generally face the challenge of insufficient thermal conductivity, so they need to be optimized by heat transfer enhancement technology. Based on the types and characteristics of phase change materials and their heat transfer mechanisms, this paper introduces several single heat transfer enhancement technologies such as fins, heat pipes, nanoparticles and porous materials, and also analyzes the combined heat transfer enhancement technologies of heat pipes and fins, heat pipes and porous materials, fins and nanoparticles, fins and porous materials, and nanoparticles and porous materials. The research status of cascade heat transfer enhancement and convective heat transfer enhancement is analyzed, and as well as the unique advantages of these heat transfer enhancement methods in improving heat storage performance. Finally, the limitations of phase change heat transfer enhancement technology are summarized, and its future application potential is prospected, emphasizing the need to combine theory and practice to optimize the performance of phase change heat storage system in tmic benefits.

Metallic magnetic materials are extensively utilized in aerospace, the automotive industry, and electronic information technologies. With advancements in science and technology, the demand for enhanced mechanical properties in these materials has intensified. Magnetic metals exhibiting superior mechanical characteristics can significantly improve material reliability, reduce processing costs, and enhance economic benefits. Traditionally, metallic magnetic materials have been comprised of intermetallic or amorphous compounds, which often struggle to achieve a simultaneous balance between strength and plasticity. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) offer remarkable mechanical properties, with their solid solution nature providing greater flexibility in compositional selection and multiple strengthening mechanisms to optimize these properties. By employing the design principles of high-entropy alloys, one can select a high concentration of magnetic elements such as Fe, Co, and Ni as the foundational components, thereby enhancing the magnetic moment. The mechanical and magnetic properties of these alloys can be fine-tuned through microstructural adjustments, facilitating the development of novel magnetic alloys with desirable attributes. This review begins with a brief overview of several commonly employed strategies to enhance the mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys. It subsequently discusses the research advancements concerning the magnetic functionalities of these alloys. Various approaches to design high-entropy soft magnetic alloys with commendable mechanical properties are also presented. Furthermore, the progress of FeCoNi-based magnetic high-entropy alloys as permanent magnets, magnetocaloric materials, and high-frequency magnetic materials is examined. The review concludes by addressing the existing challenges in the current research landscape of soft magnetic high-entropy alloys and projecting future development trends in this field.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the progress in the preparation, performance regulation and application of hafnium oxide (HfO₂) ferroelectric thin films, which have shown broad application prospects in the field of electronic devices due to their unique physical and chemical properties. The article introduces a variety of preparation methods in detail, and analyzes the characteristics and applicable scenarios of each method. The influence mechanisms of doping elements, film thickness, preparation process, and oxygen vacancies on the ferroelectric properties of HfO₂ thin films are further discussed, and the strategies to optimize the properties by regulating these factors are elaborated. Finally, the wide range of applications of HfO₂ thin films in the fields of microelectronics, optics, energy and biology are summarized, demonstrating their potentials in non-volatile memory, transparent ferroelectric materials, high-performance sensors and biomedical devices.

As one of the representatives of the third-generation semiconductor materials, aluminum nitride (AlN) has attracted extensive attention in multiple application fields. However, the piezoelectric properties of intrinsic AlN are insufficient to meet the requirements of piezoelectric devices in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), such as energy harvesters, surface acoustic wave resonators, and bulk acoustic wave resonators. This paper focuses on the effect and mechanism of scandium (Sc) doping in aluminum nitride to generate the piezoelectric enhancement material AlScN. Currently, the main methods for preparing AlScN piezoelectric thin films include magnetron sputtering (PVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). In order to achieve excellent piezoelectric properties, AlScN thin films need to possess high piezoelectric performance, good c-axis oriented growth, and excellent crystallinity. Current research mainly concentrates on adjusting the Sc doping concentration, growth temperature, Ⅲ/V ratio, and substrate materials to enhance the overall performance of AlScN thin films. In contrast, yttrium (Y) and ytterbium (Yb) as doping elements show greater application potential. They can not only achieve higher doping concentrations (theoretically up to 0.75 and 0.77 respectively) but also have lower costs compared to Sc. This makes the application prospects of Y and Yb in future piezoelectric devices broader, providing a new research direction for improving the piezoelectric properties of AlN.

Boron carbide is a ceramic material characterized by its high hardness, high modulus, high melt point and low density. It exhibits stable chemical properties, exceptional corrosion resistance, outstanding resistance to high-temperature oxidation, superior wear resistance, and good neutron absorption capabilities. These remarkable properties have led to boron carbide's widespread application in industries such as aerospace, chemical engineering, and nuclear industry. This article reviews the recent research progress in boron carbide sintering technology both domestically and internationally, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of various sintering techniques for boron carbide, including pressureless sintering, hot-press sintering, spark plasma sintering, hot-isostatic pressing, microwave sintering, and ultra-high pressure sintering. Furthermore, it discusses the influence of these sintering techniques on the final density, microstructure, and mechanical properties of sintered boron carbide. The objective is to provide valuable insights for the research and application of boron carbide materials.

Polyamic acid salt solutions were synthesized with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) with 4,4′-Oxydianiline (ODA) and triethylamine (TEA), respectively. Polyimide aerogels were then prepared by freeze-drying and thermal imidization. The influence of the difference between monomer and solid content on the properties of polyimide aerogels was explored. The results show that the comprehensive properties of BPDA aerogels are better than PMDA aerogels. The thermal conductivity of BP2 is as low as 0.04062 W/(m·K), and the temperature is gradually stabilized at 107.4 ℃ after held at 250 ℃ for 300 s, which has the best thermal insulation performance.

Materials with a light absorption rate greater than 97% are commonly referred to as ultra-black materials. Due to their excellent light-absorbing properties, ultra-black materials demonstrate broad application prospects in fields such as precision optics, solar energy harvesting, infrared thermal detection, and military camouflage. In addition to their intrinsic black properties, ultra-black materials also feature finely designed surface microstructures to achieve ultra-black levels, both of which are essential components of ultra-black materials. This article categorizes the different materials in the current ultra-black field into metal-based ultra-black, biomass-based ultra-black, carbon-based ultra-black, and polymer-based ultra-black materials. The preparation methods, structural designs, and performance characterization of these four types of ultra-black materials are outlined, alongside a summary of their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the practical applications and future development of ultra-black materials are discussed.

In recent years, more and more researchers have paid attention to self-assembled polypeptide nanomaterials. These materials provide interesting functional platforms for many applications, such as tumor therapy, tissue engineering, and biomimetic catalysis. The main advantages of designing organic nanomaterials using self-assembled peptides include chemical diversity, biocompatibility, enzyme stability, etc. In this paper, the research progress of polypeptide nanomaterials is reviewed and the mechanism of their formation and their application in the field of biomedicine are emphasized.

Based on the theory of closest packing, this study utilizes water quenching manganese slag, fly ash, steel slag and desulfurization gypsum to prepare multifaceted solid waste ultrafine highly active mineral admixtures, which partially replace cement or silica fume for the preparation of ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC). The effects of different factors on the properties of UHPC were investigated through the optimized design of particle distribution of cementitious materials and aggregates by the modified Andreasen & Andersen (MAA) model combined with the L₁₆(5⁴) orthogonal test system. The results showed that the optimal ratio verified by the MAA model design and orthogonal test was 6% silica fume dosing in cementitious material, 16% doping in admixture, 0.17 water-cement ratio, 1.1 binder-sand ratio, 70% proportion of 20-40 mesh quartz sand in aggregate, 2% doping of steel fiber, and 1.4% doping of water reducer. Under this proportion, the fluidity of UHPC was 281.2 mm, the flexural strength reached 34.9 MPa, the compressive strength reached 146.9 MPa, and the 56-day electrical flux was 62.9 C. The results of the orthogonal test coincided with the calculations of the MAA model, which verified the applicability of the model and the feasibility of replacing part of the cement or silica fume by the solid-waste-based admixtures. This study provides theoretical support and technical reference for the low-carbon and environmentally friendly preparation of UHPC.

In the field of photocatalysis, silver phosphate (Ag₃PO₄), a prominent visible-light-driven semiconductor photocatalytic material, has garnered significant attention due to its suitable bandgap properties and excellent quantum efficiency, enabling it to efficiently degrade organic pollutants, produce hydrogen via water splitting, and exhibit strong antibacterial effects under visible light irradiation. Current core research directions for Ag₃PO₄-based photocatalysts focus on further enhancing light absorption capacity, optimizing charge carrier separation efficiency, and addressing the issue of photocorrosion. This review systematically analyzes the photocatalytic mechanism of Ag₃PO₄ based on its physicochemical properties, revealing the dynamic processes of photogenerated charge carriers and the principles of recombination suppression. By comparing various synthesis methods, including precipitation, colloid, hydrothermal, solid-phase grinding, and chemical oxidation methods, their impacts on the morphology and performance of Ag₃PO₄ are discussed. To tackle bottlenecks such as low charge carrier mobility and photocorrosion, multidimensional modification strategies are proposed, including morphology regulation, ion doping, defect engineering, and construction of semiconductor heterojunctions. The underlying mechanisms by which these strategies enhance the performance of Ag₃PO₄-based photocatalysts are also elucidated. Additionally, the review summarizes the application fields of Ag₃PO₄-based materials and prospects their potential in environmental governance, energy conversion, sterilization, and disinfection, providing critical references and guidance for future in-depth research and broad applications of this material.

In order to investigate the effect of refractory element Mo content on the properties of CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings, CoCrFeNiMo_x (x=0.2, 0.5, 0.8) high entropy alloy coatings were prepared using laser cladding technology. The results indicate that the phase structure of the coating consists of face centered cubic (FCC) and body centered cubic (BCC) phases. When the Mo content is less than 0.8, the coating phase is mainly composed of FCC phase. When the Mo content is greater than 0.8, the coating phase is composed of FCC and BCC phases. The microstructure of the coating is mainly composed of equiaxed crystals and partially columnar crystals. At the same time, as the content of added Mo element increases, the hardness of the coating increases. When the content of added Mo element is 0.8, the hardness of the coating reaches its highest point, with a maximum hardness of 343.68HV0.2. As the Mo content increases, the weight loss of the coating before and after wear decreases, and the friction coefficient decreases.

Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) has good compatibility with other additives, strong dimensional stability, and high tensile strength, making it widely used in the batching process of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC). This article investigates the effects of three different molecular weights of PVB on the viscosity of binder and ceramic slurries, the tensile strength of binder sheets and ceramic films, the dispersibility of ceramic slurries, the microstructure of green films, and the electrical properties of MLCC. Experiments have shown that when the PVB molecular weight increases from 53 000 and 95 000 to 110 000, the viscosity of binder increases by 37.70% and 150.00%, respectively. The viscosity of the ceramic slurry increases by 43.97% and 69.85%, respectively. The tensile strength of the green film increases by 26.38% and 52.08%, respectively. Furthermore, a thorough analysis is conducted on the mechanism of changes in viscosity and tensile strength. When the PVB molecular weight is 95 000, a flat and dense green film is obtained, and the MLCC prepared has excellent electrical properties. When the molecular weight of PVB increases to 110 000, the difficulty of batching process increases due to the high viscosity of the binder. Therefore, it is more reasonable to use a molecular weight type of 95 000 when casting a film with a thickness of about 20 μm.

The spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) powder was loaded on graphite felt (GF) as the anode, and a graphite sheet was used as the cathode. The lithium in the cathode material of spent LFP batteries was leached by an electrochemical method. The effects of five factors, namely voltage, LFP loading, pH, reaction temperature, and electrolyte concentration, on the lithium leaching efficiency were explored in detail using the control variable method. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other analytical techniques were employed to characterize the morphology, structure, elemental composition, and valence state changes of LFP during the leaching process, and its physicochemical properties and the leaching mechanism were analyzed in depth. The analysis of the apparent leaching kinetics indicated that the leaching process was initially controlled by surface chemical reactions (R²=0.988), and after 1 h of the leaching reaction, it was controlled by the diffusion of Li⁺ (R²=0.995). The results demonstrated that, without adding any acid solution or oxidant, this study could still achieve the efficient leaching and recovery of Li⁺. The leaching rate of Li⁺ reached 98.27%, the leaching rate of iron ions was less than 0.05%, the recovery rate of Li⁺ was 92.53%, and the purity of the obtained Li₃PO₄ product was 99.6%.

In order to address the issue of layer stacking in MXene electrode material, a chemical polymerization method was employed to facilitate the growth of highly conductive polypyrrole (PPy) on the surface and between layers of MXene. The incorporation of PPy significantly enhances the layer spacing of MXene and provides abundant active sites for charge transfer, thereby optimizing the electrochemical performance of the electrode. Moreover, PPy also introduces additional redox sites to enhance capacitance in the electrode. For flexible electrode fabrication, a composite material comprising MXene/PPy and activated carbon (AC) ink was screen printed onto a paper substrate to successfully fabricate interdigitated asymmetric micro-supercapacitors (AMSCs). The morphology, structure, and electrochemical properties of the electrode materials were comprehensively investigated. The results demonstrate that AMSC exhibits an area specific capacitance as high as 40.66 mF/cm² at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm². Furthermore, it achieves remarkable energy density and corresponding power density values up to 0.011 mWh/cm² and 0.35 mW/cm², respectively. The modified approach proposed in this study optimizes the electrode architecture while effectively enhancing its electrochemical performance.

With the rapid development of electric vehicles and energy storage systems, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄, LFP) batteries are widely used due to their excellent safety, stability, and long cycle life. However, with the extension of usage time, LFP batteries have gradually exposed failure problems in actual use, which not only affect the performance of the battery, but also bring new challenges to the recycling and reuse of the battery. The existing LFP battery regeneration technology can be roughly divided into echelon use, pre-treatment, and chemical regeneration. Pre-treatment includes discharge, disassembly and physical separation, while chemical regeneration includes solid-phase repair, liquid-phase recovery, and direct regeneration. Solid phase and liquid-phase methods have their own advantages in wastewater treatment, thermal energy consumption, recovery process, environmental protection, and progress space. This review aims to summarize the field of recycling and repair of retired lithium iron phosphate batteries, summarize the assessment methods of batteries state of health (SOH) in cascade utilization, explain the physical sorting principles in pretreatment, evaluate common recycling and repair methods and economic benefits, and provide a basis for the future recycling industry. Future research should focus on further exploring process optimization, and the development of recycling and repair technologies should explore more efficient and low-cost recycling processes. With the continuous progress of technology and the increase in market demand, the recycling and reuse of LFP batteries show broad application prospects, promoting the sustainable development of the battery industry.

This review systematically summarizes the recent research progress of polythiophene and its deriva tives in electrochemistry, focusing on their synthesis methods, electrochemical properties, and multifield applications. Polythiophene has been widely used in energy storage, optoelectronic devices, and biosensing due to its excellent electrochemical properties, environmental stability, and versatility. In this paper, the advantages and shortcomings of chemical polymerization and electrochemical polymerization are first analyzed in detail, with a special focus on the research progress of the latest polymerization mechanism zwitterionic polymerization, and its role in improving the material properties. Then, polythiophene's electrical conductivity and carrier mobility are discussed in depth and their performance in specific applications such as supercapacitors, solar cells, fuel cells, and lithium-ion batteries are analyzed. Finally, this paper looks at the potential of polythiophene in achieving efficient energy storage and energy conversion through the analysis of structure modulation and functionalization of polythiophene materials and nanostructure design.

As for microelectronics, low-temperature curable polyimide(LPI) is highly desirable. Introducing low-temperature curable accelerators is one of the effective ways to promote cyclization. Among these methods, the curing catalyst units in the main chain can endow PI with high dimensional thermal stability, but it may influence the cyclization of poly(amic acid) due to the steric hindrance effect between adjacent polymer chains.Herein, we incorporate isoquinoline-based amines into PI main chains to afford low-temperature curable PIs with high dimensional thermal stability. In this paper, LPIs with high dimensional thermal stability were obtained by preparing monomers containing an isoquinoline structure and immobilising basic groups inside the molecular chains. In contrast to the reference PI ODA-PMDA, isoquinoline-based PIs can reach high imidization degree at low curing temperature of 200 ℃. Attributed to the stronger basicity of isoquinoline and the smaller steric hindrance effect when catalyzing the adjacent poly(amic acid) chains, isoquinoline-based polymers exhibit stronger catalytic activity. In addition, the isoquinoline-based molecular chains can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds with adjacent molecular chains, leading to more regular chain packing structure. Thus, low CTE of 14.1 ppm/K -15.8 ppm/K in the range of 50 ℃ to 200 ℃ is achieved.

In this study, graphene-coated copper powder prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was used as the raw material, and graphene-copper matrix composites were fabricated via a cold isostatic pressing-sintering-extrusion process. The results show that after extrusion, the microstructure exhibits a fibrous oriented arrangement, with grains elongated along the axial direction and reduced radial grain size. The properties of the composite material are significantly improved compared to those before extrusion. The density and electrical conductivity reach 8.90 g/cm³ and 58 MS/m, respectively, comparable to pure copper. The hardness and tensile strength reach 82.7 HB and 372 MPa. The fracture mode transitions from particle interface fracture to a mixed mode of interface fracture and dimple fracture. The friction coefficient decreases from 0.45 for pure copper to 0.43, and the wear amount is only 72% of that of pure copper. When used as contact materials in high-voltage direct-current contactors, the electrical life of the graphene-copper composite contacts exceeds 24 780 times under full-capacity breaking conditions (400 V, 200 A), nearly doubling that of pure copper contacts. This improvement is attributed to the inhibition of material sputtering under arc discharge due to the addition of graphene. This study demonstrates that graphene-copper matrix composites can significantly enhance the performance of high-voltage direct-current contactors, providing a key basis for their engineering applications.

Offshore heavy oil leakage causes serious environmental and economic losses. Adsorption method has a good application prospect for offshore oil leakage treatment, but the treatment of heavy oil with high viscosity is still a difficult problem. To solve the above problems, viscosity lowering for heavy oil through solar thermal porous adsorbents shows promising prospect. This study employs Fe nanoparticles as catalysts for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and uses chemical vapor deposition to prepare Fe-based carbon nanotube/graphene aerogels (Fe-CNTs/RGA). For comparison, carbon nanotubes/polyvinylpyrrolidone/graphene aerogel (CNTs/PVP/RGA) was prepared by ice template method. The materials were characterized through methods such as SEM, Raman, FT-IR, etc. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the preparation of Fe-CNTs/RGA were growth temperature of 800 ℃ and growth time of 120 min. Compared with the CNTs/PVP/RGA materials prepared by mechanical compounding, Fe-CNTs/RGA showed excellent photothermal properties, with an average full solar spectra absorbance of 93.62%, and a temperature gradient of 33.24 K/cm in the air. The temperature of the top surface and the oil-aerogel interface of Fe-CNTs/RGA reached 110.7 and 60.7 ℃, respectively, and the adsorption rate on heavy oil reached 0.0397 g/(cm²·min) when the heavy oil was adsorbed under 1 sun illumination.

The global concern for environmental protection and green development continues climbing. Biomass extrusion foaming composites as environmentally friendly materials have attracted much attention. Biomass and thermoplastic polymers as raw materials are renewable and recyclable, and the application properties of the product can be optimized through appropriate processes and additives, so it is a new type of material for sustainable development. This paper introduces the impact of the extrusion foaming process on the performance and application of composites, focusing on comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the molding equipment, including single-screw extruder, and twin-screw extrusion, and summarizes the composition of extrusion foaming formulations, that is, the addition of blowing agents, nucleating agents, plasticizers, cross-linking agents, etc. The optimization of the material properties, and the application of biomass-extruded foaming composites in the packaging and construction industries are reviewed in detail.

Black polyimide (BPI) exhibits excellent properties such as good light-blocking, antistatic, conductive, and thermal conductive capabilities, which are widely used in the fields of optics, electronics, aerospace and so on. Up to date, BPIs are obtained by adding black inorganic or organic fillers, such as carbon black, graphite, metal oxides and so on. The incorporation of black fillers will, to some extent, influence the performance of BPI. For instance, the addition of inorganic fillers would result in weakened mechanical performance of BPI, while the addition of organic fillers would lead to poor thermal stability. Hence, herein, intrinsic black polyimide is synthesized via copolymerization with rigid structure diamine and the electron-donating diamine. The introduction of the diamine with large π-conjugated planar structures can indeed enhance the planarity, conjugation, and π-π stacking interaction of BPI, thereby effectively enhancing the color of the polyimide film. However, although enhancing the electron-donating property leads to denser chain packing, the incorporation of the electron-donating diamine causes a blue shift in the transmittance spectrum and an increase in transparency, which might be related to the stacking mode. Increasing the π-conjugated planar structure and enhancing the intermolecular charge transfer complex (CTC) effect is beneficial for obtaining BPI.

The composite of silicon and carbon was prepared by blending graphite particles and porous silicon producted by magnesium thermal reduction of the white carbon black. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared materials were characterized by XRD, BET and SEM, and the results demonstrated that the silicon material was loose, porous, and evenly distributed. These structures can effectively alleviate the volume expansion effect of silicon particles. The results of electrochemical property show that the cycling stability and reversible charge and discharge capacity of the composite has been improved, with a first discharge specific capacity of 529 mAh/g. After 30 cycles, the reversible efficiency is 99.47%, indicating that the composite of porous silicon and graphite improves the conductivity of the materials and enhances electrochemical performance.

Efficient heat dissipation efficiency and device thermal protection are essential features of high-power integrated circuits (ICs). While coating ICs with high thermal conductivity materials is expected to alleviate the problem of heat concentration, ensuring thermal protection of devices around high-temperature chips remains a challenge. Inspired by the one-way nutrient transport of plant root microstructure, a high thermal conductivity network was constructed using magnetic liquid metal droplets (MLMD) to adaptively control the heat transfer path. This approach aims to improve thermal management efficiency by addressing the challenges of thermal concentration, disordered heat dissipation, and difficult thermal protection of high-power ICs. In this study, the structure of the heat conduction network is planned by controlling the magnetic field distribution to ensure the rapid and orderly heat dissipation of the ICs and the thermal protection performance of the network. The heat conduction network generated by magnetron not only improves the thermal management efficiency of ICs, but also shows broad application prospects in aerospace, electronics and other related industries.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are considered highly promising for large-scale energy storage devices due to their high safety, low cost, and environmentally friendly nature. Manganese dioxide serves as a positive electrode material owing to its low cost, high voltage, and high energy density. However, it also faces challenges such as poor conductivity, slow zinc ion diffusion rate, and susceptibility to phase transitions and structural collapse during cycling. The manganese dioxide was modified by pre-inserting different proportions of Ni²⁺ with hydrothermal method. The structure, composition and morphology of the samples were investigated by XRD, EDS and SEM, and a series of electrochemical performance tests such as CV, EIS, GCD, C-Rate, and GITT were conducted on the assembled battery. The results showed that the introduction of Ni²⁺ not only improved the conductivity of MnO₂, but also reduced the strong electrostatic repulsion between Zn²⁺ and MnO₂, improved ion insertion and transport kinetics, and enabled aqueous zinc ion batteries to achieve excellent capacity, cycling performance, and rate performance. When the current density was 0.1 A/g, the initial discharge specific capacity of NMO-0.3 was as high as 259.6 mAh/g, almost twice the highest specific capacity of undoped MnO₂. After 200 cycles of charge and discharge, the capacity remained at 119.9 mAh/g, while the capacity of undoped MnO₂ was only 28.9 mAh/g after 200 cycles. After rate testing, NMO-0.3 returned to the charging and discharging conditions of 0.1 A/g, the rate of battery capacity recovery was as high as 83.8%, showing excellent recovery performance. The kinetics analysis illustrated that the capacity of MO and NMO-0.3 was mainly controlled by the diffusion process, and the ion diffusion coefficient of NMO-0.3 was significantly higher than that of MO. This work provides a certain reference for improving the performance of aqueous zinc ion batteries.

The instability of Cu⁺ active species in copper-based electrocatalysts leads to decreased selectivity for C₂₊ products, particularly ethylene, during the electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR). In this study, by introducing rare earth element cerium (Ce), the bimetallic CuCeBTC metal organic framework (MOF) was used as the precursor, and its derived oxide catalyst (CuCeO_x) was prepared by calcination at 350°C. The catalyst was systematically characterized and its electrochemical performance was evaluated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the presence of Cu⁺ species and mixed valence state of cerium (Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺) in the CuCeO_x-2 catalyst with the optimal Ce doping amount. The electrochemical performance tests show that the ethylene Faraday efficiency (FE) of CuCeO_x-2 can reach 45.5% at -1.3 V (vs. RHE), which is significantly improved by 50% compared with the undoped CuO_x catalyst (FE_C2H4 = 30.3%), and the stability can be maintained for more than 12 h. Studies have shown that cerium doping can effectively stabilize the active Cu⁺ species and optimize the electronic structure of the catalyst through the electron buffering effect of Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ redox pairs, enhance the adsorption of the key intermediate *CO, and promote the C—C coupling reaction, thereby significantly improving ethylene selectivity. This study provides a new idea for the design of efficient and stable CO₂RR catalysts.

Organic dual-fluorescence emitters are one of kinds of the materials with two independent emission bands, which have been intensively pursued for the widespread applications, including smart fluorescence sensing, super-resolution biological imaging, and ultrahigh-density optical data storage, etc. In this paper, the research of two types of dual-fluorescence systems, the emission origins of which are individually originated from two separate fluorophores and two correlated emitting states, were reviewed. The characteristics of the fabricated dual-fluorescence systems based on the different principles for various applications were systematically summarized. Moreover, the nature of their sensitivity to the external environmental changes was discussed in detailed. Eventually, the challenges in various application areas was proposed, which might benefit for inspiring the designs of the new unimolecular dual-fluorescence materials with excellent photochemical and photophysical properties.

With the rapid advancement of economy and technology, the demands for coatings have become increasingly stringent. Black coatings, characterized by their high absorption and emission rates, play a pivotal role in fields such as aerospace and precision equipment. This paper reviews the types of common black coatings as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their preparation methods. Black coatings can be categorized into two main types, metal-based composite coatings and carbon nanotube composite coatings. While carbon nanotube composite coatings exhibit excellent light absorption capabilities, their wear resistance is relatively poor. In contrast, metal-based composite coatings demonstrate superior overall performance and are more widely applicable. The methods for preparing metal-based composite coatings include electrodeposition, chemical deposition, spraying, and micro-arc oxidation. Among these, electrodeposition stands out as an excellent method due to its ability to control coating structure by adjusting process parameters, thereby enhancing coating performance. Additionally, electrodeposition is simple and environmentally friendly. The fundamental properties of black coatings are high light absorption and thermal radiation performance. However, current coating performance falls short of meeting the growing application demands, representing a significant research bottleneck. Factors influencing coating performance primarily include the process parameters, the electrolyte composition, and the coating structure. This article summarizes commonly used black coatings, their preparation methods, and the factors affecting their performance, aiming to improve their overall performance. Finally, the paper outlines future directions for black coatings, including continuous enhancement of absorption and emission rates, improved durability, and the expansion of application scenarios.

Polydopamine (PDA) was used to modify and pretreat pure cotton fabric (CF), and silver nanowires (AgNWs) were fixed on the fabric surface by a simple impregnation-drying method to successfully prepare AgNWs/PDA/CF composite conductive fabric. The surface morphology of the polydopamine modified fabric was analyzed, and the conductive properties and mechanical service performance of AgNWs/CF and AgNWs/PDA/CF were compared. The results show that the modifying pretreatment successfully formed a PDA coating layer on the fabric surface, which effectively improved the adsorption capacity of the fabric to AgNWs, and the square resistance of the composite conductive fabric was as low as 9 Ω/sq. Meanwhile, after 1 h of simulated washing in a household washing machine with a weakly acidic detergent, the resistance change rate of AgNWs/PDA/CF was about 150% (the resistance change rate of 6000% for AgNWs/CF under the same conditions). In addition, AgNWs/PDA/CF has excellent mechanical stability and can resist mechanical damages such as folding and peeling.

Ru based oxides present high electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic media, while commercial RuO₂ demonstrates poor stability since it’s prone to dissolve during the OER process. In this work, we used thiourea as the sulfur source and controlled sulfur content within RuO₂ catalysts through thermochemical methods. Research indicates that the formation of Ru-O-S structure by S doping can effectively improve the activity and stability of RuO₂. Significantly, RuO₂ doped with 1.34% S results in an OER overpotentials of 268 mV at 10 mA/cm² and presents a long-term stability of 50 h. Future studies of Ru-O-S structure show that S can generate high-valent Ru sites through bridging oxygen, which enhances the OER activity.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT: PSS) plays an important role in flexible thermoelectric films due to its commercialization, excellent water solubility, low thermal conductivity and high flexibility. However, the insulating PSS and highly oxidized conductive PEDOT in PEDOT: PSS lead to lower conductivity and Seebeck coefficient. Here, insulating PSS is partially removed by secondary doping with dimethyl sulfoxide, which benefits to arrange conductive PEDOT molecular chains orderly and optimize the microstructure of PEDOT: PSS film. Meanwhile, the dedoping is carried out using the electron donor 1,8-diazabicyclo [5,4,0] undec-7-ene (DBU), which realizes the regulation of oxidation level of PEDOT. Finally, the room temperature power factor of the PEDOT: PSS flexible thermoelectric film is up to 48.17 μW/(m·K²). In addition, the temperature-dependent thermoelectric transport behaviour of PEDOT: PSS film treated by DMSO and DBU can be well-matched with the Mott range jump model, indicating the carrier transport of obtained PEDOT: PSS film is dominated by the random motion of heat excitation. This study provides a new idea for the development of high-performance organic PEDOT: PSS thermoelectric materials.

Semiconductor photocatalysis is a technology that utilizes solar energy to excite catalysts, generating photogenerated carriers with redox capabilities. It has been widely applied across various fields. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), as a non-polluting semiconductor, has garnered attention in the field of photocatalysis. However, its further development is limited by a high rate of photogenerated carrier recombination and low utilization of visible light. Constructing g-C₃N₄-based S- scheme heterojunctions is an effective strategy to address the issue of intrinsic charge carrier recombination, enabling effective spatial separation of charge carriers, reducing recombination rates, and enhancing photocatalytic performance. This article first introduces the mechanism of S-scheme heterojunctions, then focuses on the characteristics of preparation methods for g-C₃N₄-based S-scheme heterojunctions and their applications in different areas. Finally, it proposes the prospects and challenges faced by g-C₃N₄-based S-scheme heterojunctions in the field of photocatalysis.

Polyester exhibits excellent lithium-ion transport capabilities and a wide electrochemical stability window, making it a promising matrix material for solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPE). This study designs a biodegradable poly(ethylene succinate) (PES) SPE with outstanding electrochemical stability by copolymerizing dimethyl oxalate monomers, which reduces the crystallinity of the polyester and increases the polarity of the molecular chains. The prepared polyester SPE (PESOx5 SPE) features a broad electrochemical stability window of 5.1 V (vs. Li⁺/Li), an ionic conductivity of 2.94×10^-4 S/cm (90 ℃) and a lithium-ion transference number of 0.83. Additionally, this electrolyte exhibits good interfacial stability with lithium anode, maintaining stable lithium deposition/stripping behavior for over 350 h at elevated temperatures. The assembled Li||LiFePO₄ cell delivers an initial discharge capacity of 132.8 mA·h/g at 90 ℃ and 0.1 C, with a capacity retention of over 70% after 100 cycles.

Currently, photoactivated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has become a research focus in the field of wastewater treatment due to its green and efficient properties. Boron is an excellent semiconductor with a narrow band gap, but its photogenerated electron-hole pairs are easy to recombine, which limits its application in photocatalysis. Cobalt, on the other hand, has excellent charge transfer and separation capabilities. In this paper, cobalt-boron-doped (CoB/700 ℃) composites were successfully prepared by impregnation-calcination method. The structure and optical properties of the prepared catalyst were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, UV-visible-near infrared spectrometer, etc. The catalytic performance of the catalyst was explored by photoactivating PMS to degrade bisphenol A (BPA) in water. The experimental results showed that CoB/700 ℃ degraded 90% of BPA within 15 min, and the degradation rate was better than that of B/700 ℃ and Co, indicating that the doping of Co was beneficial to the improvement of catalyst performance. The effects of pH and PMS dosage on the reaction system were investigated, and the effects of hydroxyl radicals, sulfate radicals and singlet oxygen were verified. The degradation of organic pollutants in water by CoB/700 ℃ photocatalytic activation of PMS provides a new path for wastewater treatment.

CdS thin films were prepared by chemical water bath deposition method in a solution system of cadmium chloride, thiourea, and ammonia water. The influence of deposition temperature on the phase structure, microscopic appearance and optical properties of CdS thin films was studied by characterization methods such as XRD, UV-Vis, SEM, EDS and XPS. Thin film solar cells were assembled based on this thin film, and the effect of CdS thin films on the photovoltaic performance of battery devices at different deposition temperatures was investigated. The results showed that the prepared thin films had a hexagonal wurtzite structure, with high crystallinity of CdS. Cd and S existed in stable states of +2 and -2 valence, respectively. The CdS films deposited at 70 ℃ exhibited the strongest light absorption in the range of 320-520 nm, with uniform grain size distribution and tightly packed structure, presenting a columnar growth mode. The CdS thin films interface deposited at 70 ℃ had efficient charge separation and collection capabilities, and the assembled thin film solar cells had the best photovoltaic performance. Its average V_oc, J_sc, FF and PCE had all reached their maximum values, which were 383.5 mV, 29.75 mA/cm², 54.92% and 6.6%, respectively. When the deposition temperature rose to 80 ℃, the interface recombination loss of CdS thin films intensified, the crystallinity deteriorated, and the corresponding photovoltaic performance of thin film solar cells decreased. Therefore, 70 ℃ was the critical point for optimizing the deposition temperature of CdS thin films.

In this work, a new flame-retardant sodium-ion electrolyte and its stabilization mechanism in sodium-ion batteries were investigated. We introduced dimethyl acetal (DA) into the conventional flame-retardant electrolyte system of trimethyl phosphate (TMP). While maintaining the inherent flame-retardant properties of the electrolyte, the adverse effects of TMP on the cycling performance of hard carbon anode materials were mitigated. Compared with the electrochemical performance of the electrolyte without DA (ETP), the electrolyte with DA (EDT) improved the electrochemical performance of the battery significantly. Furthermore, based on the multi-scale characterization techniques and other electrochemical tests, the electrochemical performance and post-cycling SEI film composition of hard carbon half-cells and full-cells using EDT and ETP electrolytes were comparatively analyzed. And the results showed that the hard carbon half-cells using EDT electrolyte could still offer a discharge specific capacity of 300 mAh/g after cycling for 150 cycles at 0.2 C (1 C=300 Ma/g), and the cycling performance was significantly better than that with the ETP electrolyte. In addition, the HC‖NVP full cell with EDT electrolyte showed a discharge specific capacity of 100 m Ah/g (based on NVP cathode) for 100 cycles with no capacity degradation at a current density of 20 Ma/g, and the capacity retention rate was more than 80% for 500 cycles at higher current density of 100 Ma/g, which proved the feasibility of the new EDT electrolyte improving the performance of the sodium-ion batteries. The new flame-retardant electrolyte designed in this paper can promote the development and application of organic sodium-ion batteries.

With the continuous increase in power density of high-performance computing chips, traditional heat dissipation technologies are facing severe challenges. Aiming at the heat dissipation requirements of high-power density chips, this paper investigates the thermal characteristics of diamond-composite copper heat sinks in single-phase immersion cooling systems using numerical simulation methods. By establishing a three-dimensional fluid-solid coupling heat transfer model, the influence of diamond wafer diameter on heat dissipation performance is systematically analyzed. The research results show that increasing the diameter of the diamond wafer significantly improves the temperature uniformity at the bottom of the heat sink. When the diameter increases from 51 mm to 78 mm, the average temperature of the heat source surface decreases by 3.01 K, and the temperature NU (Non-Uniformity) stabilizes at 1.79%. The high thermal conductivity of the diamond wafer significantly enhances the heat transfer capacity of the system. The decrease in heat sink efficiency with the increase in diamond wafer diameter reflects the improvement of the system's heat dissipation potential, and the Nusselt number increases by 14.4% with the increase in diameter. The total thermal resistance of the heat sink decreases with the increase in diamond wafer size, reaching 0.064 K/W when the diameter is 78 mm. This study provides important design references for the thermal management of high-power density electronic devices.

With the increasingly severe pollution and impacts of electromagnetic radiation in industrial, civil, and military fields, there is an urgent need to develop high-performance lightweight electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials. In this study, expanded polystyrene (EPS) microspheres were used as templates. Through a layer-by-layer coating method, EPS microspheres were successively encapsulated with an absorption layer and an insula-ting layer, and then high-temperature treated to melt EPS and obtain the hollow-structured CB/SiO₂ microspheres (H-CSi) as electromagnetic wave-absorbing fillers. The structural design of the internal conductive cavity could significantly enhance the dissipation of electromagnetic waves. The presence of the insulating encapsulation layer could effectively prevent the formation of a large-scale continuous conduction current inside the composite material, thus achieving excellent impedance matching and a synergistic effect of multiple losses. The research results show that when the thickness of this electromagnetic wave-absorbing filler is 2.9 mm, an electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of -59.81 dB is achieved at a frequency of 15.52 GHz. When the thickness reaches 3.45 mm, the effective absorption rate of electromagnetic waves is greater than 90% (i.e., R_L≤-10 dB), and the total effective absorption bandwidth is 9.04 GHz, with the frequency range covering 8.88-17.92 GHz. This study opens up new ideas for the structural design and large-scale application of electromagnetic wave protection materials and is expected to promote technological development in related fields.

A series of self-healing waterborne polyurethanes with different GA contents were prepared by using water as a solvent, IPDI, PTMG and renewable plant polyphenol gallic acid (GA) as raw materials. The self-healing property of GA-WPU mainly depends on the synergistic effect of dynamic phenol-carbamate bond and hydrogen bond. The structure and properties of GA modified self-healing waterborne polyurethane were analyzed by using FT-IR spectrometer, Zeta potential and nano particle size analyzer, thermogravimetric analyzer, optical contact angle tester and film tensile strength tester. The results showed that GA was successfully introduced into the polyurethane molecular chain, and with the increase of GA content, the average emulsion particle size, hydrophobicity and tensile strength of GA-WPU increased, while the elongation at break decreased. The average emulsion particle size of GA-WPU-4 was 77.74 nm, the maximum tensile stress was 35.99 MPa, and the contact Angle was 91.4°. When the GA content was appropriate, the self-healing efficiency of GA-WPU increased with the increase of GA content. After healing at 60 ℃ for 24 h, the self-healing efficiency of GA-WPU-3 was 94.42%.