In recent years, high entropy oxides, which are composed of five or more metallic elements in equimolar or near-equimolar highly dispersed and disordered structures, have received extensive attention. The high entropy oxides including rock salt, spinel, perovskite and fluorite, have good application prospects in the fields of energy storage, catalysis, absorption and heat insulation. In this paper, the recent advances in the preparation method of high entropy oxides including solid phase reaction, spray pyrolysis, co-precipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel, solution combustion synthesis and laser method are reviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared in detail. On this basis, various modification strategies of high entropy oxides are summarized. The problems in the synthesis of high entropy oxides are presented, and the future development trend of high entropy oxides is prospected.

Because of its excellent biochemical and mechanical properties, hydrogels are widely used in the fields of drought resistance, fresh-keeping, moisture regulation, etc., and also have outstanding advantages in the field of wound dressings. Because of its good hydrophilicity, biocompatibility and three-dimensional porous structure similar to extracellular matrix, the research of hydrogel dressings has attracted much attention, and has gradually become functional and even intelligent. However, there is still lack of systematic elaboration on functional hydrogel dressings. This paper introduces different types of functional hydrogel dressings, puts forward the challenges faced by hydrogel dressings in the process of research and application, and looks forward to the development prospects of functional hydrogel dressings in the future.

As a natural high molecular polysaccharide, chitosan exhibits excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and various physiological functions such as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it an ideal carrier for drug transmembrane delivery. Smart-responsive nanogels have attracted extensive attention in drug delivery due to their remarkable environmentally responsive controlled-release properties, dimensional stability, and high drug-loading capacity. This article introduces the preparation methods and controlled-release mechanisms of smart-responsive chitosan-based nanogels, comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in smart-responsive chitosan-based nanogels, and reviews their current applications in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and food. Additionally, it addresses the limitations of smart-responsive chitosan-based nanogels in drug delivery systems (such as poor controllability, insufficient responsiveness, and unavoidable sustained release) and provides an outlook on their future development directions.

As an emerging surface coating modification technology, laser cladding plays a vital role in the preparation of surface strengthening coatings and material modification. Cladding powder material is one of the key factors determining the performance of cladding layer, and has become the focus of laser cladding technology research. This paper first introduces the core principle of laser cladding technology, then elaborates the characteristics and research progress of cladding materials such as metal powder, ceramic powder and composite powder, and finally looks forward to the future development direction of laser cladding powder materials.

Metal-organic framework (MOFs) materials show great potential in the field of photocatalysis due to their unique pore structure and easily regulatable chemical properties. As a photocatalytic material, zeolite imidazole skeleton material (ZIF-8) faces the serious problem of light absorption. In view of the difficulties existing in the application of ZIF-8 at the present stage, the functional modification method is used to improve the band gap of ZIF-8, so as to improve the photocatalytic activity of ZIF-8. ZIF-8 modified with 2,2′-bipyridine (2-BP) exhibits the strongest photocatalytic activity, and its photocatalytic hydrogen evolution efficiency is about 910.14 μmol/g/h, which is 7.3 times than that of unmodified ZIF-8.

Phase change heat storage is the accumulation and release of heat through reversible state changes, and the heat transfer efficiency between high and low temperature media and phase change materials is one of the key factors affecting its heat storage effect. PCMs have good temperature control and high energy storage density in their phase change temperature range, but they generally face the challenge of insufficient thermal conductivity, so they need to be optimized by heat transfer enhancement technology. Based on the types and characteristics of phase change materials and their heat transfer mechanisms, this paper introduces several single heat transfer enhancement technologies such as fins, heat pipes, nanoparticles and porous materials, and also analyzes the combined heat transfer enhancement technologies of heat pipes and fins, heat pipes and porous materials, fins and nanoparticles, fins and porous materials, and nanoparticles and porous materials. The research status of cascade heat transfer enhancement and convective heat transfer enhancement is analyzed, and as well as the unique advantages of these heat transfer enhancement methods in improving heat storage performance. Finally, the limitations of phase change heat transfer enhancement technology are summarized, and its future application potential is prospected, emphasizing the need to combine theory and practice to optimize the performance of phase change heat storage system in tmic benefits.

Mesoporous micron-SiO₂ have a wide range of applications in industrial fields such as adsorption, electronics and cosmetics due to their good monodisperse, large specific surface areas and light diffuse reflection, while the preparation of SiO₂ microspheres larger than 20 μm remains great challenges. Monodispersed SiO₂ microspheres with an average size of 41.8 μm were successfully prepared by Pickering emulsion method with SiO₂ as emulsifier synthesized by optimizing the water-ethanol ratio of Stöber method followed by hydrophobic modification. SEM images showed that micron-SiO₂ have cracks on the surface and are filled with a large number of porous nano-SiO₂ spheres inside. Nitrogen absorption-desorption isotherms demonstrated their mesoporous structures and the surface area of broken microspheres increased to 369.47 m²/g after calcination at 550 ℃. Mesoporous SiO₂ exhibited selective adsorption of different types of dyes before and after calcination. Compared with Ni/Fe metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), mesoporous SiO₂ (after calcination) composite with Ni/Fe-MOFs as modified electrodes for electrochemical detection of dopamine displayed good anti-interference ability and electrochemical properties with the oxidation peak current increased by 561.3%, the sensitivity increased by 51.0%, and the detection limit of 0.08 μmol/L increased remarkably by 1172.9%.

With the development of technology, the application of a large number of electronic devices has led to a sudden increase in electromagnetic radiation risks, posing a threat to information security, military security, and ecological security. Building absorbing materials can effectively reduce electromagnetic radiation hazards and are of great significance for the sustainable development of ecological civilization. This article takes cement-based absorbing materials as an example to summarize the current development status and research shortcomings of cement-based absorbing materials from the perspectives of the loss mechanism of electromagnetic waves by absorbing agents (resistance type, dielectric type, magnetic loss type) and the structure of cement matrix (layered, periodic, porous). It also looks forward to the future development direction of such materials, providing reference for the development of ideal absorbers.

Ti-Mn based AB₂ Laves phase alloy has the advantages of acceptable hydrogen storage capacity (about 2wt%) at room temperature, good hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics, good cycling performance, easy activation and low cost. The results show that TiMn₂ has the best hydrogen storage performance for homogeneous single phase. However, there are also some problems, such as weak cycle stability, large slope of hydrogen absorption and dehydrogenation platform, and serious hysteresis of hydrogen absorption and desorption. From many research and practical application requirements, element substitution is still the main method to improve the hydrogen storage properties of alloys. Among them, the addition of V can increase the position of hydrogen gap and effectively reduce the platform pressure without reducing the hydrogen storage capacity. Therefore, based on the phase structure of Ti-V-Mn-based hydrogen storage alloy, this paper describes the changes of C14 Laves phase and body-centered cubic (BCC) phase and the correlation between them, and systematically summarizes the effects of element addition or substitution, preparation process and heat treatment process on the hydrogen storage properties of Ti-V-Mn based alloy.

Aluminum-tungsten composites, as high-performance lightweight structural materials with good overall mechanics and excellent gamma-ray shielding properties, have received wide attention and applications in the nuclear industry, aerospace field, etc. This paper describes the preparation pathway of high-performance aluminum-tungsten composites, interfacial reaction, mechanical properties of influencing factors, shielding properties as well as aluminum-tungsten composites in the aerospace, electronic communications, nuclear field, etc., analyzes the shortcomings of aluminum-tungsten composites, and provides references for the preparation of high-performance aluminum-tungsten products.

Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is formed by condensation of n-butyral and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is an important polymer material in industry. It has the characteristics of water resistance, heat resistance, good film formation and high transparency, and can be widely used in many fields such as automotive glass interlayer, adhesive, photovoltaic cell film, protective film and so on. With the continuous improvement of production and living needs, people's research on the modification of functional PVB resin has never stopped. This paper summarizes the research on the functional modification of PVB resin from six different application aspects, including anti-ultraviolet, thermal conductivity, waterproof and oil resistance, anti-fouling and antibacterial, anti-corrosion and self-healing. The latest research progress of functionally-modified PVB resin in recent years is reviewed. Finally, the existing problems in this field are pointed out, and the future research direction of this material is prospected, which should continue to develop in the direction of economy, multi-function and environmental protection.

This review provided a concise overview of the state of copper-titanium alloys, with a focus on the preparation techniques based on vacuum melting and powder metallurgy. The phase transformation process and strengthening mechanisms during solution aging of copper-titanium alloys were discussed in detail. The principles of strengthening through rolling processes were also introduced. The relationship between aging processes, deformation strengthening techniques, and their impact on performance was summarized. Additionally, the influence of third elements on the properties of copper-titanium alloys was described, including the mechanisms by which certain elements affected performance. The paper concluded with an introduction to the latest advancements in optimizing the properties of copper-titanium alloys.

Four different lengths (3, 6, 9, and 12 mm) of chopped basalt fibers were added to concrete, and the doping amount of the fibers was fixed. The influence of the length of chopped basalt fibers on the mechanical properties, microstructure, pore structure, and frost resistance of concrete was studied. The results indicated that chopped fibers had a relatively small inhibitory effect on the fluidity of concrete, and fibers with a length exceeding 6 mm were prone to aggregate and form fiber bundles in concrete, thereby reducing the fluidity of concrete and weakening the toughening effect of fibers on concrete. The compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete specimens doped with 6 mm fibers reached their maximum values, 46.8 and 8.8 MPa, respectively, exhibiting greater ductility and toughness. When the number of rapid freeze-thaw cycles reached 100, the quality loss rate of concrete doped with 6 mm fibers was the lowest, only 0.29%, and the relative dynamic elastic modulus was as high as 86.94%. Through CT scanning analysis, it was found that the minimum porosity of concrete doped with 6 mm fibers was only 0.62%, and the minimum average pore volume was 0.332 mm³. Overall, it can be concluded that basalt fibers with a length of 6 mm have the greatest effect on improving the mechanical properties and frost resistance of concrete.

Hydrogen energy has become a strategic energy source for the primary development of major countries in the world, and the main methods of hydrogen production are hydrogen production from fossil energy, hydrogen production from industrial by-products and hydrogen production from electrolyzed water, among which hydrogen production from water electrolysis by proton exchange membrane (PEM) has a sizable future prospect for the development of hydrogen energy due to the advantages of zero-carbon emission and high purity of hydrogen production. Acidic oxygen precipitation reaction (OER) as the anode reaction of PEM, is one of the main reasons limiting the development of PEM due to its complex four-electron transfer process. To date, various electrocatalysts for acidic OER have been extensively studied, but iridium-based materials are still the most advanced acidic OER electrocatalysts due to their superior oxygen precipitation catalytic performance and effective improvement of water electrolysis efficiency. Therefore, the development of high-performance and low-cost iridium-based catalysts has become an important technology to promote the development of PEM. This paper reviews the classical adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) and summarizes the development and optimization strategies of different iridium-based catalysts. Finally, an outlook on the future development direction of iridium-based catalysts in acidic OER is provided.

The separator is a crucial component in lithium batteries. Commercially available polyolefin separators often suffer from poor electrolyte wettability and high-temperature shrinkage, which limits their suitability for the development of high-performance lithium batteries. In this study, a cellulose/polyacrylamide (d-CA/PAM) composite separator was prepared by in situ polymerization of acrylamide in a cellulose acetate (CA) solution, followed by synchronous phase separation and deacetylation. The d-CA/PAM separator exhibits high porosity (77.9%), excellent electrolyte uptake (273.0%), outstanding thermal stability (no shrinkage at 200 ℃), and a high ionic conductivity (1.51 mS/cm). The lithium metal batteries assembled with the d-CA/PAM separator demonstrate superior performance compared to polyolefin separators, showing a higher initial capacity (150.1 mAh/g vs. 143.0 mAh/g) and better cycling stability (capacity retention after 100 cycles 94.3% vs. 92.0%).

P(AM-co-AMPSLi) composite conductive hydrogels were prepared by copolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid lithium (AMPSLi) and AM. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were selected as the reinforcement phase to improve the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. The structure, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and microstructure of the composite hydrogels were measured and studied. The results showed that the hydrogen bond between CNC and P(AM-co-AMPSLi) hydrogels could significantly improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of hydrogels. The electrical conductivity of 3%CNC/P(AM-co-5%AMPSLi) composite hydrogel (0.65 S/m) and the comprehensive mechanical properties were the best (the maximum load and tensile strength of 0.473 N and 30.37 kPa, respectively). The tensile strength was 420% higher than that of the copolymer hydrogel without CNC.

The effects of the composition, morphology, particle size and pore size distribution on the electrochemical properties of bagasse and corn straw derived hard carbon materials prepared by one-step carbonization were investigated. The results show that the hard carbon material derived from corn stalk has larger layer spacing, smaller pore diameter and smaller particle size, which shows better sodium storage performance. The corn straw hard carbon material showed excellent electrochemical properties at the current density of 50 mA/g, and its reversible capacity reached 274 mAh/g and a high ICE of 89%. A good capacity retention of 97% after 100 cycles. It is worth pointing out that the material also exhibits a reversible capacity of 217 mAh/g at 1 000 mA/g.

Metallic magnetic materials are extensively utilized in aerospace, the automotive industry, and electronic information technologies. With advancements in science and technology, the demand for enhanced mechanical properties in these materials has intensified. Magnetic metals exhibiting superior mechanical characteristics can significantly improve material reliability, reduce processing costs, and enhance economic benefits. Traditionally, metallic magnetic materials have been comprised of intermetallic or amorphous compounds, which often struggle to achieve a simultaneous balance between strength and plasticity. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) offer remarkable mechanical properties, with their solid solution nature providing greater flexibility in compositional selection and multiple strengthening mechanisms to optimize these properties. By employing the design principles of high-entropy alloys, one can select a high concentration of magnetic elements such as Fe, Co, and Ni as the foundational components, thereby enhancing the magnetic moment. The mechanical and magnetic properties of these alloys can be fine-tuned through microstructural adjustments, facilitating the development of novel magnetic alloys with desirable attributes. This review begins with a brief overview of several commonly employed strategies to enhance the mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys. It subsequently discusses the research advancements concerning the magnetic functionalities of these alloys. Various approaches to design high-entropy soft magnetic alloys with commendable mechanical properties are also presented. Furthermore, the progress of FeCoNi-based magnetic high-entropy alloys as permanent magnets, magnetocaloric materials, and high-frequency magnetic materials is examined. The review concludes by addressing the existing challenges in the current research landscape of soft magnetic high-entropy alloys and projecting future development trends in this field.

The electrode and separator biomimetic materials for lithium-ion batteries demonstrate the great potential for enhancing battery electrochemical performance due to their unique structures and outstanding capabilities. Despite the theoretical and technological exploration stage of biomimetic materials, this work reviews the progress and research trends in the application of biomimetic materials in the anode, cathode, and separator of lithium-ion batteries. The biomimetic materials possess distinctive properties, such as porosity, micro/nano-scale features, cross-linked networks, and self-assembly characteristics. These structural features not only provide additional storage space for lithium ions and enhance their migration rate but also effectively prevent the aggregation of nanometer-sized particles, thus mitigating the volume expansion of electrode during charge and discharge processes. Future research trends encompass the design of refined synthetic processes, the application of micro-nano manufacturing technologies, the development of active components in biomimetic materials, and the improvement of commercial utilization rates. The efforts in these areas are expected to propel the advancement of biomimetic materials for lithium-ion batteries, which in turn opens up new avenue for the battery technology.

Liquid-like functionalized coatings are highly flexible dynamic polymer molecular brushes covalently grafted on a solid substrate. Due to its extremely low glass transition temperature, usually below -100 ℃, it can rotate and move freely in air, exhibiting highly dynamic properties of fluids, showing low adhesion and easy sliding properties to various surface tension liquids, and exhibiting extremely low contact angle hysteresis. We introduced the preparation method of liquid-like dynamic molecular chains, the antifouling mechanism of liquid-like functionalized coatings and their antifouling applications in different fields, as well as their future prospects.

With the high-density integration and lightweight of electronic components, polyimide-based graphite film has attracted extensive attention due to its excellent thermal conductivity. In this study, 4,4,-diaminodiphenyl ether and trimthalic acid dianhydride were used as monomers for copolymerization, and calcium phosphate was used as a chemical imidification reagent. The effect of chemical imitization reagent addition on the properties of polyimide (PI) film was studied. The results show that the microscopic morphology of the PI film prepared by chemical imidization method is smoother, denser and orderly, with higher graphitization degree, larger grain size and smaller lattice defects. When the calcium phosphate addition is 0.1%, the tensile strength of PI film reaches 98.42 MPa and the thermal conductivity of graphite film can reach 1 623.9 W·m^-1·K^-1. In the process of simulating heat dissipation testing, the surface temperature of graphite film can be rapidly cooled from 60 ℃ to 24 ℃ in just 60 seconds, which has great potential for application in modern integrated advanced electronic components and high-end electronic products and other thermal management fields.

Bi₂Te₃ alloy has high Seebeck coefficient and low thermal conductivity due to its narrow band gap and unique layered crystal structure, which has attracted much attention in low-temperature thermoelectric materials. However, the conversion efficiency of thermoelectric power generation or refrigeration devices made of Bi₂Te₃-based alloys is still low, so the improvement of the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit zT of Bi₂Te₃-based materials is the key. The thermal conductivity of Bi₂Te₃-based materials can be significantly reduced by phonon engineering, such as nano-modification, superlattice structure, nanocomposite, doping and introduction of dislocation arrays, and the zT value can be significantly improved by optimizing the thermal transport properties. However, the electrical transport performance has not been significantly optimized. Carrier engineering is one of the important means to synergistically optimize the electrical and thermal transport properties of Bi₂Te₃-based materials. This paper mainly reviews the major research progress in recent years to improve the electrical transport properties of Bi₂Te₃-based materials through carrier engineering, such as band engineering, carrier energy filtering effect, carrier mobility and concentration optimization. These carrier engineering strategies are important means to improve the performance of thermoelectric materials and provide new research ideas for the development of efficient thermoelectric materials.

The plastic deformation of NiTi-based alloys primarily involves the competition between stress-induced martensitic transformation and dislocation plasticity. To widen the superelastic temperature range and reduce residual strain, it is often imperative to increase the critical stress for dislocation slip to surpass the critical stress for transformation. Grain refinement is a conventional method to inhibit dislocation slip. However, it also constrains transformation, leading to a simultaneous increase in both critical stresses. Currently, the relative sensitivity of grain size dependence on the critical stresses of transformation and dislocation slip remains unclear. In this paper, Ni₅₁Ti₄₇Nb₂ (at%) alloy wires with different grain sizes were fabricated by melting, forging, wire drawing and crystallization annealing. The superelastic and plastic deformation behaviors of the Ni₅₁Ti₄₇Nb₂ alloy were characterized using variable-temperature tensile tests. The results show that the critical stresses of transformation and dislocation slip of the Ni₅₁Ti₄₇Nb₂ alloy both exhibit Hall-Petch type grain size dependence, meaning that the critical stress is proportional to the square root of the grain size. As the grain size decreases, the critical stress for dislocation slip increases much faster than that for transformation, thus ensuring that grain refinement is an effective method to enhance superelasticity.

As one of the representatives of the third-generation semiconductor materials, aluminum nitride (AlN) has attracted extensive attention in multiple application fields. However, the piezoelectric properties of intrinsic AlN are insufficient to meet the requirements of piezoelectric devices in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), such as energy harvesters, surface acoustic wave resonators, and bulk acoustic wave resonators. This paper focuses on the effect and mechanism of scandium (Sc) doping in aluminum nitride to generate the piezoelectric enhancement material AlScN. Currently, the main methods for preparing AlScN piezoelectric thin films include magnetron sputtering (PVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). In order to achieve excellent piezoelectric properties, AlScN thin films need to possess high piezoelectric performance, good c-axis oriented growth, and excellent crystallinity. Current research mainly concentrates on adjusting the Sc doping concentration, growth temperature, Ⅲ/V ratio, and substrate materials to enhance the overall performance of AlScN thin films. In contrast, yttrium (Y) and ytterbium (Yb) as doping elements show greater application potential. They can not only achieve higher doping concentrations (theoretically up to 0.75 and 0.77 respectively) but also have lower costs compared to Sc. This makes the application prospects of Y and Yb in future piezoelectric devices broader, providing a new research direction for improving the piezoelectric properties of AlN.

The BaTiO₃-SrCO₃-MgCO₃-xMn₃O₄-Dy₂O₃-ZrO₂-SiO₂ (x=0-0.2 mol%) ceramics were successfully prepared by the traditional solid phase synthesis method, and sintered at 1320 ℃ in 1%H₂-99%N₂ mixed reducing atmosphere. According to the experimental results, the effect of Mn₃O₄ doping on nano-barium titanate ceramics is studied. It is found that Mn doping is beneficial to the increase dielectric constant and insulation resistivity of ceramic. The capacity temperature stability depends greatly on the doping amount of Mn. When x=0.05 mol%, high dielectric constant (ε=3267), good insulation resistivity (ρ_v=3.82×10¹¹ Ω·cm) and low dielectric loss (tanδ=1.03%) can be obtained, which meets X7R (-55-125 ℃, ΔC/C_{25 ℃} ≤ ±15%) standard and has a good application prospect of BME-MLCC.

In spacecraft design, in order to reduce the launch cost, it is crucial to select materials with both strength, lightweight and high temperature resistance properties, so the research and development of lightweight metals is of great significance in the aerospace field. Magnesium alloys show a wide range of application prospects in aerospace, automotive and military industries due to their low density, high specific strength and excellent mechanical properties. However, its poor corrosion resistance and difficult processing plasticity make the reinforcement process and modification technology of magnesium alloys a research hotspot. In order to further enhance the safety and reliability of magnesium alloys and to expand the scope of their application, this paper reviews the application potential of magnesium alloys in aerospace and the problems they face, and discusses their performance as new types of the scientific basis and application potential of metal alloys. The applications of magnesium alloys in aerospace fields such as satellite structural components, spacecraft payloads and energy systems are also introduced, and future research focuses and objectives are envisioned to provide guidance for the application of magnesium alloys in the design and manufacture of aerospace equipment.

As one of the most important reaction types for the synthesis of organosilicon products, the selection and preparation of the catalysts in the hydrosilylation has been a hot topic for researchers. In this paper, a composite material with platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) immobilized in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-ZIFs) as a photocatalyst was synthesized and used to induce the hydrosilylation under UV-visible irradiation. The effect of the photosensitizer naphthalene as a co-catalyst on the reaction conversion was also investigated, and the results showed that both the conversion and the rate of the reaction increased significantly with the increase in the concentration of the photosensitizer. Then the effect of other factors on the reaction were also investigated, such as the light intensity and the amount of antrimethylsilyl-terminated polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) added. It found that an increase in the light intensity also had a significant enhancement of the reaction conversion, while the addition of PMHS in excess did not lead to an increase in the reaction conversion. In this work, the preparation of the platinum catalysts is successfully achieved by a simple method, which provides a new idea for the preparation of multiphase platinum catalysts.

In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were used to analyze in depth the wear behaviour of isotropic AlCoCrFeNi and non-isotropic AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys at the nanoscale. It is found that the friction coefficients of both alloy models increase with increasing indentation depth, but the AlxCoCrFeNi alloy exhibits lower friction coefficients and superior normal load carrying capacity. The number of wear particles increases with sliding distance and is mainly concentrated in the indenter front and wear mark edge region, although the AlxCoCrFeNi model has a higher number of wear atoms with a lower stacking height. Dislocation analysis shows that there is also a significant difference in the dislocation behaviour of the two models as the indentation depth increases, with the dislocations in the AlCoCrFeNi model mainly concentrated at the lower end of the abrasive grain, whereas the dislocations in the AlxCoCrFeNi model are formed mainly on both sides of the abrasive grain. These findings provide important insights into the understanding of the microscopic wear mechanism of high-entropy alloys and provide theoretical support for the design of gradient-structured materials with excellent wear resistance.

Cell therapy harnesses the properties of living cells for the treatment and prevention of diseases, while 3D cell spheroids enhance therapeutic efficacy and support precision medicine. However, cellular heterogeneity is one of the clinical therapeutic challenges that cell spheroids face. The objective of this research is to address this shortcoming by integrating injectable fibrous materials within the cell spheroids during culture process. Utilizing techniques such as electrospinning and the process of interfacial crystallization, the work employed high-speed homogenization technology to successfully produce injectable fractal nanofiber sheets, which were then co-cultured with various cell types using a microwell array method. By optimizing the co-culture conditions, we developed a novel composite cell spheroid with high throughput. Compared to the control group, the fractal nanofiber sheets not only enhanced cell viability but also significantly prevented the heterogeneity of cells within the spheroids. This study offers a fresh perspective on the application of fiber-based injectable biomaterials and underscores the potential of composite cell spheroids in advancing regenerative medicine and personalized treatment strategies.

Foams made from conventional materials have demonstrated high performance, stability, etc. in the global context of limited petrochemical resources and energy scarcity. These materials are not renewable, which will result in resource waste and add to the environmental load, and they have significant pollution and petrochemical resource origins. The fact that biomass fiber materials are renewable, eco-friendly, non-polluting, and green, which has made them quite popular. This study examines the development of research on fiber-based foams in the last several years, with an emphasis on the fiber pretreatment, foaming procedure, foaming formulations, and possible uses. It also anticipates the future, when cellulose-based foams will be promoted, produced in vast quantities, and designed with optimal efficiency.

Conductive silver paste is mainly composed of silver powder, resin, solvent, and additives. According to the properties of the solvent, it can be divided into water-based and oil-based conductive silver paste. The former has high potential for application in the field of flexible electronic technology due to its green and environmentally friendly characteristics. This article uses the controlled variable method to compare experiments and finds that the solvent ratio and type not only improve the conductivity of silver paste, but also affect its drying rate and sintering temperature. Among them, glycerol can significantly improve the conductivity of silver paste, and ethanol can improve the natural drying rate of silver paste. The final determined ratio of conductive silver paste is silver powder:resin:solvent of 125:55:53, and the ratio of water-based solvent is ethanol:propylene glycol of 161:339. This silver paste has high conductivity (ρ=2.25×10^-5 Ω·cm), adhesion (5 B), excellent comprehensiveness, and green environmental protection characteristics, and can also achieve RFID applications.

Compared with crystalline silicon cells, organic photovoltaics (OPV) have been widely concerned for their advantages such as soft color, translucency and low-cost large-area manufacturing. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has become one of the key materials of OPVs electron transport layer due to its advantages in electron transport, environmental friendliness and low temperature solution processing. However, ZnO nanoparticles usually have a large number of surface defects which affect their carrier transport performance. Therefore, the electrical properties of ZnO need to be further improved. In this paper, the effect of boron doped ZnO as electron transport layer (B-ZnO) on the photoelectric properties of OPVs was studied by mixing boric acid and zinc oxide solution with different concentrations and adjusting and optimizing the mixing ratio. When the doping ratio is 8%, the maximum energy conversion efficiency of B-Zno-based OPVs under a standard sunlight has reached 8.76%, which is 8.2% higher than that of ZnO-based devices (8.10%). This is because boric acid doping makes the ZnO electron transport layer obtain better surface morphology and better electrical properties, reduce the interfacial defect state density and increase the built-in potential of the device, and thus improve the performance of the device. This study has provided a new idea and method for the convenient application of ZnO element doping in high efficiency OPVs.

Ti/TiN/(Mn_1-xMo_x)O_2+x-WC coated electrodes were fabricated by arc-spraying a TiN interlayer on a Ti substrate, followed by anodic composite electrodeposition with WC nanoparticles and Mo-doped MnO₂ surface layer. Compared with the conventional pyrolytic IrO₂ interlayer, the arc-sprayed TiN interlayer, as a low cost, simple and efficient coating, could effectively withstand the penetration of erosive mediators during the electrolysis process. There was a synergistic effect between WC with excellent electrical conductivity and Mo-doped MnO₂. These two contributions endowed the anodes with excellent selectivity and stability for oxygen evolution and chlorine suppression, thereby providing a new route for the development of low cost and high activity anode materials for hydrogen production from seawater electrolysis.

P2-Na_0.67MnO₂ cathode materials, which are designated as NMO-1 and NMO-2, were prepared by one-step and two-step reaction from MnCO₃. The morphology, structure and electrochemical performance of NMO-1 and NMO-2 were investigated. The results indicate that the grain sizes of NMO-2 and NMO-1 are 51 nm and 60 nm, respectively. The smaller grain sizes shorten the sodium ion distance in NMO-2. NMO-2 is one-dimensional rod-like and two-dimensional lamellar particles, while NMO-1 is irregular particles. When used as the cathode for sodium ion battery, NMO-2 delivers a discharge specific capacities of 140 mAh/g at a 0.1 C and 71.8 mAh/g at a high 10 C. Furthermore, the capacity retention rate of NMO-2 was 89.5% after 100 cycles at a 0.5 C rate.

In this study, TiO₂/rGO composites were successfully prepared using titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and graphene oxide (GO) as raw materials by self-assembly solvent-thermal method. Scanning (SEM) observation of the composites revealed that the TiO₂ particles were uniformly dispersed on the flakes of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), forming a good contact interface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed that the TiO₂ had a anatase phase structure and the presence of rGO did not have a significant effect on the crystalline form of the TiO₂. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that the electron transfers between TiO₂ and rGO occurred, which was favourable for improving the photocatalytic performance of the composites. In order to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂/rGO composites, pentaphenyltrial was selected as a model pollutant for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the experiments were carried out in a simulated in-vehicle environment. Different concentrations of VOCs (15-25 mg/m³) were used in the experiments, and the photocatalytic degradation tests were conducted under two light sources, 100 W incandescent lamp and 500 W xenon lamp. The experimental results showed that the degradation rates of VOCs by 15 wt% TiO₂/rGO-6h composites were 41.7%, 46.6%, and 65.3%, respectively, after irradiation with 100 W incandescent lamp for 480 min, while the degradation efficiencies were significantly increased to 51.33%, 72.89%, and 78.3% under 500 W xenon lamp. In contrast to the lower photocatalytic efficiency of pure TiO₂ under the same conditions, the TiO₂/rGO composites showed a significant improvement in photocatalytic activity and exhibited efficient and stable photocatalytic activity over a wide range of VOCs concentrations, especially under xenon lamp irradiation, and their photocatalytic performance was significantly superior to that of pure TiO₂.This work provides a new idea to solve the problem of VOCs pollution in vehicles and the atmosphere and lays a solid foundation for the further development of efficient photocatalyst materials.

Natural rubber (NR) is widely used in the field of rubber products due to its excellent properties. However, the dispersion of fillers and the interfacial interaction between fillers and rubber have always been key factors limiting the performance of filler-reinforced rubber composites. By using the chemical in-situ deposition method to generate sulfur on the silica (SiO2), the SiO₂-S filler with both reinforcing and vulcanizing functions was obtained. The NR/SiO₂-S composites was prepared through the latex blending method and hot press vulcanization process. The effects of different SiO₂ structures on the crosslinking structure, interfacial interaction, mechanical properties, heat build-up and thermal conductivity of NR composites were studied. The results showed that the NR composites reinforced with SiO₂-S had better dispersion, with tensile strength, tear strength, heat build-up value, and thermal conductivity of 21.2 MPa, 33.75 N/mm, 8.9 ℃, and 0.54 W/(m·K), respectively. Moreover, when used as tread rubber, it could effectively reduce the tire core temperature by 11 ℃, showing good thermal control capability. This indicates that the study has the potential to provide new insights for the development of high-performance and long-life tire rubber composites.

The liquid water generated during the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is unable to be discharged on time, resulting in the blockage of pores and subsequently affecting the operational efficiency of the battery. Therefore, carbon paper for gas diffusion layer requires a drainage functionality. In this paper, carbon paper for gas diffusion layer was hydrophobized with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a hydrophobic agent, with five different PTFE solutions of varying mass concentrations (5wt%, 10wt%, 15wt%, 20wt%, 25wt%). The structure and performance of the carbon paper were systematically characterized by SEM, porosity, through-plane (TP) permeability, contact angle, mechanical properties, and TP resistivity. The carbon paper was then assembled into single cells for performance testing. The results show that when the PTFE concentration increases from 5wt% to 25wt%, the TP permeability of the carbon paper decreases dramatically from 197.62 mL·mm/(cm²·h·Pa) to 102.07 mL·mm/(cm²·h·Pa), and the permeability performance of the carbon paper treated with 25wt% PTFE is decreased by 53.4% compared with the untreated carbon paper. With the increase of PTFE concentration, the contact angle of the carbon paper increases from 125° to 152°, and its hydrophobicity is significantly improved. The effect of PTFE concentration on the mechanical properties of the carbon paper is negligible, with only slight decreases in tensile strength and slight enhancements in bending resistance observed as the PTFE concentration increases. Under the same pressure (1 MPa), the TP resistivity of carbon paper becomes larger with the increase of PTFE concentration. And when the PTFE concentration is increased from 5wt% to 25wt%, the TP resistivity of carbon paper increases from 9.02 mΩ·cm² to 15.8 mΩ·cm², an increase of 75.15%. Notably, at a PTFE concentration of 10wt%, the single cell exhibits optimal performance, with a contact angle of 133°, the TP permeability of 181.80 mL·mm/(cm²·h·Pa), and the TP resistivity of 10.07 mΩ·cm² under 1 MPa.

HA-NrGO-CS ternary composite coatings were prepared on the surface of ZK60 magnesium alloy under different deposition voltages by using a combination of electrophoretic deposition and thermal reduction. XRD results showed that Mg²⁺ would doped into HA to affect the growth of the HA (002) crystalline surface, so that it would grow along the (300) crystalline surface to form flaky or plate-like recrystallization crystals of HA, and the Mg²⁺ doping would thus reduce the grain size of the composite coating to form a more uniform and dense composite coating. IR and Raman spectra confirmed the doping of N atoms and the effective reduction of GO. The electrochemical results showed that the HA-NrGO-CS composite coatings prepared at different deposition voltages protect the substrate to a certain extent, and the composite coatings prepared at 140 V have the largest E_corr (-0.28 V) value and the smallest I_corr (5.04 μA/cm²) value. The C_R value is 0.11 mm/year, showing that the coating can effectively retard the corrosion rate of the matrix alloy, at which time the composite coating has optimal corrosion resistance. It effectively solved the problem of excessive corrosion rate of Mg matrix as a potential orthopedic implant material in human body.

Inorganic acids doped polyaniline films deposited on metal surface by electrochemical method can effectively enhance the corrosion resistance of metal. The types of doped inorganic acid and different electrochemical preparation methods significantly affect the structure and corrosion resistance of polyaniline films. Nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid doped polyaniline were synthesized by cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic method on the surface of 304 stainless steel or ITO conductive glass using the three-electrode system of electrochemical workstation, respectively. The structures of the polyaniline were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It can be concluded that the doped polyaniline film obtained by cyclic voltammetry in 0.5 mol/L sulfuric acid solution has the best corrosion resistance through the analysis of kinetic potential polarization curves and impedance spectra in the sulfuric acid solution, and the polyaniline doped with a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid at a molar ratio of 4∶1 also possesses excellent metal corrosion protection properties, which are attributed to the morphology and structure of polyaniline films doped with different inorganic acids.

The surface of the 6061 Al alloy was treated with a compound ceramic layer using micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology. The influence on the structure and performance of the ceramic layer was investigated by different concentrations of (NaPO₃)₆. Using SEM, X-ray diffractometer, surface profile, friction and abrasion tests, and electrochemistry tests to examine the structure and properties of the MAO layer. The results demonstrated that the thickness of the ceramic layer increased in conjunction with an elevation in the concentration of (NaPO₃)₆ within the electrolyte. The ceramic layer attained a thickness of 8.7 μm when the concentration of (NaPO₃)₆ was 15 g/L. The ceramic layer was mainly composed of γ-Al₂O₃ and α-Al₂O₃. The ceramic layer's corrosion resistance and friction wear performance increased with sodium hexametaphosphate concentration. The specific wear rate decreased from 2.554×10^-2 mm³(N·m) of the 6061 aluminum alloy to 2.316×10^-3 mm³(N·m) of the M-15. The self-corrosion current notably declined from 1.335×10^-5 A/cm² for the 6061 aluminum alloy to 3.232×10^-8 A/cm² for M-15.