In this paper, wheat straw cellulose (WSC) was prepared by the alkali treatment method. Using it as the green reinforcing phase and functional monomer, wheat straw modified acrylamid-based composite super absorbent resin was prepared by the aqueous solution polymerization method. The regulation mechanism of the microstructure, thermal stability, mechanical properties and liquid absorption behavior of WSC proportion composite materials was systematically studied. Based on the comprehensive characterization results of XRD, FT-IR, SEM, BET, TGA and mechanical property tests, it was found that the introduction of WSC effectively grafted copolymerized with the polymer matrix, forming a highly amorphous three-dimensional porous network structure with pore sizes of 1-3 μm. The 15%WSC sample demonstrated outstanding comprehensive performance. Its T_5% was at 248 ℃, with a carbon residue rate of 41.08% at 800 ℃, tensile strength of 90.1 MPa, Young’s modulus of 1 225 MPa, and elongation at break of 8.0%. It had the best thermal stability and mechanical properties. The equilibrium absorbance ratio of this sample in deionized water was as high as 822 g/g, and it demonstrated excellent stability and adaptability in a wide temperature range (25-65 ℃) and a wide pH range (2-12). This research provides a solid theoretical basis and practical solution for the development of high-performance and environmentally friendly biomass-based superabsorbent materials.

In recent years, high entropy oxides, which are composed of five or more metallic elements in equimolar or near-equimolar highly dispersed and disordered structures, have received extensive attention. The high entropy oxides including rock salt, spinel, perovskite and fluorite, have good application prospects in the fields of energy storage, catalysis, absorption and heat insulation. In this paper, the recent advances in the preparation method of high entropy oxides including solid phase reaction, spray pyrolysis, co-precipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel, solution combustion synthesis and laser method are reviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared in detail. On this basis, various modification strategies of high entropy oxides are summarized. The problems in the synthesis of high entropy oxides are presented, and the future development trend of high entropy oxides is prospected.

As a natural high molecular polysaccharide, chitosan exhibits excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and various physiological functions such as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it an ideal carrier for drug transmembrane delivery. Smart-responsive nanogels have attracted extensive attention in drug delivery due to their remarkable environmentally responsive controlled-release properties, dimensional stability, and high drug-loading capacity. This article introduces the preparation methods and controlled-release mechanisms of smart-responsive chitosan-based nanogels, comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in smart-responsive chitosan-based nanogels, and reviews their current applications in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and food. Additionally, it addresses the limitations of smart-responsive chitosan-based nanogels in drug delivery systems (such as poor controllability, insufficient responsiveness, and unavoidable sustained release) and provides an outlook on their future development directions.

Phase change heat storage is the accumulation and release of heat through reversible state changes, and the heat transfer efficiency between high and low temperature media and phase change materials is one of the key factors affecting its heat storage effect. PCMs have good temperature control and high energy storage density in their phase change temperature range, but they generally face the challenge of insufficient thermal conductivity, so they need to be optimized by heat transfer enhancement technology. Based on the types and characteristics of phase change materials and their heat transfer mechanisms, this paper introduces several single heat transfer enhancement technologies such as fins, heat pipes, nanoparticles and porous materials, and also analyzes the combined heat transfer enhancement technologies of heat pipes and fins, heat pipes and porous materials, fins and nanoparticles, fins and porous materials, and nanoparticles and porous materials. The research status of cascade heat transfer enhancement and convective heat transfer enhancement is analyzed, and as well as the unique advantages of these heat transfer enhancement methods in improving heat storage performance. Finally, the limitations of phase change heat transfer enhancement technology are summarized, and its future application potential is prospected, emphasizing the need to combine theory and practice to optimize the performance of phase change heat storage system in tmic benefits.

Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is formed by condensation of n-butyral and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is an important polymer material in industry. It has the characteristics of water resistance, heat resistance, good film formation and high transparency, and can be widely used in many fields such as automotive glass interlayer, adhesive, photovoltaic cell film, protective film and so on. With the continuous improvement of production and living needs, people's research on the modification of functional PVB resin has never stopped. This paper summarizes the research on the functional modification of PVB resin from six different application aspects, including anti-ultraviolet, thermal conductivity, waterproof and oil resistance, anti-fouling and antibacterial, anti-corrosion and self-healing. The latest research progress of functionally-modified PVB resin in recent years is reviewed. Finally, the existing problems in this field are pointed out, and the future research direction of this material is prospected, which should continue to develop in the direction of economy, multi-function and environmental protection.

Ti-Mn based AB₂ Laves phase alloy has the advantages of acceptable hydrogen storage capacity (about 2wt%) at room temperature, good hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics, good cycling performance, easy activation and low cost. The results show that TiMn₂ has the best hydrogen storage performance for homogeneous single phase. However, there are also some problems, such as weak cycle stability, large slope of hydrogen absorption and dehydrogenation platform, and serious hysteresis of hydrogen absorption and desorption. From many research and practical application requirements, element substitution is still the main method to improve the hydrogen storage properties of alloys. Among them, the addition of V can increase the position of hydrogen gap and effectively reduce the platform pressure without reducing the hydrogen storage capacity. Therefore, based on the phase structure of Ti-V-Mn-based hydrogen storage alloy, this paper describes the changes of C14 Laves phase and body-centered cubic (BCC) phase and the correlation between them, and systematically summarizes the effects of element addition or substitution, preparation process and heat treatment process on the hydrogen storage properties of Ti-V-Mn based alloy.

Aluminum-tungsten composites, as high-performance lightweight structural materials with good overall mechanics and excellent gamma-ray shielding properties, have received wide attention and applications in the nuclear industry, aerospace field, etc. This paper describes the preparation pathway of high-performance aluminum-tungsten composites, interfacial reaction, mechanical properties of influencing factors, shielding properties as well as aluminum-tungsten composites in the aerospace, electronic communications, nuclear field, etc., analyzes the shortcomings of aluminum-tungsten composites, and provides references for the preparation of high-performance aluminum-tungsten products.

Metallic magnetic materials are extensively utilized in aerospace, the automotive industry, and electronic information technologies. With advancements in science and technology, the demand for enhanced mechanical properties in these materials has intensified. Magnetic metals exhibiting superior mechanical characteristics can significantly improve material reliability, reduce processing costs, and enhance economic benefits. Traditionally, metallic magnetic materials have been comprised of intermetallic or amorphous compounds, which often struggle to achieve a simultaneous balance between strength and plasticity. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) offer remarkable mechanical properties, with their solid solution nature providing greater flexibility in compositional selection and multiple strengthening mechanisms to optimize these properties. By employing the design principles of high-entropy alloys, one can select a high concentration of magnetic elements such as Fe, Co, and Ni as the foundational components, thereby enhancing the magnetic moment. The mechanical and magnetic properties of these alloys can be fine-tuned through microstructural adjustments, facilitating the development of novel magnetic alloys with desirable attributes. This review begins with a brief overview of several commonly employed strategies to enhance the mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys. It subsequently discusses the research advancements concerning the magnetic functionalities of these alloys. Various approaches to design high-entropy soft magnetic alloys with commendable mechanical properties are also presented. Furthermore, the progress of FeCoNi-based magnetic high-entropy alloys as permanent magnets, magnetocaloric materials, and high-frequency magnetic materials is examined. The review concludes by addressing the existing challenges in the current research landscape of soft magnetic high-entropy alloys and projecting future development trends in this field.

This review provided a concise overview of the state of copper-titanium alloys, with a focus on the preparation techniques based on vacuum melting and powder metallurgy. The phase transformation process and strengthening mechanisms during solution aging of copper-titanium alloys were discussed in detail. The principles of strengthening through rolling processes were also introduced. The relationship between aging processes, deformation strengthening techniques, and their impact on performance was summarized. Additionally, the influence of third elements on the properties of copper-titanium alloys was described, including the mechanisms by which certain elements affected performance. The paper concluded with an introduction to the latest advancements in optimizing the properties of copper-titanium alloys.

As one of the representatives of the third-generation semiconductor materials, aluminum nitride (AlN) has attracted extensive attention in multiple application fields. However, the piezoelectric properties of intrinsic AlN are insufficient to meet the requirements of piezoelectric devices in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), such as energy harvesters, surface acoustic wave resonators, and bulk acoustic wave resonators. This paper focuses on the effect and mechanism of scandium (Sc) doping in aluminum nitride to generate the piezoelectric enhancement material AlScN. Currently, the main methods for preparing AlScN piezoelectric thin films include magnetron sputtering (PVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). In order to achieve excellent piezoelectric properties, AlScN thin films need to possess high piezoelectric performance, good c-axis oriented growth, and excellent crystallinity. Current research mainly concentrates on adjusting the Sc doping concentration, growth temperature, Ⅲ/V ratio, and substrate materials to enhance the overall performance of AlScN thin films. In contrast, yttrium (Y) and ytterbium (Yb) as doping elements show greater application potential. They can not only achieve higher doping concentrations (theoretically up to 0.75 and 0.77 respectively) but also have lower costs compared to Sc. This makes the application prospects of Y and Yb in future piezoelectric devices broader, providing a new research direction for improving the piezoelectric properties of AlN.

In spacecraft design, in order to reduce the launch cost, it is crucial to select materials with both strength, lightweight and high temperature resistance properties, so the research and development of lightweight metals is of great significance in the aerospace field. Magnesium alloys show a wide range of application prospects in aerospace, automotive and military industries due to their low density, high specific strength and excellent mechanical properties. However, its poor corrosion resistance and difficult processing plasticity make the reinforcement process and modification technology of magnesium alloys a research hotspot. In order to further enhance the safety and reliability of magnesium alloys and to expand the scope of their application, this paper reviews the application potential of magnesium alloys in aerospace and the problems they face, and discusses their performance as new types of the scientific basis and application potential of metal alloys. The applications of magnesium alloys in aerospace fields such as satellite structural components, spacecraft payloads and energy systems are also introduced, and future research focuses and objectives are envisioned to provide guidance for the application of magnesium alloys in the design and manufacture of aerospace equipment.

With the high-density integration and lightweight of electronic components, polyimide-based graphite film has attracted extensive attention due to its excellent thermal conductivity. In this study, 4,4,-diaminodiphenyl ether and trimthalic acid dianhydride were used as monomers for copolymerization, and calcium phosphate was used as a chemical imidification reagent. The effect of chemical imitization reagent addition on the properties of polyimide (PI) film was studied. The results show that the microscopic morphology of the PI film prepared by chemical imidization method is smoother, denser and orderly, with higher graphitization degree, larger grain size and smaller lattice defects. When the calcium phosphate addition is 0.1%, the tensile strength of PI film reaches 98.42 MPa and the thermal conductivity of graphite film can reach 1 623.9 W·m^-1·K^-1. In the process of simulating heat dissipation testing, the surface temperature of graphite film can be rapidly cooled from 60 ℃ to 24 ℃ in just 60 seconds, which has great potential for application in modern integrated advanced electronic components and high-end electronic products and other thermal management fields.

In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were used to analyze in depth the wear behaviour of isotropic AlCoCrFeNi and non-isotropic AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys at the nanoscale. It is found that the friction coefficients of both alloy models increase with increasing indentation depth, but the AlxCoCrFeNi alloy exhibits lower friction coefficients and superior normal load carrying capacity. The number of wear particles increases with sliding distance and is mainly concentrated in the indenter front and wear mark edge region, although the AlxCoCrFeNi model has a higher number of wear atoms with a lower stacking height. Dislocation analysis shows that there is also a significant difference in the dislocation behaviour of the two models as the indentation depth increases, with the dislocations in the AlCoCrFeNi model mainly concentrated at the lower end of the abrasive grain, whereas the dislocations in the AlxCoCrFeNi model are formed mainly on both sides of the abrasive grain. These findings provide important insights into the understanding of the microscopic wear mechanism of high-entropy alloys and provide theoretical support for the design of gradient-structured materials with excellent wear resistance.

Foams made from conventional materials have demonstrated high performance, stability, etc. in the global context of limited petrochemical resources and energy scarcity. These materials are not renewable, which will result in resource waste and add to the environmental load, and they have significant pollution and petrochemical resource origins. The fact that biomass fiber materials are renewable, eco-friendly, non-polluting, and green, which has made them quite popular. This study examines the development of research on fiber-based foams in the last several years, with an emphasis on the fiber pretreatment, foaming procedure, foaming formulations, and possible uses. It also anticipates the future, when cellulose-based foams will be promoted, produced in vast quantities, and designed with optimal efficiency.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the progress in the preparation, performance regulation and application of hafnium oxide (HfO₂) ferroelectric thin films, which have shown broad application prospects in the field of electronic devices due to their unique physical and chemical properties. The article introduces a variety of preparation methods in detail, and analyzes the characteristics and applicable scenarios of each method. The influence mechanisms of doping elements, film thickness, preparation process, and oxygen vacancies on the ferroelectric properties of HfO₂ thin films are further discussed, and the strategies to optimize the properties by regulating these factors are elaborated. Finally, the wide range of applications of HfO₂ thin films in the fields of microelectronics, optics, energy and biology are summarized, demonstrating their potentials in non-volatile memory, transparent ferroelectric materials, high-performance sensors and biomedical devices.

Boron carbide is a ceramic material characterized by its high hardness, high modulus, high melt point and low density. It exhibits stable chemical properties, exceptional corrosion resistance, outstanding resistance to high-temperature oxidation, superior wear resistance, and good neutron absorption capabilities. These remarkable properties have led to boron carbide's widespread application in industries such as aerospace, chemical engineering, and nuclear industry. This article reviews the recent research progress in boron carbide sintering technology both domestically and internationally, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of various sintering techniques for boron carbide, including pressureless sintering, hot-press sintering, spark plasma sintering, hot-isostatic pressing, microwave sintering, and ultra-high pressure sintering. Furthermore, it discusses the influence of these sintering techniques on the final density, microstructure, and mechanical properties of sintered boron carbide. The objective is to provide valuable insights for the research and application of boron carbide materials.

Compared with crystalline silicon cells, organic photovoltaics (OPV) have been widely concerned for their advantages such as soft color, translucency and low-cost large-area manufacturing. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has become one of the key materials of OPVs electron transport layer due to its advantages in electron transport, environmental friendliness and low temperature solution processing. However, ZnO nanoparticles usually have a large number of surface defects which affect their carrier transport performance. Therefore, the electrical properties of ZnO need to be further improved. In this paper, the effect of boron doped ZnO as electron transport layer (B-ZnO) on the photoelectric properties of OPVs was studied by mixing boric acid and zinc oxide solution with different concentrations and adjusting and optimizing the mixing ratio. When the doping ratio is 8%, the maximum energy conversion efficiency of B-Zno-based OPVs under a standard sunlight has reached 8.76%, which is 8.2% higher than that of ZnO-based devices (8.10%). This is because boric acid doping makes the ZnO electron transport layer obtain better surface morphology and better electrical properties, reduce the interfacial defect state density and increase the built-in potential of the device, and thus improve the performance of the device. This study has provided a new idea and method for the convenient application of ZnO element doping in high efficiency OPVs.

Natural rubber (NR) is widely used in the field of rubber products due to its excellent properties. However, the dispersion of fillers and the interfacial interaction between fillers and rubber have always been key factors limiting the performance of filler-reinforced rubber composites. By using the chemical in-situ deposition method to generate sulfur on the silica (SiO2), the SiO₂-S filler with both reinforcing and vulcanizing functions was obtained. The NR/SiO₂-S composites was prepared through the latex blending method and hot press vulcanization process. The effects of different SiO₂ structures on the crosslinking structure, interfacial interaction, mechanical properties, heat build-up and thermal conductivity of NR composites were studied. The results showed that the NR composites reinforced with SiO₂-S had better dispersion, with tensile strength, tear strength, heat build-up value, and thermal conductivity of 21.2 MPa, 33.75 N/mm, 8.9 ℃, and 0.54 W/(m·K), respectively. Moreover, when used as tread rubber, it could effectively reduce the tire core temperature by 11 ℃, showing good thermal control capability. This indicates that the study has the potential to provide new insights for the development of high-performance and long-life tire rubber composites.

High-entropy materials have great application prospects in the field of high-performance energy storage materials due to the synergistic effect between its multiple components, and thus showing excellent mechanical properties, high temperature stability and chemical stability. In recent years, the application of high entropy materials in the anode of alkali metal secondary batteries has received wide attention. High-entropy oxides, high-entropy prussian blue and high-entropy alloys show not only excellent electrochemical activity but also good cycling stability when they are used as anode materials for lithium-ion, sodium-ion, potassium-ion and lithium-sulfur batteries. Based on this, this paper reviews the research progress in recent years on the application of high entropy cathode materials in alkali metal secondary batteries, analyzes the performances of these materials, and looks forward to the future development trend and potential application prospects of these materials in this field.

In order to efficiently adsorb and remove tetracycline (TC) from water, this paper prepared a series of nitrogen-doped biochars at different pyrolysis temperatures using corn stover as the raw material and melamine as the nitrogen source, and investigated the effect of nitrogen-doped modification on the adsorption of TC by the biochars and the mechanism of action. The results showed that nitrogen-doped modified biochar exhibited an enhanced adsorption capacity for TC by 2.18-2.78 times compared to the original biochar. Among them, 900NBC showed the best adsorption performance with a maximum adsorption capacity of 194.4 mg/g at 25 ℃. Furthermore, 900NBC maintained a TC removal rate above 80% in the pH range of 3.0-11.0, indicating excellent adsorption performance over a wide pH range. In addition, the adsorption process of TC onto 900NBC followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting the dominance of chemical adsorption. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich models successfully fitted the adsorption isotherms, and the thermodynamic results indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. Moreover, 900NBC maintained a high TC removal rate after 5 cycles of adsorption-desorption. Finally, the analysis of the adsorption mechanism revealed that the adsorption of TC onto 900NBC was mainly attributed to pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and electrostatic interactions. The results of this study may provide an efficient adsorbent for tetracycline wastewater treatment.

P2-Na_0.67MnO₂ cathode materials, which are designated as NMO-1 and NMO-2, were prepared by one-step and two-step reaction from MnCO₃. The morphology, structure and electrochemical performance of NMO-1 and NMO-2 were investigated. The results indicate that the grain sizes of NMO-2 and NMO-1 are 51 nm and 60 nm, respectively. The smaller grain sizes shorten the sodium ion distance in NMO-2. NMO-2 is one-dimensional rod-like and two-dimensional lamellar particles, while NMO-1 is irregular particles. When used as the cathode for sodium ion battery, NMO-2 delivers a discharge specific capacities of 140 mAh/g at a 0.1 C and 71.8 mAh/g at a high 10 C. Furthermore, the capacity retention rate of NMO-2 was 89.5% after 100 cycles at a 0.5 C rate.

Materials with a light absorption rate greater than 97% are commonly referred to as ultra-black materials. Due to their excellent light-absorbing properties, ultra-black materials demonstrate broad application prospects in fields such as precision optics, solar energy harvesting, infrared thermal detection, and military camouflage. In addition to their intrinsic black properties, ultra-black materials also feature finely designed surface microstructures to achieve ultra-black levels, both of which are essential components of ultra-black materials. This article categorizes the different materials in the current ultra-black field into metal-based ultra-black, biomass-based ultra-black, carbon-based ultra-black, and polymer-based ultra-black materials. The preparation methods, structural designs, and performance characterization of these four types of ultra-black materials are outlined, alongside a summary of their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the practical applications and future development of ultra-black materials are discussed.

Conductive silver paste is mainly composed of silver powder, resin, solvent, and additives. According to the properties of the solvent, it can be divided into water-based and oil-based conductive silver paste. The former has high potential for application in the field of flexible electronic technology due to its green and environmentally friendly characteristics. This article uses the controlled variable method to compare experiments and finds that the solvent ratio and type not only improve the conductivity of silver paste, but also affect its drying rate and sintering temperature. Among them, glycerol can significantly improve the conductivity of silver paste, and ethanol can improve the natural drying rate of silver paste. The final determined ratio of conductive silver paste is silver powder:resin:solvent of 125:55:53, and the ratio of water-based solvent is ethanol:propylene glycol of 161:339. This silver paste has high conductivity (ρ=2.25×10^-5 Ω·cm), adhesion (5 B), excellent comprehensiveness, and green environmental protection characteristics, and can also achieve RFID applications.

Photocatalysts have been widely used in the fields of environment, energy and biology due to their excellent solar energy conversion performance. In order to further optimize their performance and expand their application range, scholars at home and abroad have explored various methods to improve the visible light utilization efficiency of photocatalysts. Among them, the plasma method is applied to the surface modification of materials due to its simple operation, low cost and green modification process. In this paper, the discharge environment of plasma is taken as the starting point, and the characteristics and applications of plasma generated in gas and liquid media on the modification of photocatalytic materials are summarized respectively. The research progress of plasma method in the field of photocatalytic material modification is reviewed, and the future development direction is prospected.

The liquid water generated during the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is unable to be discharged on time, resulting in the blockage of pores and subsequently affecting the operational efficiency of the battery. Therefore, carbon paper for gas diffusion layer requires a drainage functionality. In this paper, carbon paper for gas diffusion layer was hydrophobized with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a hydrophobic agent, with five different PTFE solutions of varying mass concentrations (5wt%, 10wt%, 15wt%, 20wt%, 25wt%). The structure and performance of the carbon paper were systematically characterized by SEM, porosity, through-plane (TP) permeability, contact angle, mechanical properties, and TP resistivity. The carbon paper was then assembled into single cells for performance testing. The results show that when the PTFE concentration increases from 5wt% to 25wt%, the TP permeability of the carbon paper decreases dramatically from 197.62 mL·mm/(cm²·h·Pa) to 102.07 mL·mm/(cm²·h·Pa), and the permeability performance of the carbon paper treated with 25wt% PTFE is decreased by 53.4% compared with the untreated carbon paper. With the increase of PTFE concentration, the contact angle of the carbon paper increases from 125° to 152°, and its hydrophobicity is significantly improved. The effect of PTFE concentration on the mechanical properties of the carbon paper is negligible, with only slight decreases in tensile strength and slight enhancements in bending resistance observed as the PTFE concentration increases. Under the same pressure (1 MPa), the TP resistivity of carbon paper becomes larger with the increase of PTFE concentration. And when the PTFE concentration is increased from 5wt% to 25wt%, the TP resistivity of carbon paper increases from 9.02 mΩ·cm² to 15.8 mΩ·cm², an increase of 75.15%. Notably, at a PTFE concentration of 10wt%, the single cell exhibits optimal performance, with a contact angle of 133°, the TP permeability of 181.80 mL·mm/(cm²·h·Pa), and the TP resistivity of 10.07 mΩ·cm² under 1 MPa.

Hydrogen evolution reaction is a critical step in water electrolysis for sustainable hydrogen production, but its widespread application is limited by the high cost and scarcity of precious metal catalysts. To address this, nanoporous high-entropy oxides were synthesized via chemical dealloying, offering a high surface area and abundant active sites. Mo doping can effectively promote the synergistic effect between transition metal atoms and significantly improve the charge transfer efficiency. Density functional theory simulations further reveal the optimization of the electronic structure on the catalyst surface and its enhancement of active sites. Electrochemical tests demonstrated low overpotential (138 mV) at -50 mA/cm² and excellent durability, highlighting the potential of high-entropy oxide as cost-effective, high-performance electrocatalysts for HER in alkaline media.

In the field of photocatalysis, silver phosphate (Ag₃PO₄), a prominent visible-light-driven semiconductor photocatalytic material, has garnered significant attention due to its suitable bandgap properties and excellent quantum efficiency, enabling it to efficiently degrade organic pollutants, produce hydrogen via water splitting, and exhibit strong antibacterial effects under visible light irradiation. Current core research directions for Ag₃PO₄-based photocatalysts focus on further enhancing light absorption capacity, optimizing charge carrier separation efficiency, and addressing the issue of photocorrosion. This review systematically analyzes the photocatalytic mechanism of Ag₃PO₄ based on its physicochemical properties, revealing the dynamic processes of photogenerated charge carriers and the principles of recombination suppression. By comparing various synthesis methods, including precipitation, colloid, hydrothermal, solid-phase grinding, and chemical oxidation methods, their impacts on the morphology and performance of Ag₃PO₄ are discussed. To tackle bottlenecks such as low charge carrier mobility and photocorrosion, multidimensional modification strategies are proposed, including morphology regulation, ion doping, defect engineering, and construction of semiconductor heterojunctions. The underlying mechanisms by which these strategies enhance the performance of Ag₃PO₄-based photocatalysts are also elucidated. Additionally, the review summarizes the application fields of Ag₃PO₄-based materials and prospects their potential in environmental governance, energy conversion, sterilization, and disinfection, providing critical references and guidance for future in-depth research and broad applications of this material.

In order to address the issue of layer stacking in MXene electrode material, a chemical polymerization method was employed to facilitate the growth of highly conductive polypyrrole (PPy) on the surface and between layers of MXene. The incorporation of PPy significantly enhances the layer spacing of MXene and provides abundant active sites for charge transfer, thereby optimizing the electrochemical performance of the electrode. Moreover, PPy also introduces additional redox sites to enhance capacitance in the electrode. For flexible electrode fabrication, a composite material comprising MXene/PPy and activated carbon (AC) ink was screen printed onto a paper substrate to successfully fabricate interdigitated asymmetric micro-supercapacitors (AMSCs). The morphology, structure, and electrochemical properties of the electrode materials were comprehensively investigated. The results demonstrate that AMSC exhibits an area specific capacitance as high as 40.66 mF/cm² at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm². Furthermore, it achieves remarkable energy density and corresponding power density values up to 0.011 mWh/cm² and 0.35 mW/cm², respectively. The modified approach proposed in this study optimizes the electrode architecture while effectively enhancing its electrochemical performance.

Mullite fiber reinforced silica aerogel thermal insulation material was prepared by using silica sol as precursor, adding acid-base catalyst, impregnating and compounding with mullite fiber felt, and then gel aging and supercritical drying. The effects of high temperature treatment on the microstructure, structure and static/dynamic mechanical properties of reinforced silica aerogel thermal insulation materials were studied by SEM, XRD, infrared spectroscopy and digital image correlation method. The results show that the density of the material was about 0.39 g/cm³, and the thermal conductivity at 1 000 ℃ was about 0.068 W/(m·K). The compressive strength and compressive modulus increase with the increase of temperature. At 1 000 ℃, the compressive strength of 10% deformation was about 0.4253 MPa, which was 43.3% higher than that at room temperature before high temperature treatment. The compressive strain-displacement field show that the compressive force decreases gradually in the process of material internal transmission. The tensile strength at room temperature is about 1.39 MPa, and the tensile strength at 1 000 ℃ was 102.2% higher than that before high temperature treatment. High temperature treatment helps to make the distribution of tensile strain field more uniform.

HA-NrGO-CS ternary composite coatings were prepared on the surface of ZK60 magnesium alloy under different deposition voltages by using a combination of electrophoretic deposition and thermal reduction. XRD results showed that Mg²⁺ would doped into HA to affect the growth of the HA (002) crystalline surface, so that it would grow along the (300) crystalline surface to form flaky or plate-like recrystallization crystals of HA, and the Mg²⁺ doping would thus reduce the grain size of the composite coating to form a more uniform and dense composite coating. IR and Raman spectra confirmed the doping of N atoms and the effective reduction of GO. The electrochemical results showed that the HA-NrGO-CS composite coatings prepared at different deposition voltages protect the substrate to a certain extent, and the composite coatings prepared at 140 V have the largest E_corr (-0.28 V) value and the smallest I_corr (5.04 μA/cm²) value. The C_R value is 0.11 mm/year, showing that the coating can effectively retard the corrosion rate of the matrix alloy, at which time the composite coating has optimal corrosion resistance. It effectively solved the problem of excessive corrosion rate of Mg matrix as a potential orthopedic implant material in human body.

Based on the theory of closest packing, this study utilizes water quenching manganese slag, fly ash, steel slag and desulfurization gypsum to prepare multifaceted solid waste ultrafine highly active mineral admixtures, which partially replace cement or silica fume for the preparation of ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC). The effects of different factors on the properties of UHPC were investigated through the optimized design of particle distribution of cementitious materials and aggregates by the modified Andreasen & Andersen (MAA) model combined with the L₁₆(5⁴) orthogonal test system. The results showed that the optimal ratio verified by the MAA model design and orthogonal test was 6% silica fume dosing in cementitious material, 16% doping in admixture, 0.17 water-cement ratio, 1.1 binder-sand ratio, 70% proportion of 20-40 mesh quartz sand in aggregate, 2% doping of steel fiber, and 1.4% doping of water reducer. Under this proportion, the fluidity of UHPC was 281.2 mm, the flexural strength reached 34.9 MPa, the compressive strength reached 146.9 MPa, and the 56-day electrical flux was 62.9 C. The results of the orthogonal test coincided with the calculations of the MAA model, which verified the applicability of the model and the feasibility of replacing part of the cement or silica fume by the solid-waste-based admixtures. This study provides theoretical support and technical reference for the low-carbon and environmentally friendly preparation of UHPC.

This review systematically summarizes the recent research progress of polythiophene and its deriva tives in electrochemistry, focusing on their synthesis methods, electrochemical properties, and multifield applications. Polythiophene has been widely used in energy storage, optoelectronic devices, and biosensing due to its excellent electrochemical properties, environmental stability, and versatility. In this paper, the advantages and shortcomings of chemical polymerization and electrochemical polymerization are first analyzed in detail, with a special focus on the research progress of the latest polymerization mechanism zwitterionic polymerization, and its role in improving the material properties. Then, polythiophene's electrical conductivity and carrier mobility are discussed in depth and their performance in specific applications such as supercapacitors, solar cells, fuel cells, and lithium-ion batteries are analyzed. Finally, this paper looks at the potential of polythiophene in achieving efficient energy storage and energy conversion through the analysis of structure modulation and functionalization of polythiophene materials and nanostructure design.

The quasi-isentropic compression experiment can be realized by using a light gas gun to drive projectile materials with different impedance distributions. The impedance distribution of the projectile determines the range of stress-strain rate under load. In this paper, Al-Ag gradient composites with continuous impedance change were prepared by powder layering combined with hot pressing sintering, and the structure and properties of single-layer Al-Ag and Al-Ag gradient composites were studied. The experimental results show that the optimum sintering process of Al-Ag gradient composites is 570 ℃-100 MPa-2 h, and the density of Al-Ag gradient composites is greater than 95%. In addition, the results of mechanical properties, SEM and thermal expansion coefficient of each component of Al-Ag composite indicate the feasibility of Al-Ag gradient composite. The SEM and EDS results of Al-Ag gradient composites show that the distribution of elements inside the gradient composites is consistent with the design scheme, and the parallelism between layers is good. The experimental results of dynamic loading show that Al-Ag gradient composites have good quasi-isentropic loading effect, and have obvious quasi-isentropic loading effect, which is in good agreement with the simulation results. The Al-Ag gradient composite prepared in this study has a stable quasi-isentropic compression effect, which provides support for exploring the high pressure physical property parameters and damage mechanism of materials at different stress-strain rates.

The global concern for environmental protection and green development continues climbing. Biomass extrusion foaming composites as environmentally friendly materials have attracted much attention. Biomass and thermoplastic polymers as raw materials are renewable and recyclable, and the application properties of the product can be optimized through appropriate processes and additives, so it is a new type of material for sustainable development. This paper introduces the impact of the extrusion foaming process on the performance and application of composites, focusing on comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the molding equipment, including single-screw extruder, and twin-screw extrusion, and summarizes the composition of extrusion foaming formulations, that is, the addition of blowing agents, nucleating agents, plasticizers, cross-linking agents, etc. The optimization of the material properties, and the application of biomass-extruded foaming composites in the packaging and construction industries are reviewed in detail.

Tetrahedral barium titanate (BaTiO₃) powders have extremely high dielectric constant values and are the basic materials to manufacture the dielectric layers with high capacity of the multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC). The barium titanate powders prepared by direct hydrothermal method have the advantages of low impurities, uniform particles, easy dispersion, good chemical uniformity, and good crystallinity. In this paper, the relationships between the reaction conditions (hydrothermal reaction temperature, reaction time, feeding ratio of barium titanium precursor, alkalinity of reaction system) and the properties of the barium titanate nano-powders were investigated in detail. The mechanism of the direct hydrothermal preparation of barium titanate powders was also discussed. The hydrothermal reaction process was optimized, and the ultrafine tetragonal BaTiO₃ powders with the average particle size of 150 nm, axial ratio of c/a of 1.0106, and crystallinity of 10.6 were successfully prepared through the optimized conditions.

The atmospheric pressure air plasma was used to treat the surface of ETFE to achieve surface modification of ETFE, and the adhesive properties of treated ETFE were investigated. The changes in the composition, structure, wettability, and bonding properties of ETFE before and after plasma treatment were analyzed using total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), water contact angle (WCA), and mechanical property tests. The impact of different treatment time, power, and placement times on the wettability and adhesive properties of ETFE surfaces was investigated. The results show that the plasma treatment would etch the ETFE surface to form a rough structure, and the optimal treatment conditions were determined to be 650 W plasma treatment for 30 seconds. The adhesive strength of the ETFE and the epoxy resin increased from 0.22 MPa to 1.78 MPa. Furthermore, although the contact angle of the plasma-treated ETFE increased to 84° after 336 hours, the bond strength remained above 0.93 MPa, indicating that the plasma treatment could effectively improve the adhesive properties of ETFE over an extended period.

Sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) is a highly promising hydrated inorganic salt phase change material, and it is suitable for hot water and heating systems. However, its large supercooling degree and phase separation seriously affect its applications. In this study, a SAT-based composite phase change material was prepared with a supercooling degree of 0.6℃ and a phase change enthalpy of 205.02 J/g by the addition of sodium Tungstate (ST) as a nucleating agent, curdlan (CUR) as a thickening agent, and sodium polymethacrylate (Na-PMAA) as a crystal-habit modifier. Meanwhile, after 400 charge/discharge cycles, its enthalpy was decreased by only 0.4%, with excellent cycling stability demonstrated. Furthermore, by the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the utilization of UV curing technology, a shape-stable thermal energy storage unit was prepared. Under a constant heating temperature of 65°C, no leakage was observed, and the thermal conductivity was 0.2288 W/(m·K). This provides an efficient encapsulation method for SAT applications.

With the continuous progress of protection technology and the continuous enhancement of human protection awareness, advanced human protection materials have received extensive attention. Traditional protective materials and equipment can no longer meet people's protection needs due to problems such as bulky wear and poor cushioning performance, and it is urgent to research and develop new lightweight, flexible, intelligent and human protective materials with excellent protective performance and comfortable wearing performance. As a new type of functional material, shear thickening material (STM) has shown broad application prospects and development potential in the field of human protection due to its unique flexibility and impact response. This article focuses on the research status of STM in recent years. Shear thickening mechanism and influencing factors of STM are summarized. Research progress in the field of human protection at home and abroad are reviewed. Preliminary prospects for future research and development of STM are finally provided.

Efficient heat dissipation efficiency and device thermal protection are essential features of high-power integrated circuits (ICs). While coating ICs with high thermal conductivity materials is expected to alleviate the problem of heat concentration, ensuring thermal protection of devices around high-temperature chips remains a challenge. Inspired by the one-way nutrient transport of plant root microstructure, a high thermal conductivity network was constructed using magnetic liquid metal droplets (MLMD) to adaptively control the heat transfer path. This approach aims to improve thermal management efficiency by addressing the challenges of thermal concentration, disordered heat dissipation, and difficult thermal protection of high-power ICs. In this study, the structure of the heat conduction network is planned by controlling the magnetic field distribution to ensure the rapid and orderly heat dissipation of the ICs and the thermal protection performance of the network. The heat conduction network generated by magnetron not only improves the thermal management efficiency of ICs, but also shows broad application prospects in aerospace, electronics and other related industries.

Polyamic acid salt solutions were synthesized with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) with 4,4′-Oxydianiline (ODA) and triethylamine (TEA), respectively. Polyimide aerogels were then prepared by freeze-drying and thermal imidization. The influence of the difference between monomer and solid content on the properties of polyimide aerogels was explored. The results show that the comprehensive properties of BPDA aerogels are better than PMDA aerogels. The thermal conductivity of BP2 is as low as 0.04062 W/(m·K), and the temperature is gradually stabilized at 107.4 ℃ after held at 250 ℃ for 300 s, which has the best thermal insulation performance.