Nano-mesoporous iron oxides have considerable application value in adsorption, separation, catalysis and other fields, with the characteristics of abundant pore structure, high specific surface area and ordered pore size distribution. Nevertheless, diverse synthesis methods can result in nano-mesoporous iron oxides with different morphologies and even different crystal phases. The product channels can be controlled to achieve a purposeful "pore making" by using different preparation methods and adjusting experimental parameters, and further applied to various fields according to its properties. In this paper, the preparation and application of nano-mesoporous iron oxide were reviewed, and the research direction in this field was put forward.

The development of ultra-thin dielectrics for MLCCs has presented novel challenges in terms of the dispersion of barium titanate nano-powders. However, the dispersion of the powder is constrained by the size effect of barium titanate nanoparticles, surface effect and other related limiting factors. The present study utilized barium titanate with an average particle size of 100 nm as the raw material. By investigating the impact of various ball milling conditions on powder dispersion, a slurry with exceptional dispersion was obtained. Subsequently, this slurry was processed into ceramics through tape casting, laminating, and sintering techniques, followed by measurement of its dielectric properties. The results demonstrate that the 100 nm barium titanate slurry, achieved through improved powder dispersibility in the solvent, exhibits excellent dispersion. The green tape made from tape casting this slurry demonstrated excellent uniformity and adaptability to tape cast. Furthermore, sintered barium titanate ceramics exhibited a significantly higher dielectric constant of 6 311, representing a 35% increase compared to ceramics produced from commercially available submicron-grade barium titanate powders. The findings of this study serve as a valuable reference for the subsequent utilization of 100 nm barium titanate nano-powder in the industrial production of MLCCs.

Water-soluble photocrosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol), N-methyl-4(4'-formylstyryl) pyridinium methosulfate acetal (SbQ-PVA) solution was coated onto silver nanowire (AgNW) films to form SbQ-PVA/AgNW composite films by a simple solution process. The optical-electrical properties and morphology of AgNW films with different surface densities before and after coating with SbQ-PVA were analyzed, and the mechanical as well as environmental stability of the AgNW films were compared with that of the SbQ-PVA/AgNW composite films. The results show that the SbQ-PVA coating does not affect the electrical conductivity of the silver nanowire network and also enhances the optical properties, resulting in a high transmittance of about 90% for composite films with sheet resistance as low as about 20 Ω/sq. Meanwhile, the mechanical stability of the SbQ-PVA/AgNW composite films is significantly enhanced, with the resistance value changing by only 1% in 5 000 bending cycle tests, and it can withstand the scratching of 3B pencil. The SbQ-PVA also brings excellent environmental stability to the composite films, which can maintain the resistance and morphology stability for 4 months in atmospheric environment, and it can also be well resisted to the corrosion of acid, alkali, and salt solutions. In addition, the SbQ-PVA/AgNW composite films are able to remain stable in deionized water ultrasonication, and this feature can be utilized with a photomask for one-step patterning of silver nanowire films. SbQ-PVA/AgNW composite films with high photovoltaic performance and stability offer new possibilities to realize high-quality flexible transparent electrodes in a simple, environmentally friendly and efficient way.

Nano-ceramic coating is a kind of ceramic coating obtained by different nano-toughening methods and preparation processes. The introduction of nano-structure can improve the brittleness of ceramic coating to a certain extent. The common toughening methods and toughening mechanism of nanostructured ceramic coatings are introduced, including whisker toughening, nanowire toughening, carbon nanotube toughening, nanoparticle toughening, nano-multilayer film toughening, nano-superlattice toughening and bionic structure toughening. The main preparation processes of nanostructured toughening ceramic coatings in recent years are briefly described. The main methods are sol-gel method, vapor deposition method, thermal spraying technology (such as plasma spraying, supersonic spraying) and magnetron sputtering. Finally, the problems and challenges in the preparation of different nano-toughened ceramic coatings are summarized, and the research direction and application prospect of nano-toughened ceramic coatings are prospected.

The composites were prepared by solution blending method using PVB as substrate and carbon nanotubes and boron nitride as fillers. Artificial ultraviolet irradiation experiments were carried out based on three influencing factors: wavelength range, irradiation time and irradiation intensity. The thermal diffusivity of the composites at different wavelengths, irradiation times and irradiation intensities was measured by transient electrocalorimetric technique. The results show that the boron nitride/carbon nanotube/poly(vinyl butyral) composites are more sensitive to the light rays at a wavelength of 340 nm, and with the increase of irradiation time or intensity, the internal structure of the material will be fractured and degraded, resulting in a continuous decrease in its thermal diffusivity.

In order to improve the road performance of asphalt pavement, polyurethane/nano-ZnO composite modified asphalt was prepared by polyurethane, nano-ZnO and matrix asphalt. Taking penetration, softening point, ductility and 135 ℃ viscosity as evaluation indexes, the influence of modifier on asphalt performance was studied, and the storage stability was evaluated by softening point difference. Three kinds of composite modified asphalt AC-13C mixture were prepared for rutting test, trabecular bending test and immersion Marshall test to study the performance of modified asphalt mixture. The results show that the incorporation of polyurethane and nano-ZnO can significantly improve the high and low temperature performance of the matrix asphalt, and the storage stability meets the requirements of the specification. The composite modified asphalt mixture can meet the road performance of asphalt pavement. The modified asphalt mixture with 5% polyurethane and 3% nano-ZnO content has the best effect on improving high temperature performance and water stability. Compared with the matrix asphalt mixture, the dynamic stability is increased by 2.32 times, the residual stability is increased by 9.0%, and the maximum flexural tensile strain (-10 ℃) is increased by 8.3%. Considering the improvement effect of road performance, it is recommended to use 5% polyurethane compound 3% nano-ZnO as the best content of composite modified asphalt and its mixture.

As the negative electrode material of lithium-ion battery, silicon will produce huge volume expansion when it is removed/embedded in lithium, so that it will pulverize itself, resulting in rapid capacity decay. Existing studies have shown that Si nanocrystallization and alloying can alleviate the crushing effect caused by volume deformation. In order to efficiently prepare nano-sized Si-Sn powder materials, plasma arc was used as a heat source to nano-size Si, and then nano-alloying of Si-Sn powder materials was realized by plasma arc. The effects of plasma current on the preparation characteristics of Si and Si-Sn nano-powder materials were studied. The prepared phase was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties of silicon nanowires as anode materials were detected by battery test system and electrochemical workstation. The results show that the use of plasma arc can achieve efficient preparation of silicon nanowires, and the addition of low melting point Sn is beneficial to the homogenization of the diameter scale of silicon nanowires. The efficiency of the two groups of silicon nanowires can be maintained at about 90% after the third charge-discharge cycle. The addition of Sn can further improve the conductivity and stability of the silicon anode. After 60 cycles, the specific capacity of the battery is 117.5 mAh/g.

The utilization of magnetic nanofluids as the base carrier fluid of magnetorheological fluids represents an effective approach to enhance the magnetorheological effect. However, achieving highly stable nano-composite magnetorheological fluids remains a significant challenge, encompassing both the synthesis of magnetic nanofluids and the prevention of composite particle agglomeration. In this study, Fe₃O₄ silicone oil-based magnetic nanofluids were prepared using silane coupling agent KH550 as a dispersant, followed by a novel process of co-coating dispersants to obtain nano-composite magnetorheological fluids. The surface morphology, physical phase composition and magnetic properties were characterized and analyzed using XRD, FI-IR, TEM, FE-SEM and VSM. The sedimentation stability and redispersibility of the novel nano-composite magnetorheological fluids were investigated. The results show that surface modification of micron-sized particles significantly enhances the stability and redispersibility of the nano-composite magnetorheological fluids, with optimal sedimentation stability and redispersibility observed at nanoparticle volume fraction of 8%. Furthermore, the novel nano-composite magnetorheological fluids demonstrate superior temperature resistance, remaining stable within the temperature range form -40 ℃ to 120 ℃over extended durations. Rheological properties of novel nano-composite magnetorheological fluid were also investigated demonstrating higher off-state viscosity and magnetorheological effect in comparison to conventional magnetorheological fluids. Moreover, both static and dynamic yield stresses increase with nanoparticle concentration and magnetic field strength.

In this paper, PANI/CNTs composite materials were prepared by emulsion polymerization with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and Tween-80 (Tween-80) as soft templates, ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidant, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) mixed with appropriate amount. The composite materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results show that PANI/CNTs composites present core-shell structure with fiber shape, and PANI materials cover the surface of CNTs uniformly. The electrochemical test results show that the specific capacitance of PANI/CNTs electrode is 478.48 F/g at the current density of 1.0 A/g. After 1 000 cycles, the specific capacitance retention rate of PANI/CNTs is 70.01%, while that of PANI prepared by traditional method is only 49.10%. The specific capacitance of PANI/CNTs composites obtained by emulsion polymerization is higher than that of PANI single material obtained by traditional method, and the cycle life is significantly improved. This method provides an important strategy for the preparation of electrode materials of high-performance supercapacitors.

Pure WO₃ and Ti doped WO₃/TiO₂ nanocrystals were synthesized by a self-designed flame spray combustion system, and the thin films were prepared by spin-coating method. The impact of Ti doping amount and annealing temperature on the electrochromic properties of the films were investigated by various characterization methods. The results show that Ti doping provides more active sites and increases the ion migration rate and conductivity. The maximum optical modulation of WTi-6 film at 633 nm is 67.11%, and the coloring efficiency is 1.7 times that of pure WO₃ film. Meanwhile, the annealing treatment at 400 ℃ enhances the adhesion between the WTi-6 films and the conductive substrate, and the electrochemical properties of the films and the reversibility of Li⁺ insertion/extraction on the films are improved. Correspondingly, the annealed WTi-6 films obtained a higher optical modulation range (76.05%), a faster response, and a shorter coloring time from the unannealed 5.7 s and 10.4 s to 5.5 s and 8.2 s, and the coloring efficiency is increased to 82.20 cm²/C. Therefore, Ti doping modification and annealing process refinement through flame spray combustion improves the electrochromic performance of WO₃ thin films and expands the preparation process of WO₃ nanocrystals, which has good application prospects. Therefore, Ti doping modification and annealing process refinement through flame spray combustion improves the electrochromic performance of WO₃ thin films and expands the preparation process of WO₃ nanocrystals, which has good application prospects.

Corn oil as a nanofluid base fluid has the problem of easy oxidation, and the addition of tertiary butylhydroquinone is expected to improve the antioxidant property of corn oil. In this paper, a new environmentally friendly nanofluid was prepared by using corn oil as a base fluid, Al₂O₃ as nanoparticles, and tertiary butylhydroquinone as an antioxidant to study its settlement stability and antioxidant properties. The content of oxidation products and viscosity of the nanofluids at different times were investigated from the perspectives of particle size, particle mass fraction, antioxidant type, and antioxidant addition. The results showed that the nanofluids produced without surfactant, 100 mL of corn oil, Al₂O₃ nanoparticles with a particle size of 20 nm and a particle mass fraction of 1.1083% had the best sedimentation stability. The nanofluid with 0.7% of tertiary butylhydroquinone added had the optimum antioxidant properties. There are two phenolic hydroxyl groups in the molecule of tertiary butylhydroquinone, and each of the two phenolic hydroxyl groups provides one hydrogen ion, which forms stable quinone compounds in corn oil, making the oxidation rate of the corn oil slower. When the content of tertiary butylhydroquinone was added at less than 0.4%, the content of tertiary butylhydroquinone was not enough to effectively retard the oxidation reaction of the oil. When the addition of tertiary butylhydroquinone exceeded 0.7%, the antioxidant property of the nanofluid could only be improved slightly, and the oxidation induction time increased slowly, but on the contrary, the viscosity of the nanofluid would be increased greatly. The nanofluid prepared in this paper has the characteristics of environmental friendly and good antioxidant performance, which can effectively slow down the generation of oxidised substances. This study contributes to the further development of antioxidant research of environmentally friendly nanofluids.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) hold great promise for various applications due to the low redox potential of zinc and high energy density. The host cathode for storing Zn²⁺ determines the discharge performance and cycling stability of the battery. Herein, three one-dimensional nanowire structured polymers were prepared using nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as a ligand with three carboxyl groups, and three nitrogen-doped carbon nanowires loaded with different particle size MnO materials (MnO/NC-x) were obtained after calcination treatment. Among them, the MnO particles in MnO/NC-0.5 prepared with a Mn²⁺∶NTA ratio of 0.5 had the smallest size and were uniformly dispersed on the nanowire surface. This material exhibited excellent kinetic properties such as ion diffusion and conductivity as the cathode for AZIBs. It delivered a rate capability of 158 mAh/g at a high current density of 2 A/g and still maintained a capacity retention of 96% after 1000 cycles at 1 A/g, demonstrating excellent cycling stability.

To broaden the high-value utilization of distiller's grain, the application potential of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) prepared from distiller's grain in the field of wastewater treatment was explored. Firstly, cellulose from the distiller's grain was extracted by washing, bleaching, and alkali treatment, and then the extracted cellulose was hydrolyzed by 50%(v/v) sulfuric acid at 1∶20 solid-liquid ratio to prepare the distiller's grain CNCs. Their chemical composition was determined and their chemical structure was characterized. Finally, the adsorption capacity of distiller's grain CNCs to methylene blue and congo red solution was studied. Results found that the purity of cellulose in the prepared CNCs from the distiller's grain was more than 90%, and the particle size distribution was concentrated in 180-300 nm. The zeta-potential value of the prepared CNCs was measured as -30.1 mV. Furthermore, the equilibrium adsorption rates of the distiller's grain CNCs on the congo red and methylene blue dyes reached 75.5% and 90.57%, respectively, which exhibited different adsorption mechanisms, corresponding to the first-order and the second-order kinetic models, respectively, showing promising adsorption properties of distiller's grain CNCs on ionic dyes, and providing a low-cost and efficient way for the sustainable application of distiller's grain CNCs in the field of industrial wastewater treatment.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as a dispersant and combined with ultrasonic technology to disperse multi walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs). A water-based dispersion of MWCNTs was prepared, and it was used as a doping phase to prepare fly ash concrete. The influence of multi walled carbon nanotube content on the mechanical and durability properties of fly ash concrete was studied through TEM, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, mechanical performance testing and rapid freeze-thaw experiments. The results indicated that PVP combined with ultrasonic technology could effectively disperse MWCNTs, and the addition of MWCNTs to fly ash concrete could accelerate the cement hydration reaction and increase the generation of hydration products such as C-S-H and Ca(OH)₂. Moderate doping of MWCNTs could refine the internal pore structure of cement, reduce the number of cracks and large-sized pores, and transform the failure mode of fly ash concrete from brittle fracture to ductile fracture. The peak load and deformation of the MWCNTs-0.3% specimen reached their maximum values, which were 41.6 kN and 2.92 mm, respectively. The compressive strength and flexural strength reached their maximum values, which were 60.5 and 11.2 MPa, respectively. After 100 rapid freeze-thaw cycles, the mass loss rate of the MWCNTs-0.3% sample was the lowest value of 0.271%, and the maximum relative dynamic elastic modulus was 84.34%, indicating a significant improvement in frost resistance.

ZnO nanocomposites with different molar ratios of Ce doping were prepared by hydrothermal method using ZnO as a photocatalyst and rare earth element Ce as an additive phase. The effect of Ce doping molar ratio on the lattice structure, microstructure and photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanocomposites was studied using methyl orange (MO) dye as the degradation object. The results showed that the Ce-ZnO nanocomposites prepared were all hexagonal wurtzite structured with an irregular granular appearance. Ce doping increased the surface roughness of ZnO. After Ce doping, no new products were produced in ZnO,      which did not affect the structure of ZnO. As the Ce doping molar ratio increased, the specific surface area of Ce ZnO gradually increased, the absorption edge first increased and then decreased, the bandgap width first decreased and then increased, and the photoluminescence intensity first decreased and then increased. The specific surface area of 0.6%Ce-ZnO reached 33.91 m²/g, with a maximum absorption edge of 394 nm and a minimum bandgap width of 2.97 eV, corresponding to the lowest photoluminescence intensity. The photocatalytic degradation test showed that with the increase of Ce doping molar ratio, the photocatalytic degradation of MO by Ce-ZnO first increased and then decreased. The degradation rate of MO by 0.6%Ce-ZnO reached its maximum value of 95.36% at 180 min. Under strong acidic or alkaline conditions, it wasn't conducive to the progress of photocatalytic reactions. Under weak acidic conditions with a pH value of 5, the degradation rate of MO by 0.6%Ce-ZnO reached a maximum of 99.16%. When the 0.6%Ce-ZnO photocatalyst was reused for 5 times, the degradation rate of MO still exceeded 70%, indicating good usage stability and economic benefits.

Postoperative bacterial infection of titanium implants is a common clinical complication. In this paper, arrays of oxygen-deficient barium titanate nanorods (BaTiO_3-x) were constructed on the Ti surface by hydrothermal and annealing treatments. The synthesis of BaTiO₃ nanorods was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry, and the presence of oxygen vacancies was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability of BaTiO_3-x nanorod arrays under ultrasound was verified using methyl violet (MV) as a trapping agent. The results show that BaTiO_3-x nanorod arrays can effectively generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH) under ultrasonic (US) irradiation. Antibacterial experiments were conducted with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and the antibacterial capacity of BaTiO_3-x nanorod arrays under US was investigated by the plate spread method. The results showed that the antibacterial rate of BaTiO_3-x against S. aureus reached 90.92% after 15 min of US irradiation. This study provides ideas for the preparation of antimicrobial coatings on titanium implant surfaces and lays the foundation for expanding US-responsive antimicrobial coatings.

The manganese dioxide electrode material was prepared by hydrothermal method using KMnO₄ and MnCl₂·4H₂O as raw materials. The microstructure of the material was observed by SEM and XRD, and the crystal shape was determined. The ORR electrocatalytic performance of manganese dioxide as electrode material was studied by discharge test and electrochemical test. The results show that homogeneous nanowire α-MnO₂ can be prepared when the hydrothermal reaction temperature is 180 ℃ and the molar ratio of KMnO₄:MnCl₂·4H₂O is 2.5:1. The polarization current density of the air cathode prepared by α-MnO₂ as catalyst reaches 76.15 mA/cm² at the polarization voltage of 1.0 V. It also has the smallest impedance, indicating that the resistance of oxygen reduction reaction is the least. At the current density of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mA/cm², the discharging voltage is 1.64, 1.49, 1.36 and 1.23 V, respectively, and the discharge performance is improved by about 10% compared with that of 5% platinum carbon catalyst.

Amorphous alloy ribbons with nominal compositions of Fe_80.5-xCo_xSi_3.5B_13.5Cu₁Nb_1.5(x=0, 3, 5, 7, 9) were prepared by melt spinning technique, which is used to investigate the effects of Co content and annealing temperature on the soft magnetic properties and organization of amorphous nanocrystalline alloys. The Fe_75.5Co₅Si_3.5B_13.5Cu₁Nb_1.5 quenched amorphous alloy under annealing temperature of 510 °C form an amorphous/nanocrystalline composite structure consisting of an amorphous matrix and nanograins and have excellent comprehensive soft magnetic properties, which contain the grain size D=13.5 nm, low coercivity H_c=2.5 A/m and high saturation magnetic induction intensity B_s=1.59 T. The magnetic domain structures on the surface of the ribbons at different annealing temperatures were observed by magnetic-optical kerr (MOKE) microscope. When the annealing temperature is 510 °C and the Co content x is 5, the internal stress release relative completely, which leads to the uniform nanocrystalline microstructure and straight clearly striped domains, and the change of the magnetic domains corresponded to the change of H_c.

Component diversity is one of the important ways to improve the amorphous formation ability and soft magnetic properties of Fe based amorphous nanocrystalline alloys. Based on Nanomet alloy, this paper designs the composition through Fe based binary phase diagram and uses single roll strip casting method to prepare Fe₈₀(Al_xSi_y)_2.4B_12.6P₄Cu₁(x/y=0, 1/5, 1/2, 1/1, 2/1) alloy. The influence of x/y changes on the amorphous formation ability, thermal stability, and soft magnetic properties of the alloy is explored. The research shows that the increase of x/y ratio can enhance the initial crystallization temperature and amorphous formation ability of the alloy. When x/y=1, the amorphous formation ability of Fe₈₀(Al_xSi_y)_2.4B_12.6P₄Cu₁(x/y=0, 1/5, 1/2, 1/1, 2/1) alloy is higher, and the annealing temperature window is widened. After annealing at 500 ℃ for 1 min, it exhibits excellent soft magnetic properties, with coercivity of 1.27 A/m and magnetic permeability of 17551. Due to the Fe content remains unchanged, the doping of Al has a minor impact on the saturation magnetic induction of the alloy.

WO₃ and Ce-doped WO₃ (Ce:WO₃) nanoparticles were prepared by a hydrothermal method, and the Ce:WO₃ filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite membranes were prepared. The influence of Ce doping on the dielectric properties of WO₃ particles and composite membranes were studied. And the Ce:WO₃/PDMS composite membranes was used as the friction layer of TENG (Ce:WO₃/PDMS-TENG) to study the effect of Ce dielectric enhancement of WO₃ on the output performance of TENG. The results indicate that the Ce-doping has no effect on the crystal structure and grain size of WO₃ nanoparticle, but the relative dielectric constant of WO₃ can be effectively increased from 9.99 to 20.83. Compared with the pure PDMS-TENG, the output performance of 1.5 mol% Ce:WO₃/PDMS-TENG was significantly improved, with an increase in the open-circuit voltage from 114 V to 279 V, the short-circuit current from 1.38 μA to 7.02 μA, and the transferred charge from 35.7 nC to 99.7 nC.

Nanoarray of spinel transition metal oxides has unique advantages over its nanowires and nanoparticles, and has important applications in many fields such as energy storage, catalysis, magnetism and optoelectronics. In this paper, various factors (substrate, reaction temperature, reaction time, raw materials, etc.) affecting the structure and morphology of spinel transition metal oxide nanoarrays prepared by hydrothermal/solvothermal method are summarized. The correlation between the structure and morphology of nanoarrays and their properties is discussed. The related research on the hierarchical structure of spinel transition metal oxide nanoarrays is briefly introduced. It is hoped that it can promote the design and development of multifunctional or functionally integrated nanoarrays and broaden their application range.

MgCo₂O₄@Ni(OH)₂ (MCON) electrode material for supercapacitors was succeessfully prepared by hydrothermal and electrodeposition in this work. Nanoneedle MgCo₂O₄ was coated with cotton-shaped Ni(OH)₂ on the conductive substrate of foam nickel, improving the structure of main material and constituting an effective electrical connection, thus enhancing the electrical conductivity. Electrochemical performance tests showed that this MCON exhibited excellent electrochemical properties, and it revealed a high specific capacitance of 2 635.4 F/g at a current of 1 mA/cm², indicating its canapcitance was increased by 72.4%. After 1 000 cycles under the condition of 14 mA/cm², 91.2% of initial capacitance was retained. Asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled with MCON as binder-free positive electrode and activated carbon as negative electrode respectively, which displayed a specific capacitance of 91.8 F/g at 1 A/g. Besides, asymmetric supercapacitor showed energy density of 28.7 Wh/kg under the power density of 2.1 kW/kg. Meantime, a red light-mitting diode could remain lit for 25 min. The above results show that designing composite has a strong ability to energy storage, suitable as a supercapacitor electrode material.

In order to solve the problems of poor electrical conductivity and low material utilisation of MnO₂ materials in water-based zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), this paper took agricultural waste coconut shells as raw materials, introduces low-cost, abundant, and green renewable biomass resources into electrode materials, and obtained coconut shell carbon with excellent conductivity through high-temperature carbonization. MnO₂ nanoparticles were grown on the surface of coconut shell carbon by hydrothermal method to obtain coconut shell carbon@MnO₂ composite nanomaterials. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical techniques and other characterization testing methods, the morphology, structure, and electrochemical performance of the composite material were analyzed. The results showed that the specific capacity of coconut shell carbon@MnO₂ was still as high as 344.6 mA h/g after 300 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g, and its performance was much higher than that of commercial MnO₂ materials (64.3 mA h/g). The excellent electrical conductivity of coco carbon@MnO₂, the nanosized structural design improved the material utilisation, reduced the ionic diffusion path, brought faster ionic diffusion rate and improved the multiplicity performance of the material, which had a good application prospect.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries have attracted much attention due to their advantages of higher energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness. Among the commonly used cathode materials for zinc ion batteries, vanadium-based composites have a promising research prospect due to their multiple valence states (V⁵⁺, V⁴⁺, V³⁺, V²⁺) and different structural features, which provide high specific capacity when playing the role of cathode materials for zinc ion batteries. However, vanadium-based composites are limited in the application of zinc-ion batteries due to poor cycling stability and low electrical conductivity. To address this issue, nanoparticles with a larger specific surface area than commercial vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) were prepared in this study using a simple hydrothermal method. Such V₂O₅ nanoparticles as cathode materials for zinc ion batteries provide an excellent specific capacity of 364 mAh/g at lower current densities and exhibits a high reversible specific capacity of 156 mAh/g at high current densities. After 200 cycles, its capacity can still maintain 85% of the initial capacity, not only provide better cycling stability than commercial V₂O₅, but also possess higher specific capacity. Based on its simple preparation method and good electrochemical stability, the nanoparticles demonstrate potential applications in negative electrode materials for zinc ion batteries.

The nano-TiO₂ microspheres were prepared using TiCl₄ and CON₂H₄ as raw materials by a simple solvothermal method. XRD, FESEM, TEM, UV-vis, BET methods were used to directly analyze the composition, structure, morphology, optical properties and specific surface characteristics of the samples. The photocatalytic activity of the microspheres prepared with different solvothermal time was determined by analyzing the degradation of gaseous benzene. The results show that the TiO₂ microspheres have undergone a process of TiO₂ solid-core, core-shell and hollow-center structure with the extension of reaction time, but they are all composed of particles below 20 nm. The light absorption band edge of the microspheres exhibits a significant “blue shift” phenomenon, the light absorption performance is higher than P25 TiO₂, and the specific surface area is 3-5 times higher than that of P25 TiO₂. The core-shell structure microspheres prepared by 6 h exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity, the mineralization rate of degraded gaseous benzene is as high as 93%, which is nearly three times higher than P25 TiO₂. The excellent performance may ascribe to the sufficient reflection and absorption of light by the core-shell structure, and the adsorption synergistic photocatalytic properties by the high specific surface area.

The research on high-performance cementitious composites has received much attention. Nanomaterials are excellent in promoting cement hydration, enhancing the densification of cement microstructure, as well as improving the mechanical properties and durability of cementitious materials, which can give the cementitious materials a variety of functionalities and reduce the amount of cement added. In this manuscript, the effects of different dimensions of inorganic nanomaterials on hydration, microstructure, mechanical properties and durability of cementitious materials are systematically sorted out from the mechanistic level of the materials, and the research direction of inorganic nanomaterials modification of cementitious materials in the future is proposed.

Nanofluids based on seawater can be used as hydraulic medium in marine hydraulic equipment to solve the problem of fluid deterioration caused by seawater intrusion in traditional hydraulic fluids. In this paper, seawater-based SiC nanofluids were prepared by a two-step method using natural seawater as the base fluid, and the dispersion stability and viscosity characteristics of nanofluids with different group distribution ratios were investigated by the single-variable method. The results showed that NaCl destroyed the particle double electric layer and reduced the nanofluid stabilization coefficient, but the surfactant CMC could be adsorbed on the surface of SiC particles to provide spatial site resistance, so that the stabilization coefficient was maintained at about 0.9 within 10 days. Meanwhile, it was verified that the best nanofluid dispersion stability was achieved with SiC particle size at 40 nm, mass fraction at around 1%, and CMC mass fraction at around 2%. The viscosity of seawater-based nanofluid increased with the increase of particle addition, and the rising trend slowed down when the mass fraction was greater than 1%. With the increase of CMC addition, the microstructure in the nanofluid was affected, so that the viscosity of the seawater-based nanofluid increased with the increase of the CMC mass fraction, and the rising trend was smooth-sharp-smooth. The viscosity was negatively correlated to the temperature by the effect of Brownian motion, and the viscosity of the nanofluid decreased with the increase of NaCl mass fraction, and the decreasing trend was fast and then slow. The seawater-based nanofluids prepared in this paper have good dispersion stability, and the desired viscosity can be obtained by regulating the group distribution ratio, which is helpful for the further development of nanofluid technology.

It is worth studying how to strike a balance between the magnetorheological effect and sedimentation stability in magnetic nanofluids, and the use of larger nanoparticles has been identified as a promising solution. Fe₃O₄ magnetic particles with a size of approximately 25 nm were synthesized using a controlled chemical co-precipitation method, and their phase composition and magnetic properties were characterized. Magnetic nanofluids were prepared using myristic acid as surfactant and RP4350 aviation hydraulic oil as dispersed phase, which exhibited prolonged stability under strong magnetic fields, with applicable temperatures ranging from -35 ℃ to 95 ℃. The variations in magnetorheological properties with magnetic field strength and temperature were investigated. The results reveal that under the influence of low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, the magnetic nanofluids exhibited significantly higher yield stress, reaching a maximum of 0.16 kPa. Even after yielding, the samples displayed stronger magnetoviscous effect. Dynamic rheological characteristics of magnetic nanofluids were examined using amplitude sweep measurements. The increase in magnetic field strength and the decrease in temperature can effectively enhance the shear resistance of the nanomagnetic fluid, which leads to the elevation of the storage modulus. Furthermore, the linear viscoelastic (LVE) region and the crossover point of the storage modulus and loss modulus also shift towards higher strain amplitudes. These findings contribute to the research on magnetic nanofluids prepared with larger particles and provide guidance for their applications over a wider temperature range.

The mechanical properties and early autogenous shrinkage of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) were experimentally investigated with the incorporation of magnesium oxide expansive agent (MEA) and nano-silica (NS). XRD and SEM were conducted to analyze the early hydration reactions and hydration products. The results indicate that the addition of MEA and NS both reduces the flowability of UHPC, and their combined incorporation further decreases flowability. The introduction of MEA decreases the compressive strength of UHPC at different ages, while the addition of appropriate amounts of NS and MEA significantly improves both compressive strength and early autogenous shrinkage of UHPC. Microscopic tests using XRD and SEM reveal that NS effectively reduces the content of calcium hydroxide in the UHPC system. The UHPC with 0.5 % NS and 6.0 % MEA has a denser structure and no obvious macropores and flake calcium hydroxide, which makes the UHPC have good volume stability and mechanical properties.

At high temperatures, solid-phase CaO can directly react with CO₂, achieving a capture rate of 78.57 wt% and serving as an efficient means to address carbon emissions. Key challenges in calcium looping technology include reducing the decomposition temperature of CaCO₃, regenerating CaO, and efficiently utilizing CO₂. In this study, a low thermal solid-solid coupling reaction between nano-CaCO₃ and carbon powder was employed to simultaneously regenerate nano-CaO and convert CO₂ in-situ to CO. This process led to a 46 ℃ reduction in the decomposition temperature of nano-CaCO₃, accompanied by an approximately 50% increase in decomposition rate. The regenerated porous nano-CaO exhibited small and uniform particle size, facilitating its reuse for CO₂ capture and achieving calcium looping utilization. The CO produced from the conversion of CO₂ can be applied in industrial syngas synthesis. Nano-CaCO₃ and carbon powder offer advantages such as wide availability, low cost, high safety, and convenient transportation. The low thermal solid-solid coupling reaction holds the potential to enhance CO₂ capture and utilization efficiency under the premise of low cost.

The pollution of heavy metals in water has caused an important impact on human production and life. In this paper, Birnessite type manganese dioxide nanomaterials were used as new adsorbents to study the adsorption properties of Pb²⁺ in water. Firstly, the Birnessite MnO₂ nanoflowers with the size from 200 nm to 900 nm were prepared by liquid phase synthesis method, and the adsorptive property of the obtained samples was studied by Pb²⁺ adsorption experiments. The effects of pH value, ionic strength, material size, adsorption time and initial concentration of Pb²⁺ were investigated. The adsorption mechanism of Pb²⁺ was studied with the fitting data of kinetic model and isothermal adsorption curve model. The experimental results showed that the prepared Birnessite MnO₂ nanoflowers had excellent adsorption properties for Pb²⁺ in water with the pH value 5-9, and the maximum adsorption capacity was up to 300 mg·g^-1. The Birnessite MnO₂ nanoflowers with the smaller size had the larger specific surface area, which caused the better adsorption performance. The Birnessite MnO₂ nanoflowers still had about 80% adsorption capacity when the Pb²⁺ adsorption experiment carried out in high ionic strength solution. The fitting data of adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption curve show that the adsorption process of Pb²⁺ by Birnessite MnO₂ nanoflowers is mainly the process of uniform coverage by single molecular layer with chemisorption process.

In order to prepare a pumpable PCME with high stability, low subcooling and high thermal conductivity, a modified PCME was prepared by adding different mass fractions of nano-SiC to paraffin (RT55) emulsion (SiC/PCME). The sample of SiC/PCME was prepared by ultrasonic method. The particle size distribution, phase change behaviors, thermal conductivity, thermal response rate and rheological properties of SiC/PCME were investigated. The results showed that the volume average particle size of SiC/PCME with 0.09 wt% SiC was 480 nm, and there was slight change in the particle size distribution before and after 20 days and 120 thermal cycles. The latent heat value of 0.09 wt% SiC/PCME measured by DSC was 39.0 J/g , and the subcooling degree was only 0.03 ℃, which was 11.8 ℃ lower than that of unmodified PCME. The subcooling degree of 0.09 wt% SiC/PCME was hardly changed after 120 cycles, which had good cycling thermal stability. The thermal conductivity of SiC/PCME was reached 4.247 W/m·K at 55 ℃. The thermal conductivity of the PCME and thermal response speed were improved by the addition of SiC nanoparticles. The lowest viscosity of SiC/PCME was 3 mPa·s at the shear speed of 100/s.

Bi₂WO₆-N-TiO₂ nanotube electrodes were prepared by hydrothermal method and low temperature plasma method, which were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, UV-Vis-DRS, CV and I-t, and applied to the degradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic wastewater. The results showed that Bi₂WO₆ nanosheets were successfully loaded onto the surface of TiO₂ nanotube electrode, and the co-modification of Bi₂WO₆ and N significantly enhanced the absorption of visible light by TiO₂. Electrochemical analysis results showed that the modified TiO₂ nanotube electrode had excellent photoelectric conversion performance, and the photocurrent density was about 5-9 times that of the modified TiO₂ nanotube electrode. The degradation of ciprofloxacin by Bi₂WO₆-N-TiO₂ nanotube electrode followed the first-order kinetic reaction equation, in which 0.8 mmol Bi₂WO₆-N-TiO₂ nanotube electrode had the highest degradation rate, reaching 0.00683 min^-1.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as one-dimensional nanomaterials, have excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties, and are widely used as reinforcing agents for composite materials. Herein, the electrical and mechanical properties of different types of hybrid structure based on carbon nanotubes are reviewed, i.e., carbon/particles, carbon nanotube/fiber, carbon nanotube/pieces of foam layer, carbon nanotube/lightweight materials, where the underline mechanism for the enhancement of the electrical and mechanical properties are analyzed, in together with the advantages of different hybrid structures. The present review shed lights on the construction and design of carbon nanotube-based hybrid materials in the future.

Ultra-thin and porous MgCo₂O₄ nanowires with larger specific surface area was successfully synthesized on Ni foam by hydrothermal method with surfactant sodium dodecylsulphate. It showed that MgCo₂O₄ nanowires exhibited a dense interwoven and transparent net-like structure with a high specific capacitance of 2128 F/g at a current of 5 A/g. After 6000 cycles under the condition of 40 A/g, 98.4% of initial capacitance was retained. Additionally, asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled with this nanowires as binder-free positive electrode and activated carbon as negative electrode respectively, which displayed a specific capacitance of 65.32 F/g and energy density of 20.41 Wh/kg under the power density of 338.95 W/kg. The above results show that the asymmetric supercapacitor is a good energy storage device which has good potential in practical applications.

Thermal interface materials offer an effective means to address the thermal accumulation and dissipation challenges in modern high-power and highly integrated electronic devices. Employing a strategy based on the regulation of thermal conductivity through a three-dimensional network structure, we used melamine foam (MF) as the framework. We prepared a three-dimensional network structure of carbon nanotubes (CNT) by employing chemical surface modification and high-temperature carbonization. Subsequently, we created a thermal interface composite material of carbon nanotubes/natural rubber (CNT/NR) using a vacuum infiltration method, and investigated the influence of CNT content on the material's microstructure, thermal conductivity, and thermal management performance. The results indicate that when the CNT content is 2 wt%, CNT can adhere to the MF framework, forming a complete and continuous three-dimensional network structure. This CNT/NR thermal interface composite material exhibits a thermal conductivity of 1.68 W/(m·K), a tensile strength of 12.9 MPa, and a elongation at break of 489% in the vertical direction and demonstrates significant thermal management capabilities, showing significant thermal management performance. These findings suggest that CNT/NR thermal interface composite materials have the potential to become valuable thermal management materials suitable for applications.

Using titanium tetrachloride as the raw material, TiCl₄ was prepared into a 0.5mol/L aqueous solution in an ice water bath under weakly alkaline conditions. The precipitate was obtained by low-temperature hydrolysis, and the precipitate was dried in a vacuum oven at 80 ℃ and roasted at low temperature of 400 ℃ for 12 hours to obtain white powder. Structural characterization was carried out through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The obtained sintered products were combined with metal lithium electrode materials and polyethylene separators to construct a semi battery system for battery performance testing. The results showed that titanium tetrachloride was used as the raw material to achieve slow hydrolysis under low temperature conditions, and then subjected to long-term low-temperature calcination to obtain a white powder of nanoscale rutile type TiO₂, which has advantages such as small particle size, good dispersibility, narrow particle size distribution, and good sphericity. This product has a first discharge specific capacity of 169 mAh/g at 0.2 charge and discharge, and a discharge specific capacity of 69 mAh/g at 5 C, with a capacity retention rate of 91.69%, respectively. Its electrochemical performance is much higher than that of commercial TO₂. Research has shown that the method of preparing TiO₂ based on slow hydrolysis low-temperature sintering mechanism is a simple, low-cost, and suitable process for large-scale production.

Epoxy resin based concrete, as a green and environmentally friendly building material, is widely used in road repair and insulation construction. A composite epoxy resin based concrete was prepared using epoxy resin E44 as the raw material, xylene as the diluent, and nano glass fibers as the filler. The effects of different lengths of nano glass fibers on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and insulation performance of the concrete were studied. The results showed that the doping of nano glass fibers played a “seed crystal” role, promoted the hydration reaction, and improved the compactness of epoxy resin based concrete. The appropriate increase in the length of nano glass fibers improved the bonding strength between concrete and fibers. When the length of nano glass fibers was 8 mm, the morphology of concrete was optimal. As the length of nano glass fibers increased, the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete first increased and then decreased. After 28 d of curing, when the length of the nanoglass fiber was 8 mm, the compressive strength and flexural strength of the concrete reached their maximum values, which were 21.93 and 4.59 MPa, respectively. The doping of nano glass fibers improved the pore structure of concrete, reduced thermal conductivity, and improved insulation performance. When the length of the nanoglass fiber was 8 mm, the minimum thermal conductivity of concrete was 0.147 W/(m·K), indicating the best insulation performance.

The Ag₂S/TNTs hydrogen evolution electrode was prepared by chemical bath deposition of Ag₂S on highly ordered TiO₂ nanotubes (TNTs) using sodium sulfide and silver nitrate as starting materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the electrodes. The results showed that Ag₂S particles were uniformly deposited on the surface of TiO₂ nanotubes without destroying the original morphology and structure of the nanotubes. The hydrogen evolution performance of the composite electrode with different deposition cycles of Ag₂S was analyzed by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), Tafel curve, double layer capacitance analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at room temperature of 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄. Compared with TNTs, Ag₂S/TNTs showed better hydrogen evolution performance. When the number of Ag₂S deposition cycles is 9, the overpotential of the prepared composite electrode reaches 288.14 mV at the current density of 10 mA/cm², the Tafel slope is 61.8 mV/dec, the double layer capacitance is 54.7 mF/cm², and the internal resistance of charge transfer is reduced to 0.7 Ω/cm².

In order to improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ and investigate the effect of metal ion doping on photocatalytic performance of TiO₂, the electrospinning technology and calcination process were used to prepare La³⁺/TiO₂ nanofiber membrane. The morphology and structure of the material were characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and TG tests. With methylene blue as the target degradation agent, the mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation and degradation of dyes by La³⁺ modified TiO₂ was further studied. The results showed that when the dye concentration was 10 mg/L and the concentration of La³⁺ doped modified TiO₂ nanofibers was 15 mg/10 mL, the degradation rate was 63.41% after 10 minutes of catalysis, and 99.87% after 70 min of catalysis, which was 6.36% higher than the degradation rate of undoped TiO₂ nanofibers. It can be seen that La³⁺ doping improves the photocatalytic degradation rate of TiO₂, reducing the required time.