30 May 2022, Volume 53 Issue 5

    

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Focuses & Concerns(The Project of Chongqing Press Fundin 2021)
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  Application of sapphire and research progress of single-crystal strengthening and toughening

  TANG Wenqi, YAN Lihong, ZHENG Xiaobin, DONG Fanli, XU Qiufeng, LI Na, YANG Jianying, HUANG Wei, ZHANG Jiao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5001-5008. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.001

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  Sapphire has the advantages of high hardness, high strength, strong corrosion resistance, etc. It has been widely used in many high-tech fields and is expected to become a new screen cover material for electronic products. However, the poor impact toughness of sapphire single crystal will limit its application in consumer electronics. Recently, the functional development, application, and toughening technology of sapphire has been widely studied. The review introduces the applications of sapphire in optics, semiconductors, laser materials, etc. Then, the research progress of sapphire strengthening and toughening by doping and particle injection are summarized, which can effectively improve the fracture strength and toughness of sapphire. Moreover, the future application of sapphire and work of sapphire strengthening and toughening are analyzed and discussed.
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  Research progress in metal-organic framework materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

  LI Rong, DOU Yuanxin, SHU Yue, CHEN Xuxing, GAO Yun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5009-5025. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.002

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  Fuel cells have potential application in the areas of transportation, stationary and distributed power generation, and portable power sources. In response to environment pollution and limited natural resources, new alternative energy conversion mode has been developed in fuel cells. However, traditional proton conducting materials, such as inorganic acid and organic molecule, generally have low temperature conductivity, high humidity dependence, ambiguously structure-property relationship. The development of fuel cell has been seriously limited because of these deficiencies. Metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) are a new kind of porous crystalline materials with many advantages such as designable structure, modifiable skeleton, large specific surface area and adjustable porosity. Owing to these excellent properties, MOFs show outstanding performance and potential application in the field of proton conduction. In this review, the research progress of high performance proton conduction of MOFs is discussed. Two conduction mechanisms as Grotthuss and Vehicle are introduced. The Grotthuss mechanism is based on the proton transferring process. Hydrogen network has been fabricated through water molecule and provides as pathway to transfer proton. Whereas, the Vehicular mechanism should be ascribed to self-diffusive transport of proton carrier molecules. According to the operating conditions, proton-conducting MOFs can be divided into two types. One works under humidity condition. Proton conduction MOFs based on oxalic acid, carboxylic acid, phosphonic and sulfonic acid have been systematically described. Several strategies can be exploited such as modifying MOFs with functional groups. The high conductivity could be obtained. The other part employs at anhydrous environment. Organic heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen are loaded into the MOFs channel. The conductivity and work temperature could be improved through this method. Finally, the current issues of high proton conduction MOFs materials is summarized and discussed. The future development is also prospected. This review will provide reference for the design and synthesis of proton conduction MOFs materials with excellent performance.
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  Research progress on the application and properties of shape memory alloys

  CHEN Yizhe, YANG Yuzhuo, PENG Wenpeng, WANG Hui

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5026-5038. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.003

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  Shape memory alloy is a kind of metal intelligent material which can change phase under the action of temperature and pressure. It has been widely used in transportation, aerospace, biomedicine and many other fields. With the continuous improvement of advanced engineering technology for the intelligent and functional diversification of metal structure materials, the traditional mechanical transmission structure shows disadvantages such as poor stability and complex structure, which are increasingly difficult to meet the needs of the present stage. Shape memory alloy has attracted great attention by virtue of its excellent mechanical properties. It is urgent to analyze its multi-field application in order to promote the interdisciplinary integration and the formation of a complete knowledge system. In this paper, we review application frontier of shape memory alloy in automobile industry, aerospace, biomedical, and building at home and abroad, analyze research progress of basic features such as shape memory effect, superelasticity, high damping property, biocompatibility and elastothermal effect, and discuss the shortcomings of shape memory alloy research at present and the future application prospect and development direction.
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  Preparation of MXene modified carbon fiber electrode and study on supercapacitor performance

  CHENG Liyuan, QU Yun, ZHAO Xin, SUN Jie

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5039-5047. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.004

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  In recent year, flexible energy storage materials have attracted extensive attention in portable and wearable devices. Supercapacitors are considered as promising devices for flexible energy storage equipments, owning to their advantages of high power density, good cycle stability and safe operation. Electrode materials play a key role in the performance of supercapacitors. As a two-dimensional transition metal carbide, MXene is widely used in flexible supercapacitor electrodes because of its excellent energy storage performance and flexibility. In this paper, MXene nanosheets were adsorbed on the surface of acidified carbon fibers by freeze-drying. By controlling the acidification time, the number of immersion times and the concentration of MXene suspension solution, the changes in the microscopic physical and chemical structure of carbon fibers under different treatment conditions were compared via SEM, FT-IR, XRD and other methods. At the same time, the energy storage performance of carbon fiber composite electrode under different treatment conditions was compared and analyzed by electrochemical test. The results show that MXene nanosheets can be firmly and effectively attached to the surface of carbon fibers by properly controlling the acidification time, soaking times and suspension concentration, thus effectively improving the electrochemical energy storage effect of the composite electrode. Under suitable treatment conditions, the specific capacitance of carbon fiber composite electrode can reach 70.9 F/g, and the specific capacitance of symmetrical supercapacitor assembled is 12.8 F/g, which is 6 times that of ablated CF supercapacitor.
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  Synthesis of organo-soluble polyesterimides and the alignment research for liquid crystal molecules

  ZHI Xinxin, ZHANG Yan, SONG Yongzhi, GAO Yanshuang, PAN Zhen, WEI Xinying, LIU Jingang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5048-5058. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.005

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  A series of organo-soluble polyesterimide (PEsI) resins were prepared via the two-step chemical imidization procedure from aromatic ester-containing dianhydride, ethylene glycol bis (trimellitic anhydride) (TMEG) and various aromatic diamines. The aromatic ester-containing dianhydride, ethylene glycol bis (trimellitic anhydride) (TMEG) was first synthesized from trimellitic anhydride chloride and ethylene glycol. And the aromatic diamines included 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA), 4,4′-iminodianiline (NDA), 1,4-bis[2-(4-aminophenyl)-2-propyl]benzene (BisP), and 1,3-bis[2-(4- aminophenyl)-2-propyl]benzene (BisM), respectively. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements indicated that the derived PEsI resins showed number average molecular weights (M_n) in the range of 6.21×10⁴ to 1.16×10⁵ g/mol, indicating the high reactivity of the TMEG dianhydride. The developed TMEG-based PEsI resins showed good solubility in polar aprotic solvents, such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc). However, they were not soluble in less-polar solvent, such as butyl cellulose (BC). Liquid crystal (LC) minicells were fabricated by using the developed PEsI solutions in the solvents mixture of NMP and butyl cellulose (BC). The PEsI alignment films showed good thermal stability with the 5% weight loss temperatures higher than 400 ℃ and glass transition temperatures (T_g) higher than 160 ℃. In addition, the PEsI alignment films exhibited good optical transparency with the transmittance higher than 79.0 at the wavelength of 400 nm. The PEsI alignment films showed good alignment ability to the LC molecules after rubbing. The LC molecules showed the pretilt angles (θ_p) in the range of 2.28°-2.93°. The LC minicells showed high voltage holding ratio (VHR) features with the values higher than 94.00%.
Review & Advance
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  Research progress in application of carbon foam in environmental treatment

  ZHANG Haonan, LI Xuemei, XIE Linkun, LI Chen, CHAI Xijuan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5059-5065. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.006

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  Carbon foam is a new type of carbon material. It is a lightweight porous material with a three-dimensional network structure composed of pore cells and interconnected cell walls. Compared with traditional porous materials, carbon foam has been used to adsorb various pollutants in the environment owing to its large specific surface area, excellent adsorption performance, uniform structure, good thermal stability, and high strength. At the same time, in the field of environmental governance, carbon foam can also be loaded with various functional catalysts to build a synergistic effect between adsorption and specific functions and improve the efficiency of environmental governance. Carbon foam has an integral structure which makes it exhibit excellent recyclability and reusability when used as an environmental treatment material. In this paper, the research progress of carbon foams as adsorptive and carrier materials in the field of environmental governance in recent years was reviewed, and the future research direction of carbon foams was prospected.
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  The photoelectrochemical performance regulation strategy of perovskite ferroelectric materials

  ZHANG Zhekun, LI Changhao, LI Yangfan, YU Peng, NING Chengyun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5066-5073. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.007

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  The non-coincidence of the positive and negative charge centers of perovskite ferroelectric crystals leads to spontaneous polarization inside the materials to generate a built-in electric field. The existence of built-in electric field is beneficial to the transmission and separation of photo-excited carriers. However, perovskite ferroelectric materials are mostly wide-band gap semiconductors. Photogenerated electrons and holes generated when materials are excited are easy to recombine. Therefore, adjusting their photoelectrochemical performance has become a research hotspot. In this paper, the principles and progress of controlling the photoelectrochemical performance of perovskite ferroelectric materials are introduced, such as doping and substitution of elements, deposition of precious metals on the surface, construction of semiconductor heterostructure and multi-mechanism coupling. The applications status of these materials in photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, photocatalytic hydrogen production and photoelectrochemical water splitting hydrogen production in recent years are emphatically introduced.
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  Progress of chiral carbon quantum dots

  FAN Xingang, YANG Lihua, SUN Wei, JIANG Li, QIN Aimiao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5074-5081. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.008

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  Chiral carbon quantum dots have a wide application prospect in sensors, catalysis and biomedicine due to their excellent properties. They not only have chiral properties, but also inherit the excellent properties of carbon quantum dots including optical activity, photoluminescence, low toxicity and good biocompatibility. In this paper, it is summarized on the development process, the synthesis methods, and application research of chiral carbon quantum dots. And the prospect of the chiral carbon quantum dots are also prospected. It will provide reference for the related application research of chiral carbon dots in the future.
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  Research progress of titanium nitride in oxygen reduction reaction for fuel cells

  TANG Mue, ZHOU Yi, LIU Shuyue, LIANG Pingjuan, WANG Chunyuan, XING An, ZHANG Jun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5082-5091. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.009

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  With the increasing consumption of the global energy demand, the electrochemical conversion and storage of new energy sources have drawn increasing attention in scientific research. As a promising energy conversion technology, fuel cells have attracted extensive attention in academia and industry due to their high energy conversion efficiency, environmental friendliness, high power density and wide range of fuels. Especially, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode is considered as an important electrode reaction in fuel cells. However, several factors, including slow kinetic process, extreme dependence on noble metal platinum, and rapid degradation of catalytic performance and durability after long-term operation, have severely restricted the large-scale promotion and application of these fuel cells commercialization. Therefore, the development of low-cost, highly active and stable catalysts is of great significance to promote the commercialization. Recently, Titanium nitride (TiN), as a highly durable support, has attracted extensive attention because of its superior properties of high conductivity, high melting point, high hardness, abrasion resistance and super anti-corrosion to acid and alkaline. When the advanced TiN material with favorable morphology and porous structure, high surface area and nanostructure is used as catalyst support, the electrocatalytic performance of Pt-based catalysts will be enhanced significantly due to the improved utilization of Pt, enhanced metal-support interactions, promoted mass/charge transfer as well as corrosion resistance. Interesting, TiN has also electronic properties similar to noble metal, and exhibits superior catalytic performance and durability toward ORR, thus obtaining widely attention in non-precious metal catalysts. Based on the above analysis, this review has summarized the current preparation method and synthesis mechanism of TiN materials, and elaborated the latest research progress including TiN, transition metal-doped TiN and its carbon-based composite materials as support or catalyst toward ORR. Based on the presented progress, we finally prospect the future application of TiN materials and directions for designing and developing practical fuel cell cathode catalysts.
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  Research progress of composite electrode materials for flexible supercapacitors

  YANG Fang, LI Hongyu, WU Qiqi, DONG Wei, ZHAO Meina, HE Kun, GUO Yifeng

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5092-5099. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.010

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  With the continuous updating of smart electronic devices, developers have begun to develop electronic devices that are more in line with people’s needs, so a flexible wearable electronic device has come to people’s eyes, and flexible supercapacitors have also received a lot of attention as a type of portable energy storage device. Among them, the electrode is the core of the supercapacitor, and the choice of electrode material is directly related to the energy storage capacity and other properties of the supercapacitor. Therefore, the flexible electrode material that determines the mechanical properties and electrochemical properties is our main research object. At present, the research on electrode materials of supercapacitors is not limited to a single material, but focuses on the composite of materials. Especially, the research on doped modified electrode materials is mostly. This article first introduces the performance characteristics and research progress of supercapacitors, and then focuses on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of different electrode materials. Finally, the research on the electrode materials of flexible capacitors is prospected, hoping to provide information for the research of flexible capacitors.
Research & Development
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  Dynamic shear rheological properties of rubber-asphalt composites

  AN Wenjing, SHENG Dongfa, ZHANG Sicheng, WANG Yinan, ZHU Jun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5100-5103. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.011

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  The dynamic mechanical properties of rubber-asphalt composites can be changed obviously with different addition of rubber powder. In this paper, the viscoelastic dynamic shear rheological parameters of rubber-asphalt composites were derived by using a three-parameter rheological model. Through the custom fitting function of Origin software, the four undetermined parameters of viscosity prediction model were fitted. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was used to test rubber asphalt composite samples with different addition of rubber powder at different temperatures. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical results obtained by the three-parameter rheological model. The results showed that the experimental results were similar to the theoretical ones. With the increase of test temperature or the decrease of rubber powder content, the viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus of rubber-asphalt composites decrease. However, with the increase of test temperature or the decrease of rubber powder content, the loss factor of rubber-asphal increases.
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  The sound absorption of road noise barrier material made of fly-ash cenospheres

  LI Guanda, WANG Bo, XIE Hui, WANG Xi, GE Xiyun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5104-5111. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.012

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  Light-aggregate porous concrete can be applied to traffic noise control because of its light weight, porosity and good weather resistance. This experiment developed a new light-aggregate porous concrete using fly-ash cenospheres, namely solid wastes from thermal power plants, as aggregate and cement as cementitious material. It could be applied to the sound absorption material of the road noise barrier. Impacts of two factors, namely molding pressure and aggregate-to-cement ratio, on the acoustic performance were investigated through experimental characterization. Horoshenkov & Swift model was also used to inverse calculate the tortuosity and flow resistance of the material to investigate the effect of molding conditions on them. The results show that with the increase of pressure, the first peak frequency of sound absorption of the specimen shifts to low frequency and the absorption coefficient at the peak decreases. With the rise of aggregate-to-cement ratio, the peak frequency of sound absorption shifts to high frequency, and the absorption coefficient at the peak increases. The calculation results of the inverse computation show that the fitting degree R²>0.8, which is credible. Under the condition of 0.9 aggregate-to-cement ratio, the forming pressure is positively correlated with the tortuosity and flow resistance. While under the forming pressure of 0.2 MPa, the aggregate-to-cement ratio is negatively correlated with the curvature factor.
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  Rapid preparation of MoAlB ceramics by spark plasma sintering induced combustion reaction

  DU Qian, GAO Jiyun, GUO Shenghui, SHI Shuhao, LIANG Baoyan, YANG Li

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5112-5116. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.013

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  MoAlB material is prepared by spark plasma sintering with Mo/Al/B mixed powder as raw material. The phase composition and microstructure of the product are studied by XRD and SEM. The results show that combustion reaction can be occurred in the 1Mo/1.1Al/1B powders at 900 ℃ by spark plasma sintering. The sample composes of MoAlB, MoB and Al₈Mo₃. There are many irregular pores with tens of microns in this product. The grains are very fine with a size of submicron. In addition, a small amount of whiskers is formed. Increasing the sintering temperature will promote the transformation of MoB and Al₈Mo₃ into MoAlB materials. At the same time, its sintering densification is promoted, and the MoAlB grains develop into plate-like fine grains. By optimizing the raw material ratio (1Mo/1.2Al/1.05B) and sintering system (1 150 ℃, holding for 5 min), a single-phase and dense (relative density of 98%) MoAlB material may be obtained. A reaction mechanism for preparing MoAlB by SPS induced combustion reaction is proposed. First, when the temperature rises above the melting point of Al, the liquid phase of Al is formed. Then, Mo first reacts with Al to form Al rich AlMox phase. The reaction will release less heat, and the combustion reaction will be induced under the heating effect of SPS. A large amount of Mo and B will also react chemically to form MoB. Finally, MoB and Al₈Mo₃ react with B to form MoAlB.
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  Effect of (Pd, Al) doping on the structure and hydrogen permeability of V-based solid solution alloys

  WU Chenxi, ZHANG Yanli, LU Yongxin, WANG Feng, QIAO Tao, LI Yanming, HUANG Zhimin, WANG Zhongmin

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5117-5122. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.014

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  Metal vanadium (V) has a high hydrogen penetration rate, but the problem of hydrogen embrittlement limits its practical application in hydrogen separation/purification. Elemental doping is an effective means to improve metal hydrogen embrittlement. In this paper, the influence of (Pd, Al) doping on the structure and hydrogen permeability of V-based solid solution is studied. A series of V_100-xPd_x and V_100-xPd_x/2Al_x/2 (x=3.125, 6.25) alloy samples were prepared by arc induction melting. The structure and composition of the alloy samples were characterized by XRD, EDS. The PCT hydrogen absorption curve test was used to analyze the hydrogen solubility of the alloy samples. The electrochemical step method was used to test and analyze the hydrogen diffusion coefficient of the alloy samples. Studies have confirmed that the V_100-xPd_x and V_100-xPd_x/2Al_x/2 alloy samples are single-phase V-based solid solutions (V-bcc structure). Compared with pure V, the doped solid solution has obvious cell distortion, and the V_93.75Pd_3.125Al_3.125 solid solution has the largest lattice parameter change rate (0.257%). Doping reduces the hydrogen solubility of metal V to varying degrees and increases the enthalpy of hydride formation, which is beneficial to improve the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of metal vanadium. The double-doped V_96.875Pd_1.5625Al_1.5625 alloy has a high hydrogen diffusion coefficient (5.03×10^-10 cm²/s), which is more than 4 times that of the single-doped V_93.75Pd_6.25 alloy. At the same time, the alloy sample also maintains good mechanical ductility, and its Vickers hardness is 185.64 HV. This study shows that, compared with metal vanadium, the hydrogen penetration and hydrogen embrittlement resistance of vanadium-based solid solution alloys prepared by element doping are effectively improved.
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  Synthesis CoLa-LDH@NF by electrodeposition method for high efficiency alkaline oxygen evolution reaction

  WEI Xueling, JIANG Peng, BAO Weiwei, ZOU Xiangyu, KOU Lingjiang, AI Taotao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5123-5129. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.015

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  Developing high efficiency and stability electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the key to the sustainable development of hydrogen energy. Simple and fast synthesis of layered double hydroxide (LDH) catalysts is of great significance for the industrialization of hydrogen production by water splitting. CoLa-LDH@NF electrodes were synthesized from cobalt nitrate hexahydrate and lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate by rapid (90 s) electrodeposition on nickel foam by using a three-electrode system. XRD, XPS, SEM and various electrochemical methods were used to study the structure and performance. The results showed that CoLa-LDH@NF nanosheets exhibited excellent oxygen evolution reaction catalytic performance in 1 mol/L KOH solution. The ultra-thin sheet structure increased the contact area between CoLa-LDH@NF and electrolyte, and the number of active sites. At a current density of 10 mA/cm², the overpotential of CoLa-LDH@NF was 251 mV. The corresponding Tafel slope value was 47 mV/dec. CoLa-LDH@NF shows good electrochemical stability and durability.
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  Effect of PbO content in glass on front silver paste ohmic contact performance of solar cell

  XIE Xianqing, XU Yawen, CHEN Feibiao

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5130-5135. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.016

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  The front silver paste is the key material for the metallization of crystalline solar cells. The PbO component in glass plays an important role in achieving good ohmic contact between silver paste and silicon wafer. The characteristics of Pb-free glass and Pb glass are characterized by TGA-DSC and SEM. The results show that the glass containing PbO has low transition temperature, high heat release, strong ability to dissolve Ag. The number of silver particles precipitated during cooling is more, the particle size is small, the arrangement is regular and the distribution is uniform. Therefore, it has good ohmic contact. The influence of glass with different PbO content on the electrical properties of silicon wafers with different square resistance is studied. The results show that with the increase of silicon square resistance, the increase of PbO content in glass helps to improve the ohmic contact with the silicon junction emitter. But when the PbO content is too high, the dissolved Ag content is too large, and the glass etches the silicon emitter deeply, resulting in serious damage to P-N junction, large leakage, and significant decrease in Voc. When the PbO content is 15 wt%-25 wt%, it has good ohmic contact and little effect on Voc, so it has better efficiency of silicon solar cells.
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  Preparation and optical properties of Gd₂O₃ down-conversion luminescent materials

  SHEN Lanlan, LU Weihua

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5136-5140. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.017

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  Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ double doped Gd₂O₃ down-conversion luminescent materials were prepared by sol-gel method and the doping ratio of Yb³⁺ was adjusted according to the doping mole percentage n(Gd³⁺)∶n(Er³⁺)∶n(Yb³⁺)=100∶2∶x(x=0, 3, 6, 9). The effects of Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ double doping on the crystal structure, micro morphology, luminescence properties and quantum transfer efficiency of Gd₂O₃ luminescent materials were studied by XRD, SEM, fluorescence spectra and fluorescence attenuation. The results showed that the doping of Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ didn't change the crystal structure of Gd₂O₃, but caused a high angle shift of the characteristic diffraction peak of the sample. The grain size of all samples were about 65~85 nm, which belonged to nano materials. With the increase of Yb³⁺ doping, the diffraction peak intensity of the sample in the visible region and near-infrared region first increased and then decreased, and the diffraction peak intensity of Gd₂O₃ luminescent material with 2Er:3Yb doping ratio reached the maximum. With the increase of Yb³⁺ doping, the sample gradually shifted from yellow green light region to blue light region. The color transformation of Gd₂O₃ luminescent material could be realized by adjusting the doping ratio of Er³⁺/Yb³⁺. With the increase of Yb³⁺ doping, the average life of the sample decreased gradually, and the energy transfer efficiency and quantum efficiency increased gradually. The energy transfer efficiency and quantum efficiency of Gd₂O₃:2Er/9Yb were 77.80% and 177.80% respectively, which had high energy transfer efficiency and quantum efficiency.
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  Ionicliquid composite system modified PEO to prepare a new solid polymer electrolyte

  ZHAO Xiangfeng, CHEN Qianlin, GUO Yu

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5141-5146. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.018

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  Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) has attracted more and more attention due to its unique safety performance. Here, we prepared a PEO-based high-performance solid-state polymer electrolyte with a novel poly(ionic liquid) (PIL)/ionic liquid (IL) blend-modified poly(ethylene oxide). The crystal structure and thermal stability of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) methods. The results showed that the introduction of PIL/IL significantly reduced the crystallinity and exhibited high thermal stability (320 ℃). The electrochemical properties of solid polymer electrolytes were investigated by electrochemical impedance (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The results showed that the reduction of crystallinity significantly improved the ionic conductivity (2.27×10^-4 S/cm, 40 °C) and lithium-ion transference number (0.3, 40 °C). At the same time, the electrochemical window is improved due to the substitution of the proton hydrogen on the C(2) position of the imidazole ring by an alkyl group. By assembling the LiFePO₄/Li cell for charge and discharge tests, it was found that the stable discharge capacity was as high as 150 mAh/g. The discharge capacity remained unchanged after 100 cycles, and the Coulomb efficiency remained above 99%, showing high capacity and cycle stability.
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  Preparation and properties of polyvinyl alcohol/procyanidin blends

  WANG Xiaofan, LI Ting, CHEN Xin, ZHU Haiyan, MIAO Hongyan, WU Xiuming

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5147-5152. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.019

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  Proanthocyanidins (OPC) extracted from natural plants was used as free radical trapping agent and blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The PVA/OPC composite films were produced by solution casting. The thermodynamic stability of the composite films was measured by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). The properties of UV shielding and light transmission were investigated using double-beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis). And the crystalline properties were characterized using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The results show that the addition of OPC inhibited the crystallization of PVA, the thermal stability and the melt processing window of the composite films were effectively improved by adding 1.0%-2.0% OPC. And the PVA/OPC composites films exhibited excellent mechanical properties, light transmittance and UV shielding properties.
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  Preparation and properties of silicone thermal conductive composites

  WU Zhijun, ZHOU Xiaosong, LIU Canqun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5153-5159. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.020

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  The carbon nanotubes were modified by 4-[4-(4-ethenylcyclohexyl) cyclohexyl]-1, 2-difluorobenzene (ECFB) liquid crystal, and the modified carbon nanotubes were used as fillers to prepare silicone composites. Carbon nanotubes were induced by the application of electric field force during the curing process of the composite by the orientation of liquid crystal. The morphology, structure and properties of modified carbon nanotubes and composites were characterized by FT-IR, POM, TEM and thermal conductivity test. The results show that ECFB liquid crystal can improve the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in silicone composites. The thermal conductivity test shows that when the mass fraction of carbon nanotubes in the composite is 11%, the thermal conductivity of ECFB -MWCNTs/silicone composite after applying electric field reaches 1.5112 W/(m·K), which is more than 4 times that of MWCNTs/silicone composite after applying electric field and nearly 10 times that of pure silicone rubber.
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  Application of two-dimensional MXene in hydrogen storage

  HU Shuaicheng, CHENG Honghui, HAN Xingbo, LYU Lijun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5160-5172. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.021

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  Searching for clean and efficient energy has become the priority goal of human sustainable development. As a green and efficient energy source, hydrogen energy is now the focus of the world. So far, there exists certain safety problems in the commonly used hydrogen storage methods such as compressing hydrogen into gas cylinders with high pressure, low-temperature liquefaction and so on. Therefore, the solid hydrogen storage method has received extensive attention. Among them, a large number of exploratory researches have been conducted on the lightweight high-performance solid materials such as MXene which is a new two-dimensional material. As a result, they found out that the maximum hydrogen adsorption capacity of Ti₂C MXene can reach 8.6 wt%, which is much higher than that (5.5 wt%) of metal-based hydrides specified by the U.S. Department of Energy in 2015. Despite the great potential of MXene, its applications in hydrogen storage are not fully explored yet. In this paper, we will introduce the latest research results and application directions of MXene as a hydrogen storage material.
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  First principles calculations of the electronic structure and ferromagnetism of CoSi(001)//MgO(001) thin films

  ZOU Jiang, WANG Xinghai, WANG Lifeng, HE Juan, WU Bo, XIE Quan

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5173-5177. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.022

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  In this paper, the first principle method based on density functional theory is used to calculate the electronic structure, magnetic moment, and charge density and differential charge density of the thin film growth system whose epitaxial relation is CoSi (001)//MgO (001). The results show that when the lattice constants a and b of CoSi crystal are set as 0 .84224 nm and C =0.28135 nm, the energy of the system is the lowest and the most stable equilibrium state is reached. It can be seen from the spin polarization band diagram, total electron state density and fractal density that the guide band bottom and valence band top of the CoSi epitaxial film overlap significantly, thus showing the gold property and producing obvious spin cracking phenomenon near the Fermi level. The valence band top is mainly composed of THE 3d⁷ state electrons of Co, while the conduction band bottom is mainly composed of the 3p state electrons of Si. At the same time, it can be seen from the state density that the phenomenon of pseudo energy gap is generated. The Co-3d state electrons not only mainly contribute to the state density, but also are speculated to be the main factor for the magnetic generation of the film. According to the calculated Mulliken charge and charge density, electrons are transferred from Si to Co, and Co ACTS as the electron acceptor, forming an anti-bonding state between Co and Si, and forming a covalent bond structure between Co and Si. The CoSi under this epitaxial relationship is ferromagnetic and the total magnetic moment is 0.52 μB.
Process & Technology
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  Hydrationkinetics model of rice husk ash-blended system

  WU Lang, WU Xiaoping, HUANG Sihuiming, SHEN Jian

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5178-5185. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.023

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  Rice husk ash (RHA) is a highly active pozzolanic material produced by the controlled combustion of rice husks, which is widely used as a mineral admixture for the production of high performance concrete. The addition of rice husk ash has a complex effect on cement hydration. Current models do not account for all these complex effects. In this paper, by considering factors such as the dilution and chemical effect of rice husk ash on the composite cementing system, as well as the absorption and release of water by the porous structure of rice husk ash, a hydration kinetic model of RHA cement cementitious system is established. Taking water cement ratio, ambient temperature, RHA particle fineness and dosage as variable parameters, the model calculation is compared with the experimental results. It is proved that the model can simulate the hydration process of cement cementitious system with RHA and can be used to predict the hydration degree of cement cementitious system with age. The results show that the degree of hydration of the RHA-cement cementing system is directly proportional to the water-cement ratio, ambient temperature and specific surface area. The research can provide a basis for the application of rice husk ash in cement, and at the same time achieve the purpose of improving the economy of cement and saving resources.
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  Fast fabrication Co(OH)₂ for efficient oxygen evolution reaction

  ZOU Xiangyu, WEI Xueling, BAO Weiwei, AI Taotao, LI Wenhu, KOU Lingjiang

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5186-5192. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.024

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  Facile and fast fabrication of highly active and stable nano-catalysts for water electrolysis is important for oxygen reaction. Herein, the ultrathin Co(OH)₂ nanosheets arrays are directly grown on Ni foam through a facile one-step electrodeposition with cobalt nitrate hexahydrate. The structure and performance are studied by XRD, XPS and SEM. The electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) properties are tested in 1 mol/L KOH electrolyte. The results show that the ultrathin Co(OH)₂ nanosheets greatly improve the specific surface area and increase the number of effective active sites. When the current density is 10 mA/cm², the over potential is 280 mV and the Tafel slope is 70 mV/dec. It has good OER stability and durability.
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  Relationship between annealing temperature and structure and magnetic properties of electrodeposited FeNi nanowire arrays

  CHEN Zhe, KANG Shujie, ZHU Qianke, ZHANG Kewei

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5193-5198. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.025

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  Alumina (AAO) template with diameter of 200 nm and length of about 13.1 μm was prepared by E-T and pulse electrochemical deposition amorphous FeNi nanowire arrays (NWs). The morphology, composition, microstructure and magnetic properties were measured by SEM, TEM, XRD and VSM, respectively. The results show that FeNi NWs are densely arranged, the outer wall is flat and smooth, the thickness is uniform, and the elements are evenly distributed. The prepared NWs exhibit pure amorphous structure. γ (Fe, Ni) phase precipitates gradually with a higher annealing temperature, and the grain growth has obvious (111) preferred orientation. VSM results show that there is strong magnetic anisotropy in amorphous nanowires, and its easy magnetization axis is parallel to the long axis. Raising annealing temperature, H_c and B_r/B_s show a downward trend as a whole, which is mainly due to the release of internal stress in nanowires and the magnetic exchange coupling between nanocrystals.
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  Research on preparation and performance of nano-SiO₂ modified asphalt mixture

  SUO Lijun

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5199-5204. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.026

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  In order to explore the effect of nano-SiO₂ on asphalt properties, modified asphalt mixtures with different nano-SiO₂ doping contents were prepared. The properties of nano-SiO₂ modified asphalt mixtures were characterized by rutting test, water immersion Marshall test, freeze-thaw splitting test and low temperature cracking resistance test. The results show that the modified asphalt with 5wt% doping content of nano-SiO₂ has the lowest penetration and higher softening point and viscosity. Compared with the base asphalt, the rutting depth of 5% (mass fraction) nano-SiO₂ modified asphalt mixture was reduced by 45.90% and 52.27% at 45 and 60 min, respectively, the dynamic stability was improved by 60.57%, and the residue was stable after immersion in water for 48 h. The tensile strength is up to 90.69%, the freeze-thaw splitting strength ratio is up to 91.24%, the flexural tensile strength is increased by 17.70%, the maximum flexural tensile strain is increased by 11.36%, and the bending stiffness modulus is increased by 8.86%. On the whole, the high temperature performance, water stability and low temperature crack resistance of 5wt% nano-SiO₂ modified asphalt mixture have been significantly improved, and it has good road performance and application prospects.
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  Preparation and properties of acrylic cellulose nanofiber composite hydrogel particles

  ZHANG Weifeng, LUO Langman, GENG Shao, CHEN Hongfang, FU Limei, WEN Yangbing

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5205-5212. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.027

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  Composite hydrogel particles are prepared by reverse suspension polymerization. Cellulose acrylic acid nanofiber (ACL-CNF) is used as the polymerization axis. Composite hydrogel microspheres P(AAACC) are prepared by reverse suspension polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) with ammonium persulfate (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ as initiator. The polymerization process, microstructure, swelling, mechanical strength, temperature and salt resistance of P(AAACC) are studied. The results show that the equilibrium swelling ratio is 13.59 g/g at salt concentration of 10 wt% and 30.15 g/g at 120 ℃, which are 2.63 times and 3.15 times higher than that of ordinary hydrogels, respectively. When the compression ratio of composite hydrogel particles is 85%, the recovery of composite hydrogel particles is 84.8%, while the common hydrogel has been broken. TG-DTG analysis shows that the copolymerization reaction between ACL-CNF and monomer occurs, and the thermal stability is improved. After 7 days of aging under high temperature and high salt, the water retention rate of composite hydrogel particles is 92.1%, which is 11% higher than that of ordinary hydrogel, and the mechanical strength is 2.5 times higher in deionized water and 2.79 times higher in salt water.
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  Preparation and thermal insulation properties of carbon fiber reinforced SiO₂ aerogel composites

  FENG Man

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5213-5217. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.028

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  SiO₂ aerogels were prepared by sol-gel process using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as precursor, and ethanol and deionized water as solvent. Then, carbon fiber reinforced SiO₂ aerogel composites were prepared by surface modification and normal pressure drying after gelation, and chopped carbon fibers with different contents (0, 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 5 wt%) were used as reinforcement. The microstructure, morphology, pore size distribution and thermal conductivity of the composites were tested and analyzed by XRD, SEM, FT-IR and pore size test. The results showed that the carbon fiber reinforced SiO₂ aerogel composite was a typical amorphous structure. It was a mesoporous material with capillary condensation characteristics. The doping of carbon fibers didn’t change the crystalline structure of SiO₂ aerogels. The SiO₂ aerogel particles of the undoped carbon fibers stacked together. The pores of the SiO₂ aerogel particles mixed with carbon fibers decreased significantly, and the pore structure was relatively complete. The incorporation of carbon fibers filled large pores, which helped to narrow the pore size distribution of aerogels. When the content of carbon fiber was 3 wt%, the particle distribution was the best. With the increase of carbon fiber content, the thermal conductivity of the composites decreased first and then increased. When the content of carbon fiber was 3 wt%, the lowest thermal conductivity of the sample was 0.019 W/(m·K). Overall, when the content of carbon fiber is 3 wt%, the thermal insulation performance of the composite is the best, and it has a broad application prospect in the field of building thermal insulation materials.
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  Preparation and anhydrous proton conduction of functional liquid crystal polymer membrane with regularly ordered channels

  ZENG Hongju, YU Hairong, CHENG Changjing, LIANG Ting

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5218-5225. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.029

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  Supramolecular liquid crystalline polymeric complexes have been obtained by the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the benzoic acid (6OBA) and the pyridyl moieties (6SzMA). After mixing with 20 wt% crosslinking agent (C6H), polymer membranes with regularly ordered channels are obtained by in-situ photopolymerization under planar alignment condition. The polymer membrane could be applied for anhydrous proton conduction since the regularly ordered hydrogen-bonding channels are beneficial for the transportation of protons. Furthermore, the proton conductivities could be significantly enhanced by introducing H₃PO₄. The hydrogen bonds, liquid crystalline properties, microstructure and anhydrous proton conductivities of the functional membranes are characterized by FT-IR, POM, TGA, DSC, 2D-SAXS, high-resolution TEM and EIS. The results show that the formation of hydrogen bonds between 6OBA and 6SzMA molecules induces smectic phase, and the addition of the crosslinking agent has no significant effect on the liquid crystalline phase. After polymerization, the layered structure is fixed and the regularly arranged nano-scale ordered channels are obtained. The proton conduction is along the hydrogen bonding networks, achieving 7.1×10^-9 S/cm at 170 ℃ under anhydrous condition. H₃PO₄ is induced into the membrane to improve the proton conduction. 6SzMA is protonated by H₃PO₄ and new hydrogen bonding networks are formed, which facilitates the transportation of the protons. The sufficient proton source and the enhanced hydrogen bonding networks make the conductivity significantly improve by over 4 orders of magnitude, reaching 3.2 × 10^-4 S/cm at 170 ℃.
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  Preparation of dopamine quaternary ammonium salt functionalized nonwovens and its adsorption to Cr (Ⅵ)

  WANG Lida, WANG Zhenwen, LI Xinlin, WEI Yajing, WU Yutong, LYU Menghao, LIU Hao, WANG Huicai

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5226-5230. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.030

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  The low density of surface functional groups and the lack of adsorption capacity for negatively charged heavy metal ions are the disadvantages of mussel biomimetic chemical preparation materials. In order to solve the above problems, a dopamine quaternary ammonium salt non-woven fabric adsorbent was prepared by a quaternization method. The adsorption experiment results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Cr (Ⅵ) was achieved at pH=3, and the removal efficiency reached 95%. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity obtained by fitting was 31.92 mg/g. The XPS results showed that the adsorption of Cr (Ⅵ) was related to the quaternary ammonium salt groups and protonated amino groups. In addition, the quaternary ammonium improved the regeneration performance. Dopamine quaternary ammonium salt non-woven show broad application prospects in the field of Cr ( VI ) adsorption and removal.
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  Effect of Al doping on phase structure and magnetostrictive properties of Fe₈₁Ga₁₉ alloy

  HAO Hongbo, LI Xiao, GONG Pei, WEI Zongying, QIAO Yu, YAO Te, LIANG Yuping, WANG Tingting

  Journal of Functional Materials. 2022, 53(5): 5231-5236. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2022.05.031

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  In this experiment, non-consumable vacuum arc furnace was selected to melt the alloy ingot, and the phase structure and magnetostrictive properties of the alloy were studied. The results show that the Fe81Ga19-XAlX alloy is still dominated by A2 phase after the addition of Al element to the Fe-Ga alloy to replace the occupying of Ga element. The basic structure of the alloy is α-Fe core cubic structure, and the grains change from slender irregular polygons to long columnar crystals, and the orientation of the columnar crystals is significantly enhanced. When x=3.5, the saturation magnetostrictive value of the alloy is 202×10^-6, which is about four times of that when x=0. The improvement of magnetostrictive properties is mainly attributed to the preferred orientation of phase A2 along [100] of Fe-Ga alloy doped with Al and the lattice distortion caused by Al atom entering the lattice of Fe-Ga alloy.