30 January 2015, Volume 46 Issue 02
    

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    研究 开发
  • The effect of wood contents on the properties of wood flour/esterified starch/PLA composites
    Shan-Shan LV;;;;
    . 2015, 46(02): 1-0.
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    In this work, wood flour/esterified starch/PLA composites were prepared by melt extrusion method with wood flour, maleic anhydride esterified starch and poly (lactic acid) as raw material, glycerol as compatibilizer. In order to study the effect of wood contents on the interfacial compatibility, XRD and SEM were used to analysis the crystal degree and fracture morphology. Thermal stability, mechanical properties, rheological properties and water absorption rate of composites were also characterized. The results showed that with the increasing of wood contents, the interfacial compatibility of composites decreased obviously, tensile strength and bending strength increased, elongation at break reduced gradually, and the water absorption rate increased observably. TGA curves indicated that with wood contents increased, the thermal stability reduced. The rheological properties were also influenced by wood contents of the composites, as the addition amounts of wood flour increased, the storage modulus and complex viscosity gradually increased.
  • Toughening and reinforcing effects of modified nano-ZnO on biopolymer poly(3-HB-co-4-HB)
    ;; ;
    . 2015, 46(02): 2-0.
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    Abstract: Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-4-Hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] and nano-ZnO modified by titanate coupling agent (TMC-980) were selected as substrate and reinforcing agent respectively to prepare poly(3HB-co-4HB)/nano-ZnO composites via melt blending in order to improve its roughness and stiffness, refine its spherulitic size. Dynamic Contact Angle Measurer, Laser Particle Size Analyzer, SEM, POM and Universal Testing Instrument etc. were used to characterize the effect of surfacial modification of nano-ZnO, the effects of modified nano-ZnO on the mechanical properties, fracture morphologies and crystallization morphologies of composites. The results show that the particle size of modified nano-ZnO decreased from 5.19×104nm to 1.56×102nm. The water contact angle of modified nano-ZnO increased from 7° to 58°. The notched impact strength, tensile strength and break elongation of P(3HB-co-4HB)/nano-ZnO composites are higher 30.2%, 11.2% and 67.6% than that of neat P(3HB-co-4HB) respectively at mass fraction 1%～1.5% of nano-ZnO. Acting as nucleating agent, modified nano-ZnO can significantly decrease the spherulite size of the composites and make it to be typical ductile fracture characteristics.
  • An Experimental Study on Tribological Properties of Groove-Textured Surfaces of 316L Stainless Steel
    . 2015, 46(02): 4-0.
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    The groove-textured surfaces were manufactured on 316L stainless steel by using laser surface micro-machining technology. The effects of texturing parameters on tribological performance were investigated by comparison to the original smooth surfaces with a pin-on-flat configuration, by using a new-developed reciprocating sliding friction and wear experimental apparatus. The wear scars were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The test results show that the groove-textured specimens exhibited lower and stable friction coefficient as compared with untextured specimens, and textured surfaces damage was relative slight than that of untextured specimens. It was found that micro-grooves acted an important function as retain lubricating medium and capture debris particles. The friction coefficient exhibited an ascent trend after an initial decline, with the increase of the width and distance of the grooved surface texture. In this work, an optimum parameters has been acquired for better friction reduction and antiwear properties, that is, when the width and distance of the grooved surface texture is 100μm and 200μm, respectively. In addition, it was also found that the normal load had a little influence on friction coefficient of the groove-textured surfaces, however, for the high-load conditions, the friction reduction and antiwear properties was more significant.
  • Study of biotemplated preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles/bacterial cellulose hybrid nanofiber for degradation of DDNP wastewater
    ;jing WEI;;Jia-Zhi YANG
    . 2015, 46(02): 5-0.
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    In this study, we use bacterial cellulose (BC) to substitute general carrier to assisted prepare TiO2 nanopaticle with excellent morphology through a novel facile and effective method. BC is a cleaner sustainable biomaterial with remarkable properties such as good mechanic properties, good chemical stability, high purity, etc. The major advantages of this material are cheaper and more environmentally friendly and it can also resolve problem of cyclic utilization .The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum(FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).We tested photocatalytic degradation efficiency and repeat utilization of DDNP wastewater with different reaction time to evaluate its photocatalytic properties .The results indicated that The hybrid material has excellent catalytic degradation of DDNP wastewater.
  • In Situ Polymerization of PANI/GO and Its Electrochemical Performance
    Yan-Li RUAN
    . 2015, 46(02): 6-0.
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    PANI/Graphene oxide composite were synthesized via in situ polymerization in the presence of grapheme oxide under acidic conditions. The PANI/GO was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR, scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrochemical tests showed that GO could enhance the electrochemical performance of the PANI electrode material. In electrochemical supercapacitors, PANI/GO electrode showed a higher capacity of 413.28 F/g compared with 322.56 F/g of PANI electrode. After 1000 cycles, the capacity of PANI/GO electrode still maintained 70% of the original capacity. The cathodes prepared using PANI and PANI/GO delivered initial discharge capacities of 78 mAh/g and 104.4 mAh/g and stable reversible capacities of 50 mAh/g and 103.7 mAh/g after 50 charge-discharge cycles. PANI/GO is a good candidate as electrode material in lithium ion batteries and electrochemical supercapacitors.
  • Ex situ investigation of the step bunching on the (100) face of ZTS crystal by AFM
    ;min cheng
    . 2015, 46(02): 7-0.
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    Abstract: The morphologies of both elementary steps and macrosteps on the (100) face of ZTS crystals grown at 301K were investigated with different supersaturation and 2.5 mol% urea doped by using ex situ AFM technique. The results show that elementary steps are in priority on the (100) face of ZTS crystals at a low supersaturation of 0.03, whose height is 0.553nm, about half of the value of ZTS lattice parameter a; At a high supersaturation of 0.09, macrosteps are in priority on the (100) face of ZTS. The feature of step-bunching on the (100) face of ZTS crystals which were grown in the solution doped with urea is more serious than that in a pure solution. The experimental results are in good accord with the model of impurity motivating the asymmetrical step kinetic coefficients.
  • Study on Isothermal Sorption Property and Mechanism of Composite Material of Double-shell Phase Change Micro-nano Capsules
    SHANG Jian Li;
    . 2015, 46(02): 8-0.
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    In order to analyze the polymer materials hydrophilic of double-shell phase change micro-nano capsules shell, equilibrium moisture content of composite material of double-shell phase change micro-nano capsules were tested by saturated salt solution method. Structure and morphology of double-shell phase change micro-nano capsules and composite material of double-shell phase change micro-nano capsules were tested by infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscope. Through mathematical fitting method, at the same time, on the basis of Fick's law and hysteresis loop performance, the composite material of double-shell phase change micro-nano capsules with "bounding" moisture was proposed and the irreversible absorption and desorption mechanism of chemical adsorption was given. The results showed that the polymer materials hydrophilic of double-shell phase change micro-nano capsules shell has physical adsorption of resembling gypsum pores and chemical adsorption of "bounding" moisture in adsorption and desorption process of composite material; "bounding" moisture increased with the increase of double-shell phase change micro-nano capsules, and does not change with relative humidity at isothermal condition.
  • Particle Size Sensitivity of Electrochemical Performance for Hydrothermally Synthesized LiFePO4 Cathode Material
    ;; ;;Y.G. Chen
    . 2015, 46(02): 9-0.
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    A series of LiFeO4/C cathode materials with different particle size was synthesized via adjusting the heating rate during the hydrothermal process. When the heating rate was increased from 5 to 15°C min-1, the average particle radius size of sample reduced from 336.28nm to 200.40nm. As results, both the discharge capacity and the cycling performance of sample were improved. Moreover, the capacity output of LiFeO4 at 20C was greatly increased from 75.0 to 126.7 mAh g-1 as the reduction of particle size. The above results confirm an obvious particle size sensitivity of electrochemical performance for LiFePO4 material, which is more evident when the material operated at high rates.
  • Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of Auramine O on sugarcane leaves activated carbon
    MENG Mian-Wu ;;;;;
    . 2015, 46(02): 10-0.
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    The adsorption behavior of sugarcane leaves activated carbon for Auramine O (AO) was investigated at different temperatures, and the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters in adsorption process were calculated to discuss the mechanism of adsorption also. The results show that the adsorption characteristic of sugarcane leaves activated carbon for AO is adapted to Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation when the concentration were in range of 50mg/L to 310 mg/L, the adsorption thermodynamics of sugarcane leaves activated carbon for AO including free energy change ΔG<0, enthalpy change ΔH>0 and entropy change ΔS>0 when temperature were in range of 303K to 323K, which indicated the adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic process with entropy increased. The adsorption was consistent with a pseudo-second-order kinetic equation (R2>0.998), which meant the adsorption was a chemisorption process. The adsorption rate is mainly controlled by the external diffusion and the particle diffusion, and the external diffusion is the main rate-controlling step.
  • Electromagnetic wave absorbing properties of cement-based composites doped with natural magnetite
    . 2015, 46(02): 11-0.
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    The cement-based composites were fabricated using natural magnetite as low-cost absorbers. The complex permittivity and complex permeability of samples with different amount of natural magnetite powders were tested by the method of rectangular waveguide in the frequency of 8.2-12.4 GHz, and the reflection loss of samples were calculated based on the transmission line and impedance theory. The results show that the electromagnetic parameters of magnetite/cement composites are much higher than that of non-additive d cement. Magnetite/cement composites have two impedance thicknesses, 2.5 and 8.5 mm. The absorbing peak is moved to a lower frequency with increasing magnetite content. When the sample thickness is 2.5 mm, the sample consist of 15% magnetite show best absorbing performance; The bandwidth of reflection loss less than -10 dB is enlarged to 2.1 GHZ with a peak value of -14.8dB GHz. However, when the sample thickness is 8.5 mm, the absorbing bandwidth is narrow.
    • 工艺 技术
  • In-situ Hydrothermal Synthesis of CMS/MnO2 Nanocomposites and Its Electrochemical Performance
    ;fen ran ;;;
    . 2015, 46(02): 12-0.
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    This article reported the electrochemical performance of a microspheres carbon/MnO2 (CMS/MnO2) composite prepared by an in-situ self-limiting deposition method under hydrothermal condition. The morphologies and structures of the prepared materials were characterized by scan electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and the electrochemical behaviors were tested by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge-discharge tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), respectively. The results reveal that MnO2 homogeneously grow onto the surface of CMS to form a hydrangea-like microstructure. MnO2 has a typical K-Birnessite-type crystal structure and the content of MnO2 in the composite is 62 wt. % and a specific capacitance of 266 F/g was obtained. Upon the prolonged synthetic time, the specific capacitance of resultant CMS/MnO2 materials increased and then levels off, because MnO2 nanosheets coated and grown on the surface of CMS step by step.
  • Study on preparation and characterization of regenerated cellulose/TPU composite films
    Jie LIU;Ping ZHU
    . 2015, 46(02): 13-0.
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  • 溶剂蒸发法制备氯离子触发型微胶囊
    . 2015, 46(02): 14-0.
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    Abstract:organic-inorganic compound microcapsules with capsule wall embedded lead sulfate (PbSO4) and hexadecane core surrounded by PMMA shell have been prepared by the solvent evaporation,embedded in the capsule wall and chloride ion complexing reaction of lead sulfate by using the theory of complex to achieve the chloride ion is triggered. preparation of microcapsule technology parameters and triggered effects be determined By scanning and optical microscopy techniques and hexadecane detector. Results show that Microcapsule particle size in about 100 microns while the concentration of PVA as the dispersion agent is 5％ and the stirring speed is 400 r／min，and the particle size is uniform, and PbSO4 is evenly distributed on the wall。In addition to，Microcapsules with the effect of trigger is changed in different time and concentrations of brine.
  • Preparation and testing of composite piezoelectric-triboelectric film based on BaTiO3/MWCNT
    Zhen-Yin HAILibo Gao
    . 2015, 46(02): 15-0.
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    The composite piezoelectric-triboelectric films were prepared using the inverting mold process and polarized. The PDMS mixture, incorporated with BaTiO3 nanoparticles and MWCNTs, was uniformly coated on the surface of the silicon mold with an array of pyramid micro-structures and heated before the film was made. SEM and Raman spectroscopy were used to observe and analyze the surface and internal structures of the film and its components. Testing system for vibration energy harvesting was designed to measure and analyze output voltage of the film and its power supply capacity. The results showed that the array of pyramid structures on the surface of the piezoelectric-triboelectric film had a high degree of consistency. A small BaTiO3/MWCNT content was relatively evenly distributed in the film and BaTiO3 nanoparticles were the tetragonal phase. The peak to peak value of output voltage generated by the piezoelectric-triboelectric film was even higher than the sum of the peak to peak values of output voltages generated by the piezoelectric and triboelectric films. The vibration energy harvester made of the piezoelectric-triboelectric film with an area of approximately 5×10-4 m2 was capable of lighting up at least one commercial LED.
  • Studies on Preparation and Properties of Regenerated Protein Fibers from Gliadin by using Laccase
    ; ;Ping WANG;;
    . 2015, 46(02): 16-0.
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  • Preparation of CdSxSe1-x nanocrystals coated TiO2 nanorod shell-core structure and its application in hybrid solar cell
    ;;;;
    . 2015, 46(02): 17-0.
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    In this work, vertically aligned rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays were prepared on the fluorine-doped SnO2 transparent conducting glass oxide (FTO) by a hydrothermal method. The CdSxSe1-x nanocrystals were electrochemical deposited into the TiO2 nanorod array to form the CdSxSe1-x/TiO2 shell-core nanorod array structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) microscopy, energy dispersive-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflection spectrum (UV-vis DRS) were used to study the morphology, crystal structure and composition of the samples, respectively. The hybrid solar cells with the designed (P3HT)/CdSxSe1-x/TiO2 shell-core nanostructures were fabricated. As a result, the hybrid solar cell based on the (P3HT)/CdSxSe1-x(9min)/TiO2 photoelectrode exhibitied an energy conversion efficiency of 0.68%.
  • Preparation of Ag-TiO2 Hollow Composite Microspheres and Their Photocatalytic Properties
    ;;
    . 2015, 46(02): 18-0.
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    In order to improve the photo catalytic activity of TiO2 and expend its response to visible light, a composite sphere (Ag-TiO2) that contained Ag particles on the surface of TiO2 hollow shell was prepared through the redox reaction of AgNO3 with KBH4 using the surface treated polystyrene particles as templates. The composite, morphology and crystal structure of obtained Ag-TiO2 hollow spheres were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and EDS. The photo catalytic performance of Ag-TiO2 for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation was investigated under UV-Vis light irradiation. Under UV light irradiation, RhB degradation rate was increased by about 23.8% within 2 h when Ag-TiO2 composite with molar ratio nAg/nTi of 2% were used compared with TiO2 hollow particles. Under visible light irradiation, RhB degradation rate was increased by about 28.2% within 6 h for Ag-TiO2 composite with molar ratio nAg/nTi of 2% compared with TiO2 hollow particles. Results show that TiO2 hollow shell containing an appropriate Ag particle can significantly improve the photo catalytic activity and expend TiO2 response to visible light.
    • 综述 进展
  • Advances in preparation of chitosan microspheres and their applications as drug carrier materials
    . 2015, 46(02): 19-0.
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    Chitosan has been intensively studied as a novel drug carrier because of its excellent biological characteristics. Loaded in the chitosan, the drug can be released not only sustainably but also in controlled modes, resulting in reduced adverse drug reactions and enhanced bioavailability. This review paper is focused on the preparation and applications of chitosan microspheres as drug carrier materials.
  • Progress in core-shell absorbing materials
    Liang Yu
    . 2015, 46(02): 20-0.
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    As a new core-shell composite absorbing material, as compared with a single type of absorbing material in the structure, properties and applications of absorbing has obvious advantages, the paper summarizes the basic types of core-shell absorbing materials, preparation methods and proposed a new method for self-reactive quenching + surface modification method. Pointed out that the core-shell absorbing material absorbing material is expected to meet the new "thin, light, wide, strong" requirements, and core-shell absorbing materials research proposed future prospects.
    • 研究 开发
  • Effect of Lead ion on the hydration of Compound phosphate based magnesium phosphate cement
    . 2015, 46(02): 22-0.
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    Abstract: In this paper, the effect of lead ion on the hydration of compound phosphate based magnesium phosphate cement and its leaching properties was studied. The results show that the compressive strength of compound phosphate based magnesium phosphate cement decrease with the increase of lead ion content. High content of lead ion has no significant effect on the setting time of magnesium phosphate cement. During the hydration of compound phosphate based magnesium phosphate cement, lead ion has no significant effect on the pH of the system, but the hydration exothermic peak is delayed by lead ion adding. The lead ion also reduced the amount of hydration heat and affected the degree of crystallization of the main hydration products. In the late hydration reaction of composite magnesium phosphate cement, when the content of lead nitrate is 10% or more the obvious Pb2P2O7 diffraction peak can be found. The leaching toxicity of lead ion is 43ug/L and it is lower than the national standard.
  • Study on wave-transparent layer of structure absorbing composite materials
    Chun-Qi wang ;;
    . 2015, 46(02): 23-0.
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    Abstract The affection of components and thickness to the electrical properties of the absorbing structure composite materials were studied by arch method. The results showed that the thickness of wave-transparent layer had a significant effect on the performance of the absorbing structure composite materials at the range of 4 ~ 18GHz, while the thickness were 0.25, 0.50 or 1.25mm, the maximum absorption peak were -37.03, -33.45 or -33.22 dB respectively, with increasing of the thickness, the absorption peak positions were drift to the low-frequency band and the effective absorption bandwidth of -10dB was also narrowed greatly, were 11.5, 11 or 6.5GHz, respectively. Compared to the thickness, the components of wave-transparent layer had little influence on the electrical properties of the absorbing structure material.
  • Diffusion Layer Growth Kinetics Model of Copper Hot-dipping Aluminum Coating
    Zheng WANG;
    . 2015, 46(02): 24-0.
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    Copper were hot-dipped aluminum through one-bath, the hot-dip time was 10~25s,the hot-dip temperature was 963~1013K.The effects of hot-dip temperature and time on the diffusion layer thickness of the Cu/Al composite were studied. Cu/Al composites interfacial diffusion layer growth kinetics model,based on hot-dip aluminum test,was established.The results showed that The growth kinetics of the interfacial diffusion layer of Cu/Al composite is in accordance with the parabolic diffusion and the interfacial diffusion layer thickness of Cu/Al composite is proportional to the index of hot-dip coating temperature and has a parabolic growth relationship with the hot-dipping time; the correction coefficient k of growth kinetics model of diffusion layer of copper hot-dipping aluminum has a linear relationship with time.
  • Synthesis and degradation behavior study of biodegradable electroactive materials based on polyphosphazene
    Guo-Zhi HAN ;;;
    . 2015, 46(02): 25-0.
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    Using hexachlorocyclohexane three phosphazene as raw material, polydichlorophosphazene was prepared by ring-opening polymerization. Then using aniline pentamer as functional unit, lysine and glycine ethyl ester as adjusting units, two electro-active biodegradable polymers of poly [(glycine ethyl ester / aniline pentamer) phosphazene] (PGAP) and poly [(lysine / aniline pentamer) phosphazene] (PLAP) were synthesized. Structure and electro-active property of the polymers were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, UV and cyclic voltammetry. On this basis, influences of mass ratio and polarity of substituted side group on degradation of the polymers were studied. The experimental results show that, the side adjusting units had a critical impact on the degradation behavior of these polymers. The degradation rate will augment with increasing the proportion and polarity of amino acid derivative group.
  • Effects of Cr/Mo ratio on the crystallization processes and magnetic properties of FeCoMoCrZr amorphous alloys
    ;
    . 2015, 46(02): 27-0.
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    Amorphous ribbons of the FeCoMoCrZr alloy with different Cr/Mo ratios were prepared by melt-spun method and annealed at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer were adopted to study the effect of Cr/Mo ratios on the crystallization processes and magnetic properties of (Fe0.58Co0.42)73Mo17-xCrxZr10 amorphous ribbons.The results show that when x ranges from 9 to 17, the ribbons are in an amorphous state. The crystallization process of (Fe0.58Co0.42)73Mo5Cr12Zr10 is Am → α-Fe(Co) + CrFe4 + Fe23Zr6 + Cr2Mo, but the crystallization process of (Fe0.58Co0.42)73Cr17Zr10 is Am → α-Fe(Co) + Am' →α-Fe(Co) + CrFe4 + Fe3Ni2 + Cr2Zr + unidentified phase; Increasing Cr/Mo ratios decrease the thermal stability of the alloys and increase the precipitation of α-Fe(Co) after annealing . The changing of magnetic properties of the two alloys are different with increasing annealing temperature. Annealed below Tp, the value of saturation magnetization Ms of (Fe0.58Co0.42)73Mo5Cr12Zr10 alloy increases slowly with increasing the annealing temperature, but the Ms of (Fe0.58Co0.42)73Cr17Zr10 alloy increases quickly with increasing the annealing temperature.
    • 工艺 技术
  • Preparation of mesoporous nanostuctural alumina particles with High Surface Area and Adsorption Behavior Research to Cl-
    Meng CHEN;
    . 2015, 46(02): 28-0.
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    Aluminum nanoparticles（NPs）in large quantities were prepared via dry roller vibration milling at room temperature with the particle size between 50 and 80 nm. Mesoporous nanostuctural γ-Al2O3 was prepared from aluminum nanoparticles（NPs） by precipitation with the aid of ultrasonic dispersion, drying, calcination and characterized by XRD, FTIR,SEM,TEM and BET. The adsorption characterization of Cl- on the mesoporous nanostuctural γ-Al2O3 powders was explored. The result indicated that, calcinations under the 400℃,4h condition mesoporous nanostuctural γ-Al2O3 powders have been achieved with surface area 406.9 m2/g and has a better adsorption performance to the Cl-.
    • 研究 开发
  • Mechanical and thermal properties of poly (propylene carbonate)/PA66 short fiber Composites
    JIANG Guo;;
    . 2015, 46(02): 30-0.
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    Poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC)/nylon 66(PA66) short fiber composite were prepared by a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The structure and properties were investigated. The mechanical and thermal properties of PPC/PA66 composites were evaluated by tensile and impact test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), respectively. Results of FTIR reveal that the hydrogen bond has formed between the carbonyl group of PA66 and hydrogen group of PPC. The properties of composites are affected significantly by the content of PA66 short fiber. The tensile and impact strength, thermal stability of composites is increased when the content of PA66 short fiber is lower than 20 wt%. The increase of impact strength, decomposition temperature of 5% mass loss (T-5%) and glass transition temperature of PPC with 20 wt% PA66 short fiber loading is 315.81%, 32.2 °C and 3.8°C, respectively. When the content of PA66 short fiber is 30 wt%, a significant aggregation of PA66 short fiber is observed by SEM, which causes the decrease of mechanical and thermal properties for composite. This illuminates that the improvement of the mechanical properties and thermal stability for PPC with the addition of PA66 short fiber is owing to the formation of hydrogen and the characterization of PA66 short fiber (such as drawing deformation by stress).
  • Antibacterial activity of nanosized copper nanoparticles supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes
    . 2015, 46(02): 31-0.
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    Nano-copper was deposited on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by using sol-gel method, MWCNT-Cu nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it proved that nano-copper has been well deposited on the surface of MWCNTs. Escherichia coli (E. Coli) was used to test the antibacterial ability of MWCNTs-Cu. Experimental results showed MWCNTs-Cu exhibited strong antibacterial ability, the nano-copper played an important role in the process, while MWCNTs were responsible for capturing bacteria.
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